Aquatic Sediments Roles of Brantas Watershed Outlet on Availability of Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +, K + and Boron in Water Board as Irrigation Water Source

The deficit of the irrigation water requires irrigation technologies with more efficient water use. For cucumbers, the most suitable is the drip irrigation technology. For establishing of the appropriate irrigation schedule of cucumbers under the soil and climate conditions in the village of Chelopechene, near Sofia city, the researchеs was conducted with drip irrigation technology, adopting varying irrigation schedules and hydraulic regimes - from fully meeting the daily crops water requirements cucumbers to reduced depths with 20% and 40%. It have been established irrigation schedule with adequate pressure flows in the water source, irrigation water productivity and yields of in plastic unheated greenhouses of the Sofia plant.

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The Response of Fordhook Giant / Swisschard (Beta vulgaris var Cicla) and Mustard (Brassica Juncea) Spinach Vegetables to Irrigation with Saline Water

Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research ◽

10.9734/ajaar/2020/v14i330133 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. V. Dlamini ◽

M. T. Masarirambi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Source ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

The University

Saline irrigation water is becoming an important water source as fresh water is fast becoming a scarce resource in many areas of the world, including Eswatini, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A study to test the response of two varieties of spinach (fordhook giant and mustard) to salinity was conducted in a field pot experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture at the Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini. The treatments were laid in a randomized block design (RCBD). The experiment consisted of four treatments, each replicated twelve times. Treatments were salinity levels of 0.0 dS/m, 1.5 dS/m, 2.0 dS/m and 3.5 dS/m. All the treatments were subjected to similar agronomic practices. Spinach was grown and observed for a period of five weeks. Plant height was measured and the number of leaves counted weekly throughout the experiment. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between salinity treatments were obtained for plant height beginning in week 2 but were more pronounced in week 3, 4 and week 5. No significant differences were obtained for the number of leaves. There were however, clear significant differences between spinach irrigated with none saline irrigation water compared to saline irrigation water. It was concluded that irrigating spinach with saline water of more than 2.0 dS/m drastically reduce plant growth but not the number of leaves under the conditions of the experiment.

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Diversity ofPhytophthora,Pythium,and PhytopythiumSpecies in Recycled Irrigation Water in a Container Nursery

Phytobiomes Journal ◽

10.1094/pbiomes-10-18-0043-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 31-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Neelam R. Redekar ◽

Joyce L. Eberhart ◽

Jennifer L. Parke

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Water Reservoir ◽

Water Source ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Reference Database ◽

Phytophthora Megasperma ◽

Filtration Method ◽

Container Nursery

Recycling of irrigation water increases disease risks due to spread of waterborne oomycete plant pathogens such as Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium. A comprehensive metabarcoding study was conducted to determine spatial and temporal dynamics of oomycete communities present in irrigation water collected from a creek (main water source), a pond, retention reservoirs, a chlorinated water reservoir, and runoff channels within a commercial container nursery in Oregon over the course of 1 year. Two methods, filtration and leaf baiting, were compared for the detection of oomycete communities. Oomycete communities in recycled irrigation water were less diverse but highly enriched with biologically active plant pathogens as compared with the creek water. The filtration method captured a larger portion of oomycete diversity, while leaf baiting was more selective for plant-associated oomycete species of Phytophthora and a few Pythium and Phytopythium species. Seasonality strongly influenced oomycete diversity in irrigation water and detection with leaf baiting. Phytophthora was the major colonizer of leaf baits in winter, while all three genera were equally abundant on leaf baits in summer. The metabarcoding approach was highly effective in studying oomycete ecology, however, it failed to distinguish some closely related species. We developed a custom oomycete internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 reference database containing shorter sequences flanked by ITS6 and ITS7 primers used in metabarcoding and used it to assemble a list of indistinguishable species complexes and clusters to improve identification. The predominant bait-colonizing species detected in recycled irrigation water were the Phytophthora citricola-complex, Phytophthora syringae, Phytophthora parsiana-cluster, Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides, Phytophthora irrigata, Phytophthora taxon Oaksoil-cluster, Phytophthora citrophthora-cluster, Phytophthora megasperma-cluster, Pythium chondricola-complex, Pythium dissotocum-cluster, and Phytopythium litorale.

