scholarly journals ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF METAPHYSICS IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE

Metaphysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
V. N Knyazev
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Philosophy

The article examines the evolution of the concept of “metaphysics” in the history of culture. Metaphysics as the “first philosophy” of Aristotle has gone through a historically variable path as a consequence of the pluralistic nature of the very nature of philosophical knowledge. Solidarizing in the main thing - metaphysics is an understanding of the fundamental, fundamental principles of being - each independently thinking philosopher takes as a basis as principles different understandings of substances and its attributes. Questions of the relationship between the concepts of “metaphysics” and “ontology” in various historical and philosophical discourses are discussed. Based on this, metaphysical concepts in specific philosophical teachings and doctrines are quite variable in the history of culture, up to the positivist desire to expel metaphysics from science. The modern understanding of metaphysics in collaboration with the philosophy of science makes it possible to reveal the dialectical connection between metaphysics and science and, in particular, metaphysics and fundamental physics.

La ética del Otro: una introducción al pensamiento de Emmanuel Lévinas

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Carlos Alvaréz Teijeiro
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Essential Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Philosophy

Emmanuel Lévinas, the philosopher of ethics par excellence in the twentieth century, and by own merit one of the most important ethical philosophers in the history of western philosophy, is also the philosopher of the Other. Thereby, it can be said that no thought has deepened like his in the ups and downs of the ethical relationship between subject and otherness. The general objective of this work is to expose in a simple and understandable way some ideas that tend to be quite dark in the philosophical work of the author, since his profuse religious production will not be analyzed here. It is expected to show that his ideas about the being and the Other are relevant to better understand interpersonal relationships in times of 4.0 (re)evolution. As specific objectives, this work aims to expose in chronological order the main works of the thinker, with special emphasis on his ethical implications: Of the evasion (1935), The time and the Other (1947), From the existence to the existent (1947), Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority (1961) and, last, Otherwise than being, or beyond essence (1974). In the judgment of Lévinas, history of western philosophy starting with Greece, has shown an unusual concern for the Being, this is, it has basically been an ontology and, accordingly, it has relegated ethics to a second or third plane. On the other hand and in a clear going against the tide movement, our author supports that ethics should be considered the first philosophy and more, even previous to the proper philosophize. This novel approach implies, as it is supposed, that the essential question of the philosophy slows down its origin around the Being in order to inquire about the Other: it is a philosophy in first person. Such a radical change of perspective generates an underlying change in how we conceive interpersonal relationships, the complex framework of meanings around the relationship Me and You, which also philosopher Martin Buber had already spoken of. As Lévinas postulates that ethics is the first philosophy, this involves that the Other claims all our attention, intellectual and emotional, to the point of considering that the relationship with the Other is one of the measures of our identity. Thus, “natural” attitude –husserlian word not used by Lévinas- would be to be in permanent disposition regarding to the meeting with the Other, to be in permanent opening state to let ourselves be questioned by him. Ontology, as the author says, being worried about the Being, has been likewise concerned about the Existence, when the matter is to concern about the particular Existent that every otherness supposes for us. In conclusion it can be affirmed that levinasian ethics of the meeting with the Other, particular Face, irreducible to the assumption, can contribute with an innovative looking to (re)evolving the interpersonal relationships in a 4.0 context.

Thought Experiments and Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiftach Fehige
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
The Core ◽  
Literature And Religion ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Relationship

Thought experiments are basically imagined scenarios with a significant experimental character. Some of them justify claims about the world outside of the imagination. Originally they were a topic of scholarly interest exclusively in philosophy of science. Indeed, a closer look at the history of science strongly suggests that sometimes thought experiments have more than merely entertainment, heuristic, or pedagogic value. But thought experiments matter not only in science. The scope of scholarly interest has widened over the years, and today we know that thought experiments play an important role in many areas other than science, such as philosophy, history, and mathematics. Thought experiments are also linked to religion in a number of ways. Highlighted in this article are those links that pertain to the core of religions (first link), the relationship between science and religion in historical and systematic respects (second link), the way theology is conducted (third link), and the relationship between literature and religion (fourth link).

