scholarly journals Behavior Hollow Concrete Reinforced Slab with The Utilization of Polyvivyl Chloride Pipe as a Cavity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
Wahyu Mahendra Trias Atmadja ◽  
Herman Parung ◽  
Rita Irmawaty ◽  
A.Arwin Amiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Crack Pattern ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Moment Coefficient ◽  
Solid Plate ◽  
Insignificant Difference ◽  
American Society

Background: Slab weight can be reduced by replacing the amount of concrete in the tensile area with the utilization of modification polyvinyl chloride pipe as cavity without reducing the flexural strength because the nature of concrete is weak against tensile strength. Methods: This research with the experimental method using static load. The setting of tools refers to the American Society for Testing and Material E 2322, bending analysis is used moment coefficient method, deflection by applying Ugural and Navier method, and shear analysis using Indonesia National Standard 03-2847-2019. Results: The specimens consist of solid plates with a thickness of 140 mm and hollow plates with a thickness of 140 mm and 159 mm. The maximum load capacity solid plate is 410.642 kN, while the hollow plates (140 mm) is 335.18 kN, and for the hollow plates 159 mm is 396.257 kN. The solid plate’s stiffness is 16.321, the hollow plates 140 mm is 14.787 and the hollow plate 159 mm is 24.194, while the ductility is 1.993 on solid plate, the hollow plate 140 mm is 2.014, and the hollow plate 159 mm is 1.862. The solid plate’s damage is flexural, while the two hollow plates are a combination of bending and shear damage. The crack pattern on the solid plates is flexible, while the crack pattern on both hollow plates is a combination of flexural cracks and shear cracks. Conclusion: The use of modified polyvinyl chloride pipes can be recommended in the structure of the plate. There is a small, insignificant difference in the flexural behaviour between the solid plate and hollow concrete reinforced slab with the utilization of Polyvinyl Chloride.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Effect of Cavities on the Load Capacity of Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Plates on Fixed Concrete Thickness

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012085
Author(s):  
W M T Atmadja ◽  
H Parung ◽  
R Irmawaty ◽  
A.A Amiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Initial Crack ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Loading Pattern ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Slabs ◽  
Solid Plate ◽  
Cast Concrete ◽  
Concrete Materials

Abstract The study aims to determine the effect of cavities on the load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs when compared to massive reinforced concrete slabs that have the same thickness, with the hope of reducing the structure’s weight and the use of concrete materials. The modified PVC pipes, as cavity formers, will be placed in the tensile area without reducing the flexural strength that is caused by the weak nature of concrete against tensile strength. The test is carried out on a full scale against 14 cm thick solid plates (PP-1), and hollow plates, which use modified PVC pipes (PB-2), with a cavity diameter of 7.6 cm that has the same thickness. The test uses joint supports on all four sides and the loading pattern is evenly distributed. All slabs are made, on the spot, of cast concrete with the same size and distance between the reinforcement. PVC hollow plate (PB-2) has the same effective thickness as solid plate but has 14% less concrete volume. The maximum load capacity on the solid plate (PP-1) is 522.66 kN and on the hollow plate (PB-2) is 444.33 kN. The melting capacity on the solid plate (PP-1) is 373,515 kN and on the hollow plate (PB-2) is 325,935 kN. Initial crack load capacity on the solid plate (PP-1) is 19.5 kN and on the hollow plate (PB-2) is 16.75 kN

scholarly journals Openings Effect on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Loaded in Bending and Shear

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5352-5360
Author(s):  
F. El Ame ◽  
J. N. Mwero ◽  
C. K. Kabubo
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Codes Of Practice

