scholarly journals Does human-dog attachment increase the resilience and resistance to COVID-19? A biopsychosocial approach and future research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanner Boere ◽  
Ita Oliveira Silva
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Biopsychosocial Approach ◽  
Stress Alleviation ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
Dog Attachment

This article is a biopsychosocial proposal about improvement of resilience to diseases, including the COVID-19, due to affective attachment between humans and dogs. Resilience concerns the physical and emotional human capacity to respond positively to the adverse events such as diseases. Recently, some authors have proposed independent hypotheses about role of oxytocin (OT) and crossed immunity to increase the psychological resilience and immune response against the COVID-19. This text extends the hypothesis to a biopsychosocial field, including the well-known benefits of the human-dog affective attachment on human health. And proposes that a strong and reciprocal affection between human and dog can increase the resilience and resistance to COVID-19, due the role of OT in the immune response, adding to crossed immunity. Other benefits such as emotional buffering, mental comfort and stress alleviation are adjunctive roles of dogs on human health and vice-versa.

scholarly journals The Role of Microbiome in Cancer Cell Stimulation and Therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Shahira Hassoubah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota ◽  
Insight Into

In recent times, the microbiome has been increasingly recognized as having a hand in various disease states that include cancer as a part. Our commensal and symbiotic microbiota, in addition to pathogens with oncogenesis features, have tumor-suppressive characteristics. Our nutrition and other environmental influences can modulate some microbial species representatives within our digestive system and other systems. The microbiota has recently shown a two-way link to cancer immunotherapy for both the prognosis and the therapeutic aspects. Preclinical results indicated that microbiota modification could be transformed into a novel technique to improve cancer therapy's effectiveness. This article aimed to review recent development in our understanding of the microbiome and its relationship to cancer cells and discuss how the microbiome stimulates cancer and its clinical and therapeutic applications. Such information was selected and extracted from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for published data from 2000 to 2020 using relevant keywords containing a combination of terms, including the microbiome, cancer, immune response, immune response, and microbiota. Finally, we concluded that studying the human microbiome is necessary because it provides a thorough understanding of humans' interaction and their indigenous microbiota. The microbiome provides useful insight into future research studies to optimize these species to fight life-threatening diseases such as cancer and has rendered the microbiome a successful cancer treatment strategy.

scholarly journals The Role of IL-36 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Autoimmune Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-jian Chen ◽  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Xin-Rong Yuan ◽  
Bang-jie Chen ◽  
Na Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

A member of the interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily was IL-36, which contained IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. Heterotrimer complexes, consisting of heterodimeric receptor complexes and IL-36 agonist, gave signals through intracellular functional domains, so as to bind to downstream proteins and induce inflammatory response. IL-36 agonists upregulated mature-associated CD80, CD86, MHCII, and inductively produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines through the IL-36R-dependent manner in dendritic cells (DCs). Besides, DCs had the ability to initiate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells. Up to date, the role of IL-36 in immunity, inflammation and other diseases is of great importance. Additionally, autoimmune diseases were characterized by excessive immune response, resulting in damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most autoimmune diseases were related to inflammatory response. In this review, we will conclude the recent research advances of IL-36 in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases, which may provide new insight for the future research and the treatment of these diseases.

scholarly journals Developmental Aspects of SARS-CoV-2, Potential Role of Exosomes and Their Impact on the Human Transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Navneet Dogra ◽  
Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano ◽  
Rwik Sen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

With over 4.8 million deaths within 2 years, time is of the essence in combating COVID-19. The infection now shows devastating impacts on the younger population, who were not previously predicted to be vulnerable, such as in the older population. COVID-19-related complications have been reported in neonates whose mothers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, and in children who get infected. Hence, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 during various developmental stages and placental transmission is essential. Although a connection has not yet been established between exosomal trafficking and the placental transmission of COVID-19, reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 components may be trafficked between cells through exosomes. As the infection spreads, the transcriptome of cells is drastically perturbed, e.g., through the severe upregulation of several immune-related genes. Consequently, a major outcome of COVID-19 is an elevated immune response and the detection of viral RNA transcripts in host tissue. In this direction, this review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 virology, its in utero transmission from infected pregnant mothers to fetuses, SARS-CoV-2 and exosomal cellular trafficking, transcriptomic impacts, and RNA-mediated therapeutics against COVID-19. Future research will establish stronger connections between the above processes to develop diagnostic and therapeutic solutions towards COVID-19 and similar viral outbreaks.

