scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF NF-κB, COX-1, COX-2, COMT, IL-10, IL-6 AND TNF-α IN MODULATING ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
CHANDANA CHOUDHURY BARUA ◽  
S. M. ABDUL AZIZ BARBHUIYA ◽  
LIPIKA BURAGOHAIN ◽  
AJAY KAKATI ◽  
ACHEENTA GOHAIN BARUA
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Writhing Test ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Entada Phaseoloides ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 1

Objective: To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides (MEEP) along with its molecular mechanistic pathway. Methods: Swiss albino female mice and Wistar rats of either sex were administered orally with MEEP extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and pentazocine, tramadol and diclofenac sodium, as standard drugs. Following administration, anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing test, Eddy’s hot plate, and hot water immersion test. Serum was collected for molecular expression of various proteins and genes using Reverse Transcriptase PCR and Western Blotting. Results: Acetic acid writhing test, a frequently used method to assess peripheral analgesic activity, revealed that MEEP reduced peripherally induced pain in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, Eddy’s hot plate and hot water immersion methods, often implicated for testing central analgesic activities, showed that MEEP is bestowed with the capability to counteract analgesia in a dose and time-dependent manner. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors like COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB that cause inflammatory responses and pain were significantly reduced, suggesting its analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. This analgesic and the anti-inflammatory role played by MEEP is also supported by the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and COMT and COX-1 enzyme demonstrated no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: The study revealed the weak peripheral and potent central analgesic property MEEP by modulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Comparison of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic Properties of Selected Red algae - Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J V Lamouroux., Gracilaria dura (C Agardh) J Agardh. and Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 5110-5119
Author(s):  
Murugan K ◽  
Sumayya S s ◽  
Lubaina A S
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hypnea Musciformis ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Writhing Test ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Gracilaria Dura

Marine natural products from seaweeds have been the focus of research for novel products of pharmacological interest. Bioactivities of the phytochemicals derived from marine algae are important ingredients in many products, such as cosmetics and drugs for treating cancer and other lifestyle disorders. In this context, the aim of the present study is to compare the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic properties of the purified terpenoids from the selected red algae Hypnea musciformis, Gracilaria dura and Kappaphycus alvarezii. Initially, the acute toxicity of the purified terpenoid extract was analyzed and was greater than 4000 mg/kg bw. In vitro BSA denaturation assay revealed significant % inhibition as compared to control. In the carrageenan induced paw edema, the purified terpenoids extract of H. musciformis exhibited remarkable soothing activity with 68.8% percentage of inhibition, which was comparable with that of indomethacin. Meanwhile G. dura and K. alvarezii showed 53 and 50% of inhibition respectively. Analgesic activity was determined by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing test. In the hot plate test, terpenoids extract of H. musciformis and G. dura significantly increased the hot-plate latency as compared to normal saline, which reflects their analgesic efficacy. In the writhing test, terpenoid extracts from H. musciformis, G. dura and K. alvarezii inhibited the writhing response induced by acetic acid in a concentration dependent manner that suggests its varied mode of inhibition of stretching episodes. Lastly, the antipyretic activity was analyzed. Terpenoid extracts from H. musciformis, G. dura and K. alvarezii revealed a significant (P < 0.01) antipyretic activity up to 180 min.  In summary, the study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of terpenoids extracts from H. musciformis, G. dura and K. alvarezii on experimental models, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of peripheral painful and inflammatory pathologies.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Organic and Aqueous Extracts of Northeast Algerian Marrubium vulgare

