scholarly journals Lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of Verticillium lecanii on the biology of Mealybug (Pseudococcidae; Homoptera) under laboratory conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1936-1944
Author(s):  
Farah Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Verticillium Lecanii ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Life Duration ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana

Abstract: The Mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous pest of Citrus, grapevine, coffee and ornamental plants. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and Isaria fumosorosea are very effective and commonly used as a biopesticide against various insect pests of different crops. The present study was conducted to check the lethal and sub-lethal effects of V. lecanii on mortality and life period of adult mealybug. Firstly LC50 value for nymph and adult was calculated by applying four different concentrations 1×105 , 1×106 , 1×107 and 1×108 CFU/ml. For nymphs, the median lethal concentration was 5.57×106 CFU/ ml, and for adults, 2.66×107 CFU/ml. After this, two lethal, 3.99×107 and 2.66×107 CFU/ml, and two sub-lethal concentrations, 1.33×107 and 6.65×106 CFU/ml, was prepared and tested against adult mealybug. Dose-dependent mortality was observed, and the highest mortality was due to the highest concentration of V. lecanii. The percentage mortality was 72.23, 52.78, 27.78 and 19.45% due to 3.99×107 , 2.66×107 , 1.33×107 and 6.65×106 CFU/ml, respectively, after 10 days of application. The weight of adult females was highest in the control treatment while lowest in high concentration, and it was gradually decreased after every day in the first three concentrations. The fecundity of mealybug also had an inverse relation with concentrations of V. lecanii, and the numbers of eggs were more in the control treatment than the other four treatments. The fecundity in lethal concentrations was reduced after the 8 th day of application. The life duration was most extended due to control treatment, 27 days, while the lowest period was due to the highest concentration, 13 days. Keywords: Verticillium lecanii, mealybug, mortality, weight, fecundity, life duration

scholarly journals Effects of Nocturnal UV-B Irradiation on Growth, Flowering, and Phytochemical Concentration in Leaves of Greenhouse-Grown Red Perilla

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Hideo Yoshida ◽  
Tatsuru Nishikawa ◽  
Shoko Hikosaka ◽  
Eiji Goto
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Phenotypic Quality ◽  
Intermittent Illumination

In Japan, red perilla leaves are used in the food and coloring industries, as well as in crude medicine. Perilla leaves contain a high concentration of phytochemicals such as perillaldehyde (PA) and rosmarinic acid (RA). The effects of UV-B radiation intensity (0.05–0.2 W m−2, UV-BBE: 0.041–0.083 W m−2), duration (3 or 6 h), and irradiation method (continuous or intermittent) for artificial nocturnal lighting using UV-B fluorescent lamps were evaluated on growth, flowering, and leaf phytochemical concentration in greenhouse-grown perilla. Under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.1 W m−2 for 3 or 6 h, leaf color changed from red to green and leaf fresh weight decreased, compared with the control treatment. No leaf color change was observed under the 3-h treatment with UV-B radiation at 0.05 W m−2, wherein leaf fresh weight was similar to that of the control. Furthermore, RA concentration under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h increased two-fold compared to that under control treatment, while PA concentration was not affected by UV-B irradiation. Thus, our data showed that continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h could effectively produce RA-rich perilla leaves without reducing in phenotypic quality or productivity. However, a 6-h intermittent illumination inhibited flowering without altering phytochemical concentration.