Ontology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjan Chakravartty
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Ontology

This chapter considers the relationship between scientific and philosophical approaches to ontology, with the aim of clarifying what it means to engage in the project of scientific ontology. It introduces the most influential conceptions of ontology to emerge in the history of philosophy of science. These include deflationary views, which redescribe talk of ontology in terms of other things, as well as views which, conversely, take ontology at face value as an inquiry seeking knowledge of what there is in the world—a world whose existence is independent of the thoughts one may have concerning it. It is argued that the sciences do not yield ontologies until and unless they are interpreted, which requires some recourse to philosophical thinking, and that case studies of science cannot by themselves settle disputes about how these interpretations should go.

Philosophy for economists and managers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Kanke
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The tutorial is a sequential course of philosophy. The article considers the questions of philosophy of science and the history of philosophy, ontology, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics. The course is designed taking into account the achievements of analytical philosophy, phenomenology, hermeneutics, postructuralism and other major philosophical issues of the day. Uses the theory of conceptual transduction. Special attention is paid to the relationship of philosophy to Economics and management. The course is carefully calibrated in the didactic relation. Each paragraph ends with the conclusions, and test, by a reference list. For students of higher educational institutions, primarily economists and managers. Of interest to a wide circle of readers.

The return of metaphysics as a subject matter of historical ontology: analytical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-143
Author(s):  
Olga Stoliarova
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Sociology Of Science ◽  
Historical Ontology ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Role Meaning ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Metaphysical Position

The article (the publication consists of two parts) presents an analytical and historiographical overview of the problems that are substantively related to the question of the role, meaning and historical fate of metaphysics. The author focuses on the phenomenon of the return of metaphysics to the philosophy of our time. This phenomenon is proposed to be analyzed from the viewpoint of historical ontology, which deals with the ontological presuppositions of knowledge and their historical dynamics. In the first part, the author highlights two directions of the historical development of metaphysical problems, one of which expresses the immediate metaphysical position, and the other represents the criticism of this position. The author associates criticism of metaphysics with the development of science and the philosophy of science. The author shows the difference between the “analytical” and “continental” approaches to metaphysical problems. The consideration of metaphysics as a historical phenomenon is associated with Hegel’s metaphilosophical historicism. The alternative, non-historical, consideration of metaphysics is placed in the context of empiricism and positivism. The concepts of scientific realism are defined as a kind of positivistically restricted analytical metaphysics. The author highlights three points of growth of post-positivist philosophy and pays special attention to the relationship between post-positivist philosophy of science, history of science, metaphilosophical history of ideas, and sociology of science. The author traces the gradual formation of theoretical conditions for the rehabilitation of metaphysics in these research fields. The author demonstrates that the historicization of Kant’s “transcendental subject” creates a specific epistemological perspective that joins historicism with contextualism. Within this perspective, the question of the ontological presuppositions of empirical (primarily scientific) knowledge, their development and change becomes of great importance.

scholarly journals On the Question of the Relationship of Collective and Individual Principles in the Flamenco Culture (mid-XVIII — first quarter of the XX century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
E. A. Grinina ◽  
T. M. Balmatova
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Folklore ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The flamenco culture, an original composition of music, poetry, dance and costume, was born in Andalusia, over time has become one of Spain’s «brands», and has now spread well beyond the Iberian Peninsula. Flamenco is full of contradictions that’s why flamenco studies and cultural studies researchers have been working on it for centuries, both in its homeland and abroad. The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between individual and collective elements in the flamenco culture and to analyze various aspects of its formation and existence basing on the literary and historical sources, works on the history of culture, in general, and flamenco, in particular. The Russian segment of flamenco studies research is dominated by works devoted to individual components of flamenco culture — dance, music, history and mythology or particular styles. At the same time, there are no works that attempt to understand the functioning of internal mechanisms and their role in the formation and development of this art. It seems relevant to conduct research from these positions, and the possibility of identifying objective patterns of interaction between the individual and the collective elements determines the scientific novelty of the proposed article. The authors come to the conclusion that, combining elements of rural and urban folklore, flamenco is a popular culture that performs a communicative function both within one social layer and between different layers of urban society. The collective and individual principles in this culture find expression at different levels of social interaction, historical ties, and interpersonal communication; they are not parallel, but interconnected and mutually intertwined. At the level of the text, the collective principle serves as a source of topics, each of which a particular author gives an individual interpretation. At the level of performance and perception, the author transmits to the listener a message containing information about the collective (the memory and experience of previous generations or the current situation for a certain part of society); shares his own experiences or assessments. The listener, perceiving information, on the one hand, joins the collective, and on the other, individualizes it by relating it to his own picture of the world. The presence of contrasts in the flamenco culture is due to the social environment of its formation and existence, the presence of a commercial component and the focus of the performer on the tastes and needs of the audience. The need to attract, surprise and interest the audience at different stages of the development of flamenco influenced all components of this art, and the competition factor encouraged performers to look for new forms and develop new styles. And in general, the presence of opposite vectors provided this culture with the potential that allowed it to go beyond the narrow social stratum, to develop and gain popularity not only in Spain, but also far beyond its borders.