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S129
Author(s):  
I. Namoune ◽  
B. Khettal ◽  
A.M. Assaf ◽  
S. Elhayek ◽  
L. Arrar
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses from ancient times. Its beneficial effects include antibacterial, antioedematogenic, and analgesic activities. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of organic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, the flowers, the stems, and the roots of Marrubium vulgare. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts have been investigated by using different in-vitro methods. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract from Marrubium vulgare stems had the highest total phenolic content, while the ethyl acetate extract from the leaves yielded a high concentration of flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract from the stems exhibited the highest activity in scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), as well as in protecting erythrocytes. The leaves aqueous extract exhibited the highest ferrous chelating activity and its methanolic extract was found to be the strongest inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in β-carotene bleaching assay. The leaves chloroform extracts as well as the flowers methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts were found to decrease the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the flowers methanolic extract and the leaves methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts decreased the interleukin-1 beta (IL- 1β) release. It was also found that the methanol extract from the flowers and the chloroform extract from the stems of Marrubium vulgare inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. This study provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of Marrubium vulgare as an anti-inflammatory agent and for the plant to be considered as an important resource of natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals Bioactivity-Guided Extract Optimization of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Leaves and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phillyrin

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1545
Author(s):  
Hwa-Young Song ◽  
Da-Eun Jeong ◽  
Mina Lee
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Osmanthus Fragrans ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Extracellular Regulated Kinase

The aim of this study was to identify the optimal extraction conditions for leaves of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus. Inhibitory effects of various extracts on NO production were compared. Antioxidant evaluations for total phenol and flavonoid contents were carried out using various extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves obtained under optimal extraction conditions that showed the greatest effect on NO production. The optimal method for extracting O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves resulted in an extract named OP OFLE. OP OFLE showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Phillyrin (PH) was isolated as a major compound from OP OFLE by HPLC/DAD analysis. OP OFLE and PH reduced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and HT-29 cells. To determine the signal pathway involved in the inhibition of NO production, a Western blot analysis was performed. Results showed that OP OFLE decreased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2 and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Our results suggest that extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves and its major components have biological activities such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by Gingival Fibroblasts

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Zavarella ◽  
O. Gbemi ◽  
J.D. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Mediator ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gingival Fibroblasts ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to manage pain and inflammatory disorders. We hypothesized that gingival fibroblasts actively accumulate NSAIDs and enhance their levels in gingival connective tissue. Using fluorescence to monitor NSAID transport, we demonstrated that cultured gingival fibroblasts transport naproxen in a saturable, temperature-dependent manner with a Km of 127 μg/mL and a Vmax of 1.42 ng/min/μg protein. At steady state, the intracellular/extracellular concentration ratio was 1.9 for naproxen and 7.2 for ibuprofen. Naproxen transport was most efficient at neutral pH and was significantly enhanced upon cell treatment with TNF-α. In humans, systemically administered naproxen attained steady-state levels of 61.9 μg/mL in blood and 9.4 μg/g in healthy gingival connective tissue, while ibuprofen attained levels of 2.3 μg/mL and 1.5 μg/g, respectively. Thus, gingival fibroblasts possess transporters for NSAIDs that are up-regulated by an inflammatory mediator, but there is no evidence that they contribute to elevated NSAID levels in healthy gingiva.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Properties of Ethanolic Mint Extracts from Algeria on 7-Ketocholesterol-Treated Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Antioxidants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatiha Brahmi ◽  
Thomas Nury ◽  
Meryam Debbabi ◽  
Samia Hadj-Ahmed ◽  
Amira Zarrouk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Cytokine Secretion ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The present study consisted in evaluating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extracts from three mint species (Mentha spicata L. (MS), Mentha pulegium L. (MP) and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds (MR)) with biochemical methods on murine RAW 264.7 macrophages (a transformed macrophage cell line isolated from ascites of BALB/c mice infected by the Abelson leukemia virus). The total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents were determined with spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activities were quantified with the Kit Radicaux Libres (KRLTM), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The MS extract showed the highest total phenolic content, and the highest antioxidant capacity, while the MR extract showed the lowest total phenolic content and the lowest antioxidant capacity. The cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were quantified on murine RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 7-ketocholesterol (7KC; 20 µg/mL: 50 µM) associated or not for 24 h and 48 h with ethanolic mint extracts used at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL). Under treatment with 7KC, an important inhibition of cell growth was revealed with the crystal violet test. This side effect was strongly attenuated in a dose dependent manner with the different ethanolic mint extracts, mainly at 48 h. The most important cytoprotective effect was observed with the MS extract. In addition, the effects of ethanolic mint extracts on cytokine secretion (Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, Interferon (IFN)-ϒ, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) were determined at 24 h on lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.2 µg/mL)-, 7KC (20 µg/mL)- and (7KC + LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Complex effects of mint extracts were observed on cytokine secretion. However, comparatively to LPS-treated cells, all the extracts strongly reduce IL-6 secretion and two of them (MP and MR) also decrease MCP-1 and TNF-α secretion. However, no anti-inflammatory effects were observed on 7KC- and (7KC + LPS)-treated cells. Altogether, these data bring new evidences on the potential benefits (especially antioxidant and cytoprotective properties) of Algerian mint on human health.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Phillyrin on Lethal LPS-Induced Neutrophil Inflammation in Zebrafish