A PROMISING ASSORTMENT OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOR LANDSCAPING IN VOLGOGRAD CITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
E.N. Tyukhtina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The article deals with one of the most relevant topics of the modern city and ecology - the problem of landscaping in Volgograd. The city is characterized by an industrial urbanism, with a high concentration of population, saturation of production facilities and vehicles, which contributes to a high level of negative impact on the environment. The pace of greening of the city lags behind the pace of construction of the residential sector, and the existing green spaces do not meet the sanitary and hygienic, aesthetic requirements. The prospects of this problem are determined, the existing green spaces are considered, data on the climatic conditions of the city and the ecological situation are given. Improvement in the field of landscaping is associated with the scientifically sound placement of green spaces, taking into account all the factors that affect the growth and development of plants in the urban environment. Unfortunately, due to the uneven distribution of the assortment of trees and shrubs, the species composition of the central streets and squares of the city is extremely poor. The study focuses on the role of the botanical garden in urban landscaping and aims to create recommendations for the sorting of tree and shrub plants for urban landscaping. As a result of the analysis of the assortment of ornamental plants of the open ground of the botanical garden, the article proposed species and varieties of woody and shrubby plants that have passed the introduction tests for more than 5-10 years. Recommendations for sorting are aimed at improving the ecological situation of the city and greening the recreation areas of citizens. The proposed list of tree and shrub species cannot fully solve the problem of greening the city, but it will help to significantly enrich the composition of tree and shrub plants.

scholarly journals Mycoviral Population Dynamics in Spanish Isolates of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Filippou ◽  
Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado ◽  
Nicolai Meyling ◽  
Enrique Quesada-Moraga ◽  
Robert Coutts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Large Panels ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Rna Polymerase Gene

The use of mycoviruses to manipulate the virulence of entomopathogenic fungi employed as biocontrol agents may lead to the development of novel methods to control attacks by insect pests. Such approaches are urgently required, as existing agrochemicals are being withdrawn from the market due to environmental and health concerns. The aim of this work is to investigate the presence and diversity of mycoviruses in large panels of entomopathogenic fungi, mostly from Spain and Denmark. In total, 151 isolates belonging to the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium, Lecanicillium, Purpureocillium, Isaria, and Paecilomyces were screened for the presence of dsRNA elements and 12 Spanish B. bassiana isolates were found to harbor mycoviruses. All identified mycoviruses belong to three previously characterised species, the officially recognised Beauveria bassiana victorivirus 1 (BbVV-1) and the proposed Beauveria bassiana partitivirus 2 (BbPV-2) and Beauveria bassiana polymycovirus 1 (BbPmV-1); individual B. bassiana isolates may harbor up to three of these mycoviruses. Notably, these mycovirus species are under distinct selection pressures, while recombination of viral genomes increases population diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences revealed that the current population structure in Spain is potentially a result of both vertical and horizontal mycovirus transmission. Finally, pathogenicity experiments using the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata showed no direct correlation between the presence of any particular mycovirus and the virulence of the B. bassiana isolates, but illustrated potentially interesting isolates that exhibit relatively high virulence, which will be used in more detailed virulence experimentation in the future.

scholarly journals LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OFTITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIALEAF EXTRACT ONPERI-URBAN MOSQUITO LARVEA INABAKALIKI; ALTERNATIVE TO INSECTICIDE DEVELOPMENT.

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1225-1228
Author(s):  
UHUO CA ◽  
OKEREKE CN ◽  
NWELE ED ◽  
OGBONNA S.U ◽  
NWANCHOR K.C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anopheles Mosquito ◽  
Mosquito Population ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Dose Dependent

The bioassay activitiesofTithonia diversifolia leave extract was conducted on the larvae of Anopheles mosquito collected at peri-urban areas of Abakaliki Ebonyi State, using the concentrations of the extract in dilutions at 50/100ml, 40/100ml, 30/100ml and 20/100ml introduced with 10 Anopheles mosquito larvae each in four replicates and allowed for 3hrs. Mean mortality rate of the larvae were observed after the first hour, thus 30%, 10%, 05% and 0% respectively while in the 2nd hour were 60%, 40%, 20% and 10% and in the 3rd hour were 80%, 60%, 50% & 30% respectively. The result thus revealed that the treatment is dose dependent and that the studied specie has some bioactive compounds that can be exploited for insect pests control hence observed to be sensitive in anopheles mosquito larvae. Therefore Tithonia diversifolialeaf extract could be used as a bioassay for the control of mosquito due to its active properties as this has exhibited adverse effects on the larvae thereby reducing the mosquito population and thus reducing the malarious infection associated with the bite of mosquito.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Biopesticide Derived fromCassia spectabilis and Nicotiana tabacum Leaves Against the Main Insect Pests of Coffee and Its Effect On Other Arthropods