scholarly journals The relationship of architecture and cultural landscape on the example of the city of Almaty

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Culture Design ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article substantiates the significance of the traditional culture of Kazakhstan in the field of art and design training. It describes the uniqueness of Kazakhstan's design, which is closely intertwined with various aspects of the theory and history of culture, and also reflects examples of integration into world culture. The author emphasizes the importance of studying the origins of national culture and its features, which are necessary for preserving the continuity of generations. The authors suggest using the potential of folk art heritage in the educational process for the development of aesthetic and moral qualities of the individual. Key words: education, traditional Kazakh culture, design, continuity.

scholarly journals Psychoanalysis between culturology and cultural studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Pavel S. Vavilov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Ideological Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theories

The article is devoted to the relationship between psychoanalysis, cultural studies and culturology. More attention is paid to the analysis of the conceptual and methodological contribution of psychoanalytic theory to cultural studies. The author emphasizes the nature of the reception of psychoanalytic theories in Western science, demonstrating that the invasion of psychoanalysis into the field of cultural studies, as well as the dynamics of their mutual influence was conditioned by the general ideological attitudes of «suspicion» towards the institutions of power. Psychoanalysis brings its methodological usefulness to cultural studies in that it can be used to reveal the conditions of creation and consumption of cultural products, the discovery of the subject’s representation strategies, and the degree of the researcher’s engagement. The conclusion is made that a productive dialogue between practicing psychoanalysts, researchers in the theory of psychoanalysis, as well as scholars involved in the theory and history of culture is necessary for the integration of modern psychoanalytic theory into domestic culturology.

How and Why I Write History of Science

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menachem Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Rationality ◽  
Philosophical Position ◽  
Testing Ground ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methodology Of Science

I have always been a philosopher at heart. I write history of science and history of its philosophy primarily as a philosopher wary of his abstractions and broad conceptualizations. But that has not always been the case. Lakatos famously portrayed history of science as the testing ground for theories of scientific rationality. But he did so along the crudest Hegelian lines that did injury both to Hegel and to the history and methodology of science. Since science is ultimately rational, he argued, rival methodologies can prove their mettle by competing for whose tendentiously reconstructed account of the history of science renders more of it rational! (Lakatos 1971). My own approach to the relationship between history and philosophy of science started out perhaps a little more open-mindedly than Lakatos's, but in a manner no less crude. Over the years the relationship between the history I wrote and the philosophy to which I was committed took on a firmer and more reciprocal shape. It did so in the course of a process that I now realize exemplified the philosophical position it eventually yielded. I would like to trace that development in the following pages and reflect as best I can on where it has led and left me.

scholarly journals “Me” and “the Other” in the Arabo-Islamic Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
E. A. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Vision ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The traditional theme of “Me” and “the Other” in the light of modern politics and sociology reveals new problems connected to history of culture of different nations. Existential, social and psychological aspects of the relationship of Me and the Other present now a universal scale and thus require common efforts for their solutions. Mass migration from Asian and African countries to Europe and the USA poses new questions about mutual relations of cultures and religions. In front of Me there are new images of the Enemy emerging; they require a revision of the habitual values, including a new vision of a person’s place in society, nature, and the importance of their scientific discoveries.

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