scholarly journals BIOACTIVITY-GUIDED ISOLATION OF MEMORY-ENHANCING COMPOUND FROM CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF ROOTS OF PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA LINN.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Uplanchiwar ◽  
Gupta Mk ◽  
Rupesh K Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Plumbago Zeylanica ◽  
Water Test ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Aim: The main aim of our study is to isolate the active compound from roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. by bioactivity-guided isolation and evaluate its memory-enhancing effect by Morris water maze.Methods: Roots were extracted by successive solvent methods by petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, butanol, and finally, water. Chloroform extract was selected for isolation, and plumbagin was isolated by hexane and ethyl acetate as solvent system. Plumbagin was evaluated by Morris water test, and brain acetylcholine esterase level was measured.Result: Plumbagin showed a significant decrease of escape latency and increase of time spent in target quadrant by mice in Morris water maze indicating improvement of learning and memory. It also significantly decreases the cholinesterase level in the brain.Conclusion: Learning and memory of mice doubtless may be through embarrassment of brain acetyl cholinesterase activity and through involvement of GABA-benzodiazepine pathway. Further detailed study is required to explore the other possible mechanisms for the management of cognitive disorders.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF LEARNING AND MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF COCCINIA GRANDIS FRUITS IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-436
Author(s):  
YC Yashashwini
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Acetylcholine Esterase ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Coccinia Grandis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Objectives: To assess the learning and memory enhancing activity of the Coccinia grandis fruits in rats using Elevated plus maze (EPM), Hebb-William maze (HWM) and Morris water maze (MWM ) and to evaluate brain Acetylcholine esterase activity, lipid peroxidation, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione.  Materials and methods: Wistar rats (100-150 gm) of either sex, were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Group-I (control) animals received vehicle, Group-II animals received diazepam(1 mg/kg i.p), Groups III ,IV  and V animals received Coccinia grandis- 500 mg/kg p.o, 1000 mg/kg p.o and Piracetam (400 mg/kg i.p) respectively for 27 days, followed by diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p) single dose on 19th and 27th day. Assessment of transfer latency (TL), time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) and swim latency (SL) was done on 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 27th day using EPM, HWM and MWM respectively. Rats were sacrificed on 28th day, brain acetylcholine esterase activity, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase levels were estimated. The data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Result: Coccinia grandis decreased TL, TRC and SL in comparison to diazepam treated rats, decreased acetylcholine esterase activity and lipid peroxidation, and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase in brain. Conclusion: The Coccinia grandis enhanced learning and memory activity. This nootropic effect can be attributed to their antioxidant and neuroprotective property. Keywords: Memory, EPM, HWM, MWM, Piracetam, Diazepam.

scholarly journals Evaluation of YashtimadhuKalpa formulation as Neuro-nutrient for Learning and Memory improvement in experimental animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2564-2569
Author(s):  
Mrudul Y Chitrakar ◽  
Manish P Deshmukh ◽  
Ashish B Budhrani ◽  
Shilpa S Ingle
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Nootropic Activity ◽  
Control Sets ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Water Test ◽  
Control Set ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vehicle Treated Control ◽  
Memory Enhancing

The unique functions of the brain are learning, memory, and ability to find objects, recollecting them, and cognition. The foremost intention of the study is to appraise the memory-enhancing potential of “YashtimadhuKalpa” using Wistar rats. The formulation YashtimadhuKalpawas prepared using various ingredients and was evaluated for memory-enhancing activity by using Morris water test and elevated plus maze apparatus for the parameter like transfer latency. The formulation - YashtimadhuKalpa (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) used for consecutive four weeks significantly reduced TL at the 29th day as correlated to the respective control sets, show enhancement in memory. All doses of formulation notably decreased EL of rats when checked for Day 1, day 15 and on day 30th as related to the control and showed noteworthy enhancement of learning and memory. Among all the doses, the higher dose at 300 mg/kg, p.o. Presents a highly important effect on TL as related to the vehicle-treated control set. The decline of transfer latency dose-dependently proved its potency against Neurodegeneration and confirmed its nootropic activity.