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EFFECT OF SALINE IRRIGATION WATER ON MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA) CROP YIELD AND SOIL SALINITY IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF NORTH INDIA

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479711000780 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 99-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

AJAY SINGH ◽

SUDHINDRA NATH PANDA

Keyword(s):

Brassica Juncea ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Water Source ◽

North India ◽

Canal Water ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Saline Groundwater

SUMMARYThe groundwater in some parts of north India is generally saline and not suitable for drinking. However, it can be used for growing salt-tolerant crop plants. To explore the potential of using saline groundwater for farm production, a field experiment was conducted at Shahpur village, near Hisar in Haryana State, India, to study the effect of different qualities of irrigation water on mustard (Brassica juncea, cv. RH–30) crop growth, yield, water use efficiency and soil salinity. Treatments consisted of combinations of irrigation with saline groundwater (electrical conductivity (EC) 7.48 dS m−1), and a good quality canal water (EC 0.4 dS m−1) applied either alone, as blends or in alternate applications. In all treatments, canal water was used for pre-sowing irrigation. In mustard cultivation, saline groundwater with an EC of 7.48 dS m−1 can be used safely to supplement all post-sowing irrigations with marginal decline in crop yield. Irrigation with saline groundwater gave a yield as high as 95% of the optimum crop yield obtained with fresh canal water. The temporal variation in salinity showed that mustard yield responds to the average salinity of the soil during the growing season. Thus saline groundwater is a good water source to exploit for supplemental irrigation.

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Hydrochemical assessment and groundwater pollution parameters in arid zone: Case of the Turonian aquifer in Béchar region, southwestern Algeria

Journal of Water and Land Development ◽

10.2478/jwld-2018-0065 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 109-117

Author(s):

Ikram Mokeddem ◽

Meriem Belhachemi ◽

Touhami Merzougui ◽

Noria Nabbou ◽

Salih Lachache

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Major Ions ◽

Arid Zone ◽

Water Source ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Anthropogenic Source ◽

Water Sampling ◽

Drinking And Irrigation ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

High Concentrations

AbstractGroundwater samples from Turonian aquifer of Béchar region were evaluated as drinking and irrigation water sources. physicochemical parameters including pH, EC, TH, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42– and NO3− were determined for 16 water sampling points. These characterizations show that the groundwater is fresh to brackish, slightly alkaline and the major ions are Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO42–. According to WHO standards, 50% of the analysed water are suitable as a drinking source while the other samples are not in compliance with drinking water standards. This non-compliance is basically due to the high concentrations of Na+, Cl−, and SO42– requesting further treatment to reach the stringent standards. According to the results of nitrate concentrations, anthropogenic source seems to influence the groundwater quality. The present study shows that Béchar groundwater may represent an important drinking and irrigation water source. However, a specific management strategy should be adapted in order to avoid the contamination by anthropogenic sources.

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Helminth Eggs Parameter of Water Spinach Agriculture Field in Bandung

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY ◽

10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v2i1.3553 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mayrina Firdayati ◽

Peni Astrini Notodarmojo ◽

Barti Setiani Muntalif ◽

Didit Trihartomo ◽

Inat Shani Fathuna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Helminth Infection ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Quality Criteria ◽