The Role of Methodological Choices in the Effects of Experimental Exposure to Simulated Natural Landscapes on Human Health and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 001391652090648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. E. M. Browning ◽  
Fatemeh Saeidi-Rizi ◽  
Olivia McAnirlin ◽  
Hyunseo Yoon ◽  
Yue Pei
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
First Time ◽  
Keyword Searches

We review the methods and findings of experiments that have examined the effects of exposure to simulated natural landscapes on human health and cognitive performance. Keyword searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science resulted in the inclusion of 175 experiments in 148 research articles. that were published/in press by December 31, 2018. We report how often landscape features and human factors are controlled for within these experiments, thereby—for the first time—recording specifically what elements of “nature” and the built/social environment are used when testing the benefits of green space and blue space exposure. We also document all the simulation methods that are used (e.g., duration, number of exposures, senses engaged, and devices used). Next, to determine what methodological decisions influence study findings, we compare positive versus mixed/null or negative findings across 14 potential moderators. Only study quality and outcome measure influence findings; experiments without control groups or randomized treatments reported more positive findings than expected. Experiments studying perceived restoration also reported more positive findings than expected—remarkably, 95% of such experiments reported simulated nature was indeed restorative. We discuss the possibility that these findings may indicate publication bias in favor of overreporting the salutory impacts of natural landscapes. We conclude our review with a synthesis of best practices for future research studies.

Role of Soils and Its Trace Element Concentration on Human Dental Health: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Anjan Patel ◽  
Elina Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
Ground Condition

Recognition of the relationship between soils and human health dates back to ancient times and soil degradation has certainly been an important issue for human civilization. The intake of food quality and its nutrition value depends to a large extent on the health of soils, in which it is grown. Moreover, the quality of drinking water depends upon the mineral-bearing rocks forming the aquifers, the soils through which it passes and the related geo-hydrological parameters. The present study specifically addresses the dental health problems caused due to the in-situ ground condition of the locality and the soil contamination. This kind of study has become more vital considering the fact that the burden of oral diseases is increasing in many developing countries, especially among the rural masses. However, the possible connections between soils or ground conditions and dental problems are yet to be established properly. Mechanism of the incorporation of trace elements into soils and further into human teeth need more understanding. The present appraisal of the works related to soils and human health can be considered as thought-provoking for future research in this field, especially in view of the effects of rapid climate change and industrialisation on soils and human health in recent times.

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis of Low-Grade, Early-Stage Endometrial Carcinoma Reveals New Dysregulated Pathways Associated with Cell Death and Cell Signaling

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Álvaro López-Janeiro ◽  
Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel ◽  
Jorge L. Ramón-Patino ◽  
Vivian De Los Ríos ◽  
María Villalba Esparza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Endometrial Carcinoma ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade

Low-grade, early-stage endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the uterine corpus. However, the molecular alterations that underlie these tumors are far from being fully understood. The purpose of this study is to describe dysregulated molecular pathways from EC patients. Sixteen samples of tumor tissue and paired healthy controls were collected and both were subjected to mass spectrometry (MS)/MS proteomic analysis. Gene ontology and pathway analysis was performed to discover dysregulated pathways and/or proteins using different databases and bioinformatic tools. Dysregulated pathways were cross-validated in an independent external cohort. Cell signaling, immune response, and cell death-associated pathways were robustly identified. The SLIT/ROBO signaling pathway demonstrated dysregulation at the proteomic and transcriptomic level. Necroptosis and ferroptosis were cell death-associated processes aberrantly regulated, in addition to apoptosis. Immune response-associated pathways showed a dominance of innate immune responses. Tumor immune infiltrates measured by immunofluorescence demonstrated diverse lymphoid and myeloid populations. Our results suggest a role of SLIT/ROBO, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, as well as a prominent role of innate immune response in low-grade, early-stage EC. These results could guide future research in this group of tumors.

scholarly journals Do Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance and Immune System Development Share Common Epigenetic Processes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Rwik Sen ◽  
Christopher Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
And Function

Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression for development, immune response, disease, and other processes. A major role of epigenetics is to control the dynamics of chromatin structure, i.e., the condensed packaging of DNA around histone proteins in eukaryotic nuclei. Key epigenetic factors include enzymes for histone modifications and DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and prions. Epigenetic modifications are heritable but during embryonic development, most parental epigenetic marks are erased and reset. Interestingly, some epigenetic modifications, that may be resulting from immune response to stimuli, can escape remodeling and transmit to subsequent generations who are not exposed to those stimuli. This phenomenon is called transgenerational epigenetic inheritance if the epigenetic phenotype persists beyond the third generation in female germlines and second generation in male germlines. Although its primary function is likely immune response for survival, its role in the development and functioning of the immune system is not extensively explored, despite studies reporting transgenerational inheritance of stress-induced epigenetic modifications resulting in immune disorders. Hence, this review draws from studies on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, immune system development and function, high-throughput epigenetics tools to study those phenomena, and relevant clinical trials, to focus on their significance and deeper understanding for future research, therapeutic developments, and various applications.

scholarly journals Functional characterization of the cnidarian antiviral immune response reveals ancestral complexity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Lewandowska ◽  
Ton Sharoni ◽  
Yael Admoni ◽  
Reuven Aharoni ◽  
Yehu Moran
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Viral Dsrna ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Downstream Effector

ABSTRACTAnimals developed a broad repertoire of innate immune sensors and downstream effector cascades for defense against RNA viruses. Yet, this system highly varies between different bilaterian animals, masking its ancestral state. In this study we aimed to characterize the antiviral immune response of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and decipher the function of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) known to detect viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in bilaterians, but activate different antiviral pathways in vertebrates and nematodes. We show that a mimic of long viral dsRNA triggers a complex antiviral immune response bearing features distinctive for both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Furthermore, the results of affinity assays and knockdown experiments provide functional evidence for the conserved role of RLRs in initiating immune response to dsRNA that originated before the cnidarian-bilaterian split and lay a strong foundation for future research on the evolution of the immune responses to RNA viruses.

Opioid Free Anaesthesia and Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3011-3019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Malo-Manso ◽  
Aida Raigon-Ponferrada ◽  
Julia Diaz-Crespo ◽  
Juan J. Escalona-Belmonte ◽  
Jose Cruz-Mañas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Anesthetic Practice ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Surgical Setting ◽  
Promising Avenue

: Opioid-free anesthesia is revolutionizing anesthetic practices for its potential benefits in selected patients. Opioid-free anesthesia represents a step forward in anesthetic practice as it has been suggested to provide potential clinical benefits for selected patients. Opioid-free anesthesia spares the use of opioids and involves the administration of multiple adjuvant anesthetics, which may have an impact on cancer progression. All this have added to the growing interest in the immune response to anesthetics, making opioid-free anesthesia a promising avenue for future research. : Assessing the role of anesthetics in immunomodulation in the surgical setting is challenging, and results are often contradictory. Indeed, there is a scarcity of data of studies on humans, which hinder the interpretation of results. However, promising evidence has been published that cancer progression can be delayed by the administration of specific anesthetic agents.

scholarly journals COVID-19: In the Eye of the Cytokine Storm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto de la Rica ◽  
Marcio Borges ◽  
Marta Gonzalez-Freire
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Inflammatory State

The dysregulated release of cytokines has been identified as one of the key factors behind poorer outcomes in COVID-19. This ‘cytokine storm ‘produces an excessive inflammatory and immune response, especially in the lungs, leading to acute respiratory distress (ARDS), pulmonary edema and multi-organ failure. Alleviating this inflammatory state is crucial to improve prognosis. Pro-inflammatory factors play a central role in COVID-19 severity, especially in patients with comorbidities In these situations, an overactive, untreated immune response can be deadly, suggesting that mortality in COVID-19 cases is likely due to this virally driven hyperinflammation. Administering immunomodulators has not yielded conclusive improvements in other pathologies characterized by dysregulated inflammation such as sepsis, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS. The success of these drugs at reducing COVID-19-driven inflammation is still anecdotal and comes with serious risks. It is also imperative to screen the elderly for risk factors that predispose them to severe COVID-19. Immunosenescence and comorbidities should be taken into consideration. In this review, we summarize the latest data available about the role of the cytokine storm in COVID-19 disease severity as well as potential therapeutic approaches to ameliorate it. We also examine the role of inflammation in other diseases often comorbid with COVID-19, such as aging, sepsis, and pulmonary disorders. Finally, we identify gaps in our knowledge and suggest priorities for future research aimed at stratifying patients according to risk as well as personalizing therapies in the context of COVID19-driven hyperinflammation.

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