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soekadar Wiryadiputra
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Botanical Pesticide ◽  
Cassia Spectabilis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mealy Bug

An experiment on the effectiveness of biopesticide made of ramayana (Cassia spectabilis) and tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) it called as Casnic, on Hypothenemus hampeiand Planococcus citriand its effect on the arthropods population fauna in coffee plantation had been conducted in Pest Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Researh Institute and Bangelan Plantation in Malang. The treatment consisted of three level concentrations of botanical pesticide(15 ml, 30 ml, and 60 ml/lof water), Beauveria bassiana(at a dose 100 g spore per ha), metidation spraying (2 ml formulation per litre of water) and two control treatments (with and without soap). The field experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The results showed that botanical pesticide at the concentration of 30.0 ml stock solution per litre of water and applied four times with monthly interval was effective in controlling coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and coffee mealy bug (Planococcus citri). The effectiveness was not significantly different compared to metidation and Beauveria bassianaat the dose of 0.8 l and 100 g formulation per ha per application. Application of the botanical pesticide did not show negative effect on the usefull predatory insects and other arthropods population in coffee ecosystem. Key words : Botanical pesticide, Cassia spectabilis, Nicotiana tabacum, Coffee, Hypothenemus hampei, Planococcus citri, Arthropods.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficiency of Foliar Nutrient with the Chemical Fertilizer of Super Swing and Whey in some Growth Parameters and Concentration of Certain Nutrients of Transplants of Sour Orange Citrus aurantium L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 282-290
Author(s):  
Nada A. El-Qatrani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Metabolic Performance

This study was carried out in the nursery of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during 2018 growing season. Completely randomized blocks design (C.R.B.D.)  was used to investigate the effect of different concentrations of super swing (0, 0.5 and 1) g.l-1 and whey (0, 50 and 75) % and their interactions to enhance the growth parameters and chemical characteristics of Sour orange transplants. The results showed a significant increase in most of the measured growth parameters of transplants treated with high concentration of foliar spraying to both fertilizers. Application of super swing at 1 g.l-1 with whey at 75% together significantly increased the height of plant, the number of leaves, leaf area, the diameter of stem, number of flowers, the leaves content of both nitrogen and potassium, percentage of dry matter, and content of chlorophyll. Whereas, control treatment was significantly increased the water content compared to other treatments. Addition of growth-enhancing compounds such as super swing and whey extract to the plant can improve the metabolic performance and enhances the plant's ability to absorb nutrients from the soil.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Biorational Compounds against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) and English Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae Fab.) under Laboratory Conditions in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dipak Khanal ◽  
Salu Maharjan ◽  
Jamuna Lamichhane ◽  
Pritika Neupane ◽  
Srijana Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Verticillium Lecanii ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Grain Aphid

Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) are among the most important pests in mustard and wheat fields in Nepal. Biocide Manic (Metarhizium anisopliae a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3 ml/l water, Agri Sakti (Beauveria bassiana a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3.3 ml/l water, Varunastra (Verticillium lecanii spores 2% aqueous suspension, 2 × 108 CFU/ml) at 6 ml/l water, Mahastra (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5% wettable powder) at 6 g/l water, Neemraj Super (Azadirachitin 0.3% w/w) at 3.3 ml/l water, Tracer (Spinosad 90% spinosyns) at 0.33 ml/l water, and control treatment (pure water) were used to test their efficacy against L. erysimi and S. avenae, using leaf dip and spray methods under laboratory conditions in Rupandehi, Nepal, in the year 2018. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Mortality of aphids was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 98 hours after treatment application. The result revealed highest mortality of mustard aphids with Agri Sakti at 24 hours after treatment (HAT); however, Neemraj Super was found to be the most effective at 48, 72, and 96 HAT with the leaf spray method. With the leaf dip method, Neemraj Super killed more mustard aphids than other treatments at all observed time points. Among tested biorational products, Agri Sakti was found to be most effective against English grain aphids in both leaf spray and leaf dip methods. In all the bioassays, the mortality caused by biorational compounds over control was highly significant. The present study suggests for further verification of the biorational products in the field and development of novel management strategies against different species of aphids.