Water Spinach ◽

Helminth Eggs ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Government ◽

Soil And Water

The high prevalence of helminth infection in Indonesia had encouraged the government to issue the Regulation of the Minister of Health concerning the Prevention of Soil-transmitted Helminths in 2017. Researches on the presence of helminth eggs in the environment, in soil and water as a media for transmitting the disease, are very few. Aim: The aim was conducted to investigate the potential presence of helminth eggs causing STH infections in two urban agricultural areas in northern and southern part of Bandung City. Methodology and results: Samples of water from the inlet and plantation area, as well as soil and water spinach produced by both regions, were collected and analyzed for the presence of helminth eggs using modified Bailinger methods. The number of helminth eggs of 1–119 eggs/L in water, soil, and vegetable samples. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: The results confirmed that the irrigation water used in both areas has been contaminated by feces. The average number of fecal coli exceeds the allowable value for the irrigation water source based on the Grade 4 of water quality criteria in Indonesia. Variations in the number of helminth eggs found in the samples can be caused by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and soil types. The presence of helminth eggs in irrigation water and land samples exceeds the value recommended by WHO (2006) in the guidelines for the safe use of wastewater for agriculture. It can lead to an increased risk of helminth infection to consumers, agricultural workers, as well as residents around the farmland.

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O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2004v9n2p136-149 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 136-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tulio Assunção Pires Ribeiro ◽

José Euclides Stipp Paterniani ◽

Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi ◽

Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Water Source ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Biological Parameters ◽

Trickle Irrigation ◽

Filter Performance ◽

Medium Risk

O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO Túlio Assunção Pires Ribeiro; José Euclides Stipp Paterniani; Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi; Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da SilvaDepartamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, [email protected] 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo proceder a investigação experimental de uma fonte hídrica superficial, utilizada em um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, bem como verificar sua influência na obstrução dos gotejadores e no desempenho de dois filtros um de disco e outro de mata sintética não tecida. A água de irrigação foi clorada, empregando-se hipoclorito de sódio. Utilizou-se água provinda de um reservatório aberto, onde foi instalado um módulo de irrigação localizada para o estudo. Analisou-se a variação temporal da qualidade da água durante um ano, onde considerou-se os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água que causam problemas de entupimentos nos emissores. O desempenho dos filtros foi feito através da comparação das concentrações dos efluentes dos filtros de disco (usualmente utilizado para este fim) e manta sintética não tecida, em relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicas. O grau de obstrução dos emissores foi avaliado através de ensaios de vazão que determinaram a uniformidade de distribuição da água através de dois índices, onde variou-se o número de emissores amostrados. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas de 30 dias, realizadas em diferentes estações do ano. Os resultados apontaram na água de irrigação, que os parâmetros químicos pH e o ferro apresentaram médio risco de entupimento e sulfetos de hidrogênio mostraram alto risco de entupimento. Não houve uma diferença no desempenho do filtro de manta e de disco com relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicos de seus efluentes. Os valores das médias dos índices de uniformidade de distribuição de água foram bem próximos para as duas parcelas que utilizaram os dois filtros de manta e disco. UNITERMOS: irrigação localizada, índice de uniformidade, filtração, manta sintética não tecida, tratamento químico RIBEIRO, T. A. P.; PATERNIANI, J. E. S.; AIROLDI, R. P. da S.; SILVA, M. J. M. da THE WATER QUALITY EFFECT IN THE CLOGGING OF EMITTERS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF FILTERS UTILIZED IN THE TRICKLE IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT The present work aimed to carry out an experimental investigation of a superficial water source utilized in trickle irrigation as well as verify its influence in the clogging of drippers and in the performance of two filters: a disc one and a non woven synthetic one. The irrigation water was chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite. The water used in this experiment was from an open reservoir where an experimental trickle irrigation system was installed. The temporal variations of the water quality was assessed for one year, considering the main physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water that causes clogging in the emitters. The filter performance was assessed by comparing the effluent concentration in the disc filters (normally used for this purpose) and in non-woven synthetic fabric, for physical and biological parameters. The emitter obstruction degree was assessed through flow tests which determined the uniformity of water distribution through two rates where the number of sampled emitters varied. The research was developed in four 30-day stages, carried out in different seasons of the year. For the irrigation water, the results indicated that the chemical parameters (pH) and iron showed a medium risk of clogging whereas hydrogen sulphites showed a high risk of clogging. There was not a difference in the performance of fabric and disc filters in relation to physical and biological parameters of their effluents. The average values for water distribution uniformity rates were pretty close for the two blocks that utilized both disc and fabric filters. KEYWORDS: trickle irrigation, uniformity index, filtration, non-woven synthetic fabrics, chemical treatment