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2074-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Xiangjun Zhou ◽  
Weijuan Huang ◽  
Qin Fang ◽  
Jianlan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Forsythia Suspensa ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background/Aims: Forsythia suspensa Vahl. (Oleaceae) fruits are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat pneumonia, typhoid, dysentery, ulcers and oedema. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities have been reported for phillyrin (PHN), the main ingredient in Forsythia suspensa Vahl fruits, in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms in vivo remain poorly defined. In this study, we discovered that PHN exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects in lethal LPS-induced neutrophil inflammation by suppressing the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway in zebrafish. Methods: LPS-yolk microinjection was used to induce a lethal LPS-infected zebrafish model. The effect of PHN on the survival of zebrafish challenged with lethal LPS was evaluated using survival analysis. The effect of PHN on neutrophil inflammation grading in vivo was assessed by tracking neutrophils with a transgenic line. The effects of PHN on neutrophil production and migration were analysed by SB+ cell counts during consecutive hours after modelling. Additionally, key cytokines and members of the MyD88 signalling pathway that are involved in inflammatory response were detected using quantitative RT-PCR. To assess gene expression changes during consecutive hours after modelling, the IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MyD88, TRIF, ERK1/2, JNK, IκBa and NF-κB expression levels were measured. Results: PHN could protect zebrafish against a lethal LPS challenge in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by decreased neutrophil infltration, reduced tissue necrosis and increased survival rates. Up-regulated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression also showed the same tendencies of depression by PHN. Critically, PHN significantly inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MyD88, IκBa, and NF-κB but did not affect the expression of ERK1/2 MAPKs or JNK MAPKs in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Additionally, PHN regulated the MyD88/IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway by controlling IκBα, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression. Conclusion: This study provides a rationale for the clinical application of PHN as an anti-inflammatory agent.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory and Matrix Metallopeptidase-1-Inhibitory Effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. Seed Extract on Particulate Matter-induced Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
Jung-Wook Kang ◽  
In-Chul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Matrix Metallopeptidase ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. seed extract (CSE) on particulate matter (PM)-induced skin.Methods: The effects of CSE on cell viability were evaluated using a skin cell line. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects and matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1)-inhibitory effects of CSE on PM-induced skin, NO and MMP-1 expressions were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Also, the effects of CSE was investigated the induction of IL-8 and TNF-α treated PM on reconstructed human full thickness skin models.Results: It was observed that CSE decreased NO production in PM-induced RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. In addition, CSE decreased the expression of MMP-1 in PM-induced cells in a dose-dependent manner. CSE decreased IL-8 and TNF-α production in a PM-reconstructed human skin model.Conclusion: These results indicate that CSE could be used as a cosmetic material to induce anti-inflammation and inhibition of MMP-1 in PM-induced skin.

scholarly journals Evaluation of analgesic activity of the methanol extract from the galls of Quercus infectoria alone and as an adjuvant in wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Abishek P. Raichurkar ◽  
Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanth Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Syringic Acid ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Quercus Infectoria