Transverse openings are often provided to reinforced concrete beams to accommodate utility ducts and pipes. This technique is usually adopted to avoid the creation of dead space in structures caused by extended dropped ceilings and leads to significant cost saving. On the other hand, the provision of openings through a beam creates a reduction in its strength and affects serviceability. In this study, ten reinforced concrete beams were cast using C30 concrete. Material characterization and engineering properties tests were carried out to ensure compliance with the requirements provided by the codes of practice. The effect of vertical positioning and size of openings was investigated through subjecting the beams to a four-point bending test after 28 days of curing. Maximum load capacity, first cracking load, and deflections at mid-span were recorded and crack pattern and failure mode were evaluated. Test data showed that openings of depth greater than 0.4d significantly affect the beams’ strength and lead to earlier cracking, while the failure mode remains essentially the same, a diagonal tension crack through the opening except for opening of 0.5d size where the failure occurred by a sudden formation of two independent shear cracks above and below the opening. When holes were located above the centroid of the section, the beams exhibited a lesser deflection characterized by the absence of plastic deformation. Furthermore, a significant reduction in strength was recorded compared to cases where the positioning of openings was in tension chords. This was validated using equations from the ACI code of reinforced concrete design.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of an Aerostatic Pad Controlled by a Diaphragm Valve

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Federico Colombo ◽  
Luigi Lentini ◽  
Terenziano Raparelli ◽  
Andrea Trivella ◽  
Vladimir Viktorov
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Diaphragm Valve ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Aerostatic Bearings ◽  
Gap Height

Because of their distinctive characteristics, aerostatic bearings are particularly suitable for high-precision applications. However, because of the compressibility of the lubricant, this kind of bearing is characterized by low relative stiffness and poor damping. Compensation methods represent a valuable solution to these limitations. This paper presents a design procedure for passively compensated bearings controlled by diaphragm valves. Given a desired air gap height at which the system should work, the procedure makes it possible to maximize the stiffness of the bearing around this value. The designed bearings exhibit a quasi-static infinite stiffness for load variation ranging from 20% to almost 50% of the maximum load capacity of the bearing. Moreover, the influence of different parameters on the performance of the compensated pad is evaluated through a sensitivity analysis.

Dependency of Machine Efficiency on the Thermal Behavior of Induction Machines

Machines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Karl Ludwig Stolle ◽  
Philipp Neuhaus ◽  
Thomas Herrmann ◽  
Alexander Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Induction Machines ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Operating ◽  
The Impact

The consideration of the thermal behavior of electric machines is becoming increasingly important in the machine design for electric vehicles due to the adaptation to more dynamic operating points compared to stationary applications. Whereas, the dependency of machine efficiency on thermal behavior is caused due to the impact of temperature on the resulting loss types. This leads to a shift of efficiency areas in the efficiency diagram of electric machines and has a significant impact on the maximum load capability and an impact on the cycle efficiency during operation, resulting in a reduction in the overall range of the electric vehicle. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing the thermal load limits of induction machines in regard to actual operation using measured driving data of battery electric vehicles. For this, a thermal model is implemented using MATLAB® and investigations to the sensitivity of model parameters as well as analysis of the continuous load capacity, thermal load and efficiency in driving cycles under changing boundary conditions are conducted.

An Accurate Solution of the Gas Lubricated, Flat Sector Thrust Bearing

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Etsion ◽  
D. P. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Thrust Bearing ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Accurate Solution ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Minimum Film Thickness

A flat sector shaped pad geometry for gas lubricated thrust bearings is analyzed considering both pitch and roll angles of the pad and the true film thickness distribution. Maximum load capacity is achieved when the pad is tilted so as to create a uniform minimum film thickness along the pad trailing edge. Performance characteristics for various geometries and operating conditions of gas thrust bearings are presented in the form of design curves. A comparison is made with the rectangular slider approximation. It is found that this approximation is unsafe for practical design, since it always overestimates load capacity.

Design of Multi-Recess Hydrostatic Journal Bearings for Minimum Total Power Loss

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cusano ◽  
T. F. Conry
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Eccentricity Ratio ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Design Charts

The design problem is formulated for multi-recess hydrostatic journal bearings with a design criterion of minimum total power loss. The design is subject to the constraints of constant ratio of the recess area to the total bearing area and maximum load capacity for a given recess geometry. The L/D ratio, eccentricity ratio, ratio of recess area to total bearing area, and shaft rotational speed are considered as parameters. The analysis is based on the bearing model of Raimondi and Boyd [1]. This model is generally valid for low-to-moderate speeds and a ratio of recess area-to-total bearing area of approximately 0.5 or greater. Design charts are presented for bearings having a ratio of recess area-to-total bearing area of 0.6 and employing capillary and orifice restrictors, these being the most common types of compensating elements. A design example is given to illustrate the use of the design charts.