Ameliorative Potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts on Memory Impairments in Stress Triggered Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Kamboj ◽  
Ajit Kumar Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Behavioral Alteration ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Background: Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) has been known to very useful medicinal plant in the Traditional Medicinal Systems from the centuries. With ethnopharmacological values, it is well-reported plant for their traditional uses for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic, expectorant activities, and antidepressant activities. Objective: Although it is described for memory enhancing activity, the present study was focused to examine the comparative effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts viz. flavonoid rich (GGFE) and glycyrrhizin rich (GGGE) in stress triggered rats and to provide future research insight for this herbal drug, for which no scientific justification has been reported till now. Methods: Male Wister rats divided into 7 different groups (n= 6 per group) were given chronic foot-shock stress for 21 successive days with scheduled administration of the extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg) and standard drug (10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Elevated Plus Maze, Rectangular Maze, Morris Water Maze, and Locomotor activity were performed to test behavioral alteration and learning ability of stressed rats. Further, rats were sacrificed to assay acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant activity in brain samples for the mechanistic role in learning and memory. Results: Extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra were indicated a significant alteration in stress induced learning and memory deficiency in behavioral parameters studied. These extracts were also modulated significant changes in acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activity to improve the learning and memory of stressed rats. Conclusions: It is concluded that both extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GGFE and GGGE) possess memory enhancing property in stress triggered rats. Moreover, these comparative results provided information and confirmed the high potential of GGGE in comparison to GGFE might be due to rich glycyrrhizin content present in GGGE responsible for acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme modulatory activity. Therefore, GGGE could be used as a promising lead for further mechanistic and molecular study for defining the role of glycyrrhizin of Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Phytopharmacognostical and Chromatographic Evaluation of Leaves of Launaea procumbens

2021 ◽  
pp. 4291-4299
Author(s):  
Brijesh Charadva ◽  
Urvashi Ghataliya ◽  
Pooja Meena ◽  
Krishna Karia ◽  
Tixa Lakhlani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent System ◽  
Acid Anhydride ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Quantitative Microscopy ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Launaea Procumbens

Launaea procumbens leaves are galactagogue, diuretic, antifungal, anorexic, anti-arthritic and hepatoprotective according to Ayurvedic texts as well as modern research. Launaea species, particularly L. pinnatifida, is mentioned as one of the sources of Gojihva, regarding which there is controversy with respect to its true botanical identity. However, no detailed anatomical, phytochemical or chromatographic investigation is available for leaf of L. procumbens which can differentiate it from L. pinnatifida. The aim of this work is to develop standardization parameters of L. procumbens leaves by performing its pharmacognostical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC and GC-MS fingerprints. Pharmacognostic investigation of the leaves was performed by its morphological study, qualitative and quantitative microscopy as well as powder microscopy. Extraction of leaves was done by maceration using methanol. This extract was used for preliminary phytochemical screening and chemoprofiling by GC-MS, as well as for developing its HPTLC fingerprint. A mobile phase system was developed by pilot TLC, following which an HPTLC fingerprint was performed using the solvent system chloroform: methanol: ethyl acetate (3:7:6). Diagnostic microscopic characters identified in powder include unicellular covering trichome, xylem vessels, anomocytic stomata, and prisms of calcium oxalate crystal. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytoconstituents classes like phenolics, anthraquinones, saponin glycosides, carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenoids and flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprinting detected 6 peaks with Rf 0.25, 0.37, 0.41, 0.50, 0.65, 0.78 at 254nm and 4 peaks with Rf 0.32, 0.37, 0.50, 0.66 at 366nm. GC-MS fingerprint revealed presence of propanoic acid anhydride, valeric anhydride, 2- Pyrrolidine acetic acid, phthalan, 5- (Hydroxy methyl)-2-(dimethoxy methyl) furan, vanillin, methyl β-l-Arabino pyranoside, 1,6-anhydro-β-D-Gluco pyranose and 6-Methyl-2-Heptanone, 6-(3,5-dimethyl-2-furanyl). Present study will be very useful for herbal industry in differentiating Launaea procumbens from other species of the genus Launaea, particularly L. pinnatifida (Gojihva) as well as for authentication, standardization and detection of adulteration in the leaf formulations of Launaea procumbens.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ROTATORY VESTIBULAR STIMULATION ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RATS-STANDARDIZATION OF A NOVEL METHOD

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi N. P. ◽  
J. K. Mukkadan
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Dendritic Arborization ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Novel Method

<p><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>To find out the effect of rotatory vestibular stimulation in cognition in rats through examining the behavioural patterns, the alterations in dendritic arborization and changes in AChE activity.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>:<strong> </strong>Rotatory vestibular stimulation was provided in a rotatory vestibular apparatus at a rate of 50 rpm for 5 min, for 30 d for rats. 0.3 mg/kg of physostigmine also administered to rats of another group as a standard drug. No rotatory vestibular stimulation or physostigmine is provided to the control rats. Behavioural analysis, Neuromorphological and biochemical studies were done after vestibular stimulation.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>:<strong> </strong>No. of trails for acquisition and retention reduced significantly in treated rats when compared with the control rats. In all the treated rats the dendritic arborization increased significantly, and activity of AChE decreased significantly when compare with the control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>:<strong> </strong>Rotatory vestibular stimulation enhances learning and memory <em>via</em> increasing dendritic arborization and inhibiting acetyl-cholinesterase activity in rats. </p>

EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF AFLATOXIN ON BRICK CHEESE1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 585-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Shih ◽  
E. H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Brick cheese was placed in plastic containers and all surfaces except the top were sealed with wax. The top was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus and cheese was incubated in a humid chamber at 7.2, 12.8, and 23.9 C for up to 14 weeks after mold growth was evident. After incubation each cheese was cut horizontally into four layers, each approximately 1 cm thick. Each layer of cheese was extracted with a monophasic-biphasic solvent system (chloroform, methanol, and water). The extract was purified, concentrated, and aflatoxins were measured by thin-layer chromatography and fluorometry. No aflatoxins were produced by either mold at 7.2 C. At 12.8 C, A. parastticus developed aflatoxins B1 and G1 after 1 week of incubation. Aflatoxin produced by this mold persisted through 4 weeks of storage and then was not detectable. Aspergillus flavus did not form aflatoxin at 12.8 C. Both molds produced aflatoxin on cheese at 23.9 C; A. parasiticus did so after 1 week and A. flavus after 14 weeks. In some instances, aflatoxin was found in cheese 4 cm from the surface. It is reasonable to assume that cheese will not become contaminated with aflatoxin if the food is held at or below 7 C.

scholarly journals Effects of Malania oleifera Chun Oil on the Improvement of Learning and Memory Function in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rui Wu ◽  
Shaoqi Zhong ◽  
Mengmei Ni ◽  
Xuejiao Zhu ◽  
Yiyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Nervonic Acid ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Oxidative Stress Parameters ◽  
Algae Oil ◽  
Different Doses

Background. The fruits of Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee have been highly sought after medically because its seeds have high oil content (>60%), especially the highest known proportion of nervonic acid (>55%). Objective of the Study. The objective was to explore the effects of different doses of Malania oleifera Chun oil (MOC oil) on the learning and memory of mice and to evaluate whether additional DHA algae oil and vitamin E could help MOC oil improve learning and memory and its possible mechanisms. Methods. After 30 days of oral administration of the relevant agents to mice, behavioral tests were conducted as well as detection of oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical indicators (acetylcholine, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) in the hippocampus. Results. Experimental results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could markedly improve learning and memory of mouse models in behavioral experiments and increase the activity of GSH-PX in hippocampus and reduce the content of MDA, especially the dose of 46.27 mg/kg. The addition of DHA and VE could better assist MOC oil to improve the learning and memory, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and restrain the activity of AChE and also increase the content of ACh. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could improve learning and memory impairments. Therefore, we suggest that MOC oil is a potentially important resource for the development of nervonic acid products.

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation and Thin Layer Chromatographic Determination of 14 Mycotoxins in Grains

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuiko Takeda ◽  
Etsuko Isohata ◽  
Ryuji Amano ◽  
Mitsuru Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Simultaneous Extraction ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Abstract A simple, systematic analytical method for multiple mycotoxins was developed for detecting 14 mycotoxins: aflatoxins Bl, B2, G1, and G2, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon X, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, citrinin, luteoskyrin, and rugulosin. These mycotoxins were extracted with 20% H2SO4-4% KCl-acetonitrile (2+20+178), defatted with isooctane, and transferred to chloroform. The chloroform extract was cleaned up by silica gel column chromatography; the first 10 toxins were eluted with chloroform-methanol (97+3) and the remaining 4 toxins with benzene-acetone-acetic acid (75+20+5). Each fraction was analyzed by thin layer chromatography for the final determination. The method has been applied to polished rice, rough rice, corn, wheat, and peanuts as an analytical screening procedure. The detection limits in these commodities ranged from 10.0 to 800.0 μg/kg, depending on the mycotoxin, but all limits were superior to those obtained for the individual mycotoxins by using other methods.

scholarly journals Treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil: II. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Francisco de Assis Carvalho do Vale ◽  
Ylmar Corrêa Neto ◽  
Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci ◽  
João Carlos Barbosa Machado ◽  
Delson José da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology ◽  
Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms

Abstract This article reports the recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil, with special focus on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). It constitutes a revision and broadening of the 2005 guidelines based on a consensus involving researchers (physicians and non-physicians) in the field. The authors carried out a search of articles published since 2005 on the MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases. The search criteria were pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of AD. Studies retrieved were categorized into four classes, and evidence into four levels, based on the 2008 recommendations of the American Academy of Neurology. The recommendations on therapy are pertinent to the dementia phase of AD. Recommendations are proposed for the treatment of BPSD encompassing both pharmacological (including acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, neuroleptics, anti-depressives, benzodiazepines, anti-convulsants plus other drugs and substances) and non-pharmacological (including education-based interventions, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, music therapy, therapy using light, massage and art therapy) approaches. Recommendations for the treatment of cognitive disorders of AD symptoms are included in a separate article of this edition.

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