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are the most preferred drugs for pain relief. Considering the gastrointestinal toxicity, dependence and other side effects, search for better analgesic drug continues. Quercus infectoria (QI) is from the family Fagaceae. The galls of QI are comprised of tannin (36 to 60%), gallic acid, ellagic acid, and syringic acid. They possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. In India, galls of QI have been used for the treatment of toothache, diarrhoea, sore throat and inflammatory diseases as a home remedy. This study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of galls of QI on wistar rats using tail-flick and Eddy’s hot-plate methods. The objective of the study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of galls of QI alone and as an adjuvant with tramadol on Wistar rats.Methods: Total of 24 wistar rats were included in the study and divided into 4 groups. They received drugs intra-peritoneally as follows. In group 1, normal saline, in group 2, tramadol, in group 3, methanolic extract of galls of QI and in group 4, tramadol with methanolic extract of galls of QI was available.Results: Methanolic extract of galls of QI produced significant maximal possible analgesia (<0.001) at 30 and 60 minutes in tail-flick method whereas it failed to produce analgesia in hot-plate method during all time intervals.Conclusions: Methanolic extract of galls of QI showed analgesic activity in tail-flick method indicating that its possible mechanism of action is spinally mediated.

In vitro antihemolytic effect, in vivo anti inflammatory and In vitro antioxidant activity of Anchusa azurea Mill

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boussoualim Naouel ◽  
Trabsa Hayat ◽  
Krache Imane ◽  
Ouhida Soraya ◽  
Arrar Lekhmissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Background: Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) is a medicinal plant largely used traditionally in folk medicine in Algeria, it is locally named: hamham. It is effective in the treatment of various diseases. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic effects of phenolic fractions from Anchusa azurea Mill. Methods: In this study, various extracts from Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) using solvents with increasing polarity were prepared. The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined. The anti-radical activity of the different extracts was evaluated using DPPH and by measuring the inhibition of the oxidative degradation of β-carotene. The In vitro antihemolytic effect of the plant extracts is determined (CrE, ChE, AcE and AqE). For each extract, four concentrations were tested: 10.59, 21.18, 42.37, 84.74 µg/ml. Vitamin C is used as a standard. Free-radical attack was measured by measuring the HT50 (Half-Hemolysis Time). The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice of the methanolic extract (CrE) was evaluated. Results: The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that ethyl acetate extract (AcE) contains a higher amount of polyphenols. However, chloroform extract (ChE) presents a higher amount of flavonoids. AcE showed an important scavenging activity using the DPPH radical (IC50= 68.35 µg/ml). The results showed that AcE also exhibited very great inhibition on the oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid (84.33%). All extracts increased the HT50 values (Half-Hemolysis Time) in a dose-dependent manner. The three highest concentrations (21.18, 42.37 and 84.74 µg / ml) of ChE caused a very significant delay (p ≤ 0.001) of hemolysis compared to the negative control and the positive control "VIT C". The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice showed that the methanolic extract (CrE) of AA reduced the weight of the ear edema. Conclusions: This plant has a strong pharmacological power, which supports its traditional medicinal use.

scholarly journals Coelonin, an Anti-Inflammation Active Component of Bletilla striata and Its Potential Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fusheng Jiang ◽  
Meiya Li ◽  
Hongye Wang ◽  
Bin Ding ◽  
Chunchun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Antibody Array ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Bletilla Striata ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Ethanol extract of Bletilla striata has remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities in the rat silicosis model. However, its active substances and molecular mechanism are still unclear. To uncover the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of the Bletilla striata extract, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammation model and phospho antibody array were used. Coelonin, a dihydrophenanthrene compound was isolated and identified. It significantly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression at 2.5 μg/mL. The microarray data indicate that the phosphorylation levels of 32 proteins in the coelonin pre-treated group were significantly down-regulated. In particular, the phosphorylation levels of the key inflammatory regulators factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly reduced, and the negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten (PTEN) was reduced. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1), another downstream molecule regulated by PTEN was also reduced significantly. Western blot and confocal microscopy results confirmed that coelonin inhibited LPS-induced PTEN phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, then inhibited NF-κB activation and p27Kip1 degradation by regulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/ v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (PI3K/AKT) pathway negatively. However, PTEN inhibitor co-treatment analysis indicated that the inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression by coelonin was independent of PTEN, whereas the inhibition of p27Kip1 degradation resulted in cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which was dependent on PTEN. The anti-inflammatory activity of coelonin in vivo, which is one of the main active ingredients of Bletilla striata, deserves further study.

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