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Geographical Characterization of Greenhouse Irrigation Water

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.7.1.49 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

William R. Argo ◽

John A. Biernbaum ◽

Darryl D. Warncke

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Source ◽

The United States ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Mean Values

Chemical analyses of 4306 randomly selected greenhouse water samples for 1995 from the United States and Canada were obtained from four analytical laboratories and graphically characterized using a distribution analysis. For pH, electro-conductivity (EC), and nutrient concentrations, a mean and median value and the percentage of samples with concentrations above or below those generally considered acceptable are presented for all samples and the 10 leading states in floricultural production. The median nutrient concentrations were more representative of the type of water found throughout the United States and Canada than that of the mean values because of the unequal distribution of the data. The overall median water source had a pH of 7.1; an EC of 0.4 dS·m−1; an alkalinity of CaCO3 at 130 mg·L−1; (in mg·L−1) 40 Ca, 11 Mg, 8 SO4−S, 13 Na, 14 Cl, 0.02 B, and <0.01 F; a Ca: Mg ratio of 3.2, and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 0.7. The information presented characterizes irrigation water and may assist in developing more refined fertilizer recommendations for greenhouse crop production.

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Effect of Reclaimed Water and Drought on Salt-sensitive Perennials

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1095b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1095B-1095 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ursula Schuch

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Potable Water ◽

Root Zone ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Source ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Chilopsis Linearis ◽

Canopy Size ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Four species of salt-sensitive perennials (Chilopsis linearis, Tecoma stans, Salviagreggii, and Verbena pulchella gracilior) were grown in containers and were irrigated with potable or reclaimed water. Electrical conductivity (EC) was 0.3 dS·m-1 for potable irrigation water and 1.0 dS·m-1 for reclaimed irrigation water. After 12 weeks of growing plants with reclaimed vs. potable water, C. linearis leaf dry weight was reduced by 15%, T. stans root dry weight was reduced by 41%, V. puchella gracilior stem dry weight was reduced by 35%, and S. greggii total dry weight was reduced by 56%. The increase in canopy size was calculated 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatments began and was not affected by water source for C. linearis and T. stans, but was reduced for S. greggii and V. pulchella gracilior treated with reclaimed water. Up to 12% dieback and reduced flowering were observed on S. greggii irrigated with reclaimed water. Within 4 weeks of treatments, EC in the root zone was 0.5 dS·m-1 for plants irrigated with potable water and 1.9 dS·m-1 for those irrigated with reclaimed water. When exposed to drought, C. linearis and T. stans grown with reclaimed water maintained a more negative water potential as soil moisture was depleted. Osmotic potential started to increase significantly for both irrigation treatments when more than 25% moisture from fully saturated containers were lost. In general, plants irrigated with potable water sustained more damage than those irrigated with reclaimed water after recovering from a drought cycle.

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Survey of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. in Irrigation Water Used by Colorado Commercial Greenhouses

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.7.2.153 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 153-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Laura Pickett Pottorff ◽

Karen L. Panter

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Water Source ◽

Stem Length ◽

Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽

Selective Media ◽

Phytophthora Spp ◽

Irrigation Supply

The purpose of this study was to determine if irrigation water is a source of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. introduction into Colorado greenhouses. Nine greenhouses took part in the study; three each used municipal, well, or surface water as their irrigation supply. Water samples were collected from each greenhouse three times during Summer 1993. Samples were filtered, filter pads were incubated on selective media, and isolated pathogens were used to inoculate susceptible Cucumis sativus L. and Lupinus polyphyllus Findl. indicator plants. Pythium rostratum Butler and P. dissotocum Drechsler were isolated from surface water supplies. No Phytophthora was found in any water source. No differences were found in stem length or leaf number on inoculated versus control cucumbers or lupines. It was determined that both species of Pythium recovered are weak pathogens. Apparently, pathogenic Pythium and Phytophthora spp. are introduced into greenhouses in three counties in Colorado via means other than water supply.

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