THE SYNTHESIS OF DNA AND RNA IN HUMAN CARCINOMATOUS ENDOMETRIUM IN SHORT-TERM INCUBATION IN VITRO AND ITS RESPONSE TO OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. NORDQVIST
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Endometrial Carcinomas ◽  
Dose Dependent

SUMMARY Twenty-five endometrial carcinomas and three non-endometrial carcinomas were studied for the influence of various steroid hormones on the synthesis of DNA and RNA in short-term incubations in vitro. Endometrial carcinomas showed a dose-dependent sensitivity to progesterone in vitro, the response in both nucleic acids sometimes exceeding that of normal endometria. The mean reduction in DNA synthesis was to 46% and in RNA synthesis to 39% of the control values. Poorly differentiated carcinomas showed higher values of DNA synthesis than highly differentiated ones, as did carcinomas from younger women compared with those from older women. The response in vitro to progesterone was not correlated with these factors. Pregnenolone and a synthetic progestogen were less effective in vitro than progesterone. Oestradiol at a high concentration (20 μg/ml) in some cases significantly reduced the synthesis of both nucleic acids, possibly because of a specific 'toxic' action on the cells. No hormonal effects were observed in non-endometrial carcinomas.

scholarly journals Effects of cGMP and sodium nitroprusside on odor responses in turtle olfactory sensory neurons

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. C1201-C1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouhei Inamura ◽  
Makoto Kashiwayanagi ◽  
Kenzo Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Camp And Cgmp ◽  
Dependent Pathway

The effects of cGMP and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on odor responses in isolated turtle olfactory neurons were examined. The inward current induced by dialysis of a mixture of 1 mM cAMP and 1 mM cGMP was similar to that induced by dialysis of 1 mM cAMP or 1 mM cGMP alone. After the neurons were desensitized by the application of 1 mM cGMP, 3 mM 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP, a membrane-permeable cAMP analog, did not elicit any current, indicating that both cAMP and cGMP activated the same channel. Extracellular application of SNP, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, evoked inward currents in a dose-dependent manner. However, application of SNP did not induce any currents after desensitization of the cGMP-induced currents, suggesting that SNP-induced currents are mediated via the cGMP-dependent pathway. Application of the cAMP-producing odorants to the neurons induced a large inward current even after neurons were desensitized to a high concentration of cGMP or SNP. These results suggest that the transduction pathway independent of cAMP, cGMP, and NO also contributes to the generation of odor responses in addition to the cAMP-dependent pathway.

scholarly journals 13-Tetradecenyl acetate, a female-produced sex pheromone component of the economically important click beetle Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Livy Williams ◽  
Jacqueline M. Serrano ◽  
Paul J. Johnson ◽  
Jocelyn G. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Click Beetle ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Single Compound ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Species-specific behavior-modifying chemicals have been used for more than 50 years for monitoring and management of insect pests of agriculture and human health. Elaterid beetle larvae are among insect pests in soil that are increasingly problematic, in part due to the lack of effective management strategies. However, little is known about the insect-produced chemicals that mediate the reproductive behavior of these pests. We used chemical and behavioral studies to identify, synthesize, and field test the sex attractant pheromone of adults of Melanotus communis, commonly called the corn wireworm, the larvae of which are economically important pests of U.S. crops. Our results indicated that a single female-produced chemical, 13-tetradecenyl acetate, was strongly attractive to conspecific male beetles, and did not appear to attract other species. In field evaluations, male M. communis exhibited a dose-dependent response to this compound. In a trial comparing different slow-release dispensers, a small rubber septum impregnated with the chemical was as effective as and easier to use than a plastic bag dispenser. Given that the sex attractant of this insect consists of a single compound that can be readily synthesized, its development for monitoring and management of the corn wireworm may be economically feasible.

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