scholarly journals A Modular Cooperative Wall-Climbing Robot Based on Internal Soft Bone

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7538
Author(s):  
Wenkai Huang ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Tao Zou ◽  
Junlong Xiao ◽  
Puwei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modular Design ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Climbing Robot ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Variable Step ◽  
In Series ◽  
Step Distance

Most existing wall-climbing robots have a fixed range of load capacity and a step distance that is small and mostly immutable. It is therefore difficult for them to adapt to a discontinuous wall with particularly large gaps. Based on a modular design and inspired by leech peristalsis and internal soft-bone connection, a bionic crawling modular wall-climbing robot is proposed in this paper. The robot demonstrates the ability to handle variable load characteristics by carrying different numbers of modules. Multiple motion modules are coupled with the internal soft bone so that they work together, giving the robot variable-step-distance functionality. This paper establishes the robotic kinematics model, presents the finite element simulation analysis of the model, and introduces the design of the multi-module cooperative-motion method. Our experiments show that the advantage of variable step distance allows the robot not only to quickly climb and turn on walls, but also to cross discontinuous walls. The maximum climbing step distance of the robot can reach 3.6 times the length of the module and can span a discontinuous wall with a space of 150 mm; the load capacity increases with the number of modules in series. The maximum load that modules can carry is about 1.3 times the self-weight.

scholarly journals Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Bending Moment Effect on Hollow Columns of Multi-layers of Hybrid Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Ayad A. Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
Alumina Composite ◽  
Moment Effect

This paper presented the effect of bending on multi-layer of hollow columns of Hybrid materials (Carbon-Glass /epoxy-Alumina) composite this effect occurred and volume fraction of fibers. An experimental procedure was developed to study the performance of these effects under bending load using a hydraulic bending device type (MATEST. SRL) testing machine. This study has three forms through the selection of columns hollows width to thickness (a/b) (0.5, 1 and 2) with three types of layers of samples (2,4 and8) layers. The ultimate load of failure for each Hybrid/epoxy-Al2O3 had been determined and specified the optimum volume fraction (Vf) due to the effect of mixing 50% and 60% were low in the case for compared 55% volume fraction. To simulate this problem the researcher used Explicit Mesh for AUTODYN under ANSYS-15 software, it was found that maximum bending load for Hybrid/ Epoxy-Al2O3 Specimens, the maximum load of specimens increased with increasing number of layers from 2L to 8L. The results also identified that the maximum load capacity by 55% volume fraction and a/b=0.5 of all composite specimens was highest from the others types of (50% and 60%) volume fractions and (a/b=1 and a/b=2) .Also, the Increasing ratio of stress capacity for specimens have 4 to 2 layers (4/2)  and 8 to 4  (8/4) for experimental results have maximum value with increasing by 48.19%  and 46.84% at (Sp.4#8/Sp.2#4) and (Sp.8#6/Sp.4#6) respectively.

scholarly journals Preliminary Design Framework for the Power Gearbox in a Contra-Rotating Open Rotor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana G. San Benito Pastor ◽  
Devaiah Nalianda ◽  
Vishal Sethi ◽  
Ron Midgley ◽  
Andrew Rolt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Planetary Gearbox ◽  
Open Rotor ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study introduces an innovative approach to sizing a differential planetary gearbox for a counter-rotating open rotor application. An updated methodology is proposed for the design of maximum load capacity gears based on the power transmitted, durability and space-envelope requirements of the application. The reported methodology has been validated by comparing the results to published data, demonstrating a maximum difference of 0.6% in geometry. Parametric analyses have also been performed to assess the impact of the design assumptions on gearbox dimensional trends. The proposed methodology enables the assessment of the impact of the preliminary transmission system design on engine performance and general arrangement. The characteristics of the gearset lead to an unequal torque split between output shafts (i.e. the propeller shafts). Given the design assumptions made, the study indicates that valid torque ratios would lie between 1.1 and 1.33. The impact of the torque ratio on the size of the gearbox has been analysed for equal rotational speeds and for different speeds between the output shafts. The study established that the transmission system design needs to be considered prior to selection of the torque ratio at engine design level.

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