scholarly journals Temporal phenomenology of Otherness by A. Schütz (or the birth of phenomenological sociologism)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
S. P. Bankovskaya
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Natural Attitude ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
The Continuum

The author considers the construction of the temporal sociologism by A. Schtz from the general thesis of the alter ego to the Stranger and the Homecomer. The background and starting point of this construction is Schtzs criticism of the Husserlian egological approach to the basic category of the Other and the radicalization of phenomenological reduction. The Husserlian primordial reduction to an isolated monad is replaced by a radical reduction of the cultural pattern as a phenomenon of the social a priori. Social a priori and the Stranger serve as necessary conditions for intersubjectivity as not derived from the Ego and acquire temporal features in the categories of cultural pattern of the group and Homecomer. In Schtzs interpretation, the Stranger combines temporal and functional (spatial) features, which allows to define the category of cultural pattern of the group and describe the relations of the Stranger with the group in terms of temporal sociologism. The Stranger category is the result of reduction of the taken-for-granted cultural pattern of the group. Schtzs temporal sociologism places any manifestation of the social not only in the intersubjective space but also in the continuum of alterations in intersubjectivity. After this radical reduction of the natural attitude to the cultural pattern of the group by the Stranger category, Schtz goes further and reduces the natural attitude to the belonging to/identification with any group by the Homecomer category, which allows to explore the continuum of alterations in intersubjectivity exactly at the moment of its breaching. The experience of Homecomer restoring a breach with his group represents the reduction of taken-for-granted self in itself - turning into a Stranger for oneself, which allows to find a social basis in oneself. Thus, Schtzs temporal sociologism develops as a definition of the social through changes in time and preserving social identity despite changes in the continuum of intersubjectivity.

scholarly journals Rimski novčići u ženskim srednjovekovnim grobovima sa teritorije Srbije: mogućnosti interpretacije

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 731
Author(s):  
Gordana Ćirić
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Secondary Usage ◽  
Definition Of

The paper explores the phenomenon of secondary usage of Roman coins (2nd to 4th century) in medieval necropolises (10th to 15th century) in the territory of Serbia. The research is focused upon the graves in which the coins are used as ornaments on the costume of the deceased, most frequently reshaped as pendants. This type of secondary usage is only registered in female graves. The paper aims to suggest the interpretation of this phenomenon via the analysis of value and importance of secondarily used coins in the formation of family treasures, defined in important and critical moments of the social life. The possibility is explored of the graves in which female individuals were buried with parts of their dowry. The construction of meaning of these objects is analysed through their exchange in the customs linked to marriage and, finally, funerary practices. Since the Roman coins are scarce and exclusively made of bronze, it may be concluded that the definition of their value and importance is based upon the symbolic and representational levels. The starting point of the paper is the concept of the social biography of objects, in order to further investigate the link between the Serbian medieval social structure and evaluation of the coins in rural communities of the Central Balkans.

scholarly journals IMAGINAÇÃO, CRIATIVIDADE E LIBERDADE: PENSAR A ÉTICA RELACIONAL EM SERVIÇO SOCIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 58-74
Author(s):  
Raquel Marta
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Ethical Thinking ◽  
The Moment

Sublinhando as formas fundamentais da subjectividade subjacentes à intervenção do assistente social, o presente artigo explora diferentes contributos para a ética no serviço social contemporâneo. O trabalho do filósofo alemão Fichte fornece-nos o ponto de partida para a incorporação da imaginação e da liberdade no pensar ético. O acto da invenção criativa não é um acto solitário, mas antes um acto animado na e pela relação com o Outro. Nesta relação, a atenção ao contexto, ao instante, ao acontecimento e à singularidade que contribuem para o pensar e o agir ético do assistente social são ainda considerados sob diferentes perspectivas. Underlining the fundamental forms of subjectivity implicit on the of social work intervention, this article explores different contributions to contemporary social ethics. The work of the German philosopher Fichte provides a starting point from which to incorporate imagination and freedom in ethical thinking. The act of creative invention is not a solitary act, but developed in and through the relation with the Other. In this relation, attention to the context, to the moment and uniqueness of the ethical event are also considered as contributes to the social worker ethical thinking and action.

scholarly journals METAPHOR AS A METHOD OF CONSULTATIVE WORK OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND SOCIAL TEACHERS WITH PARENTS.

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
Valentyna Krotenko ◽  
Hanna Naidionova
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Parental Love ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Vital Forces ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the method of metaphors as a modern effective method that involves neurodynamic mechanisms of personal reflection on current life events. The formation, essence and functions of metaphor in psychological and pedagogical work are analyzed. The genesis of the concept "metaphor" reveals the growing dynamics of its use in the social and psychological sciences. It has been active since the mid-1970s, when metaphors became the independent subject of study. Phenomenologically, metaphor is manifested in all spheres of human activity, but the first sphere of its usage is language. Metaphorical language allows a specialist to convey relevant messages to the client in a fairly secure form and unobtrusively suggest solutions to the problem. It is due to this that it makes sense to use metaphor in consultative psychological and pedagogical work. The authors propose to regard the metaphor as a means of obtaining information about the peculiarities of the relationship in the system "parents - child". Depending on the content of the family life situation, metaphors can perform expressive, dissociative, diagnostic, explanatory functions. They are used in individual or group consultations, one can employ the following options: firstly, reading and discussing metaphors (expressed in parables, instructive stories, etc.) together with parents, which helps to establish the atmosphere of trust between a psychologist and parents, and becomes a starting point for discussion of a specific problem of child-parent relations. Second, discussing drawing with metaphors enables parents to be objectively aware of the problem and then work out possible effective behaviors and corrections. Thirdly, it is possible to work with metaphoric cards "Alphabet of parental love", "The wisest time", "All the facets of harmony", "Steps to wisdom", "Treasures of vital forces" and so on. Understanding the content of a card requires parents to think, feel and remember. In a state of reflexive calm, they can remember life situations, moments of difficulties in the relationship with their child. The article provides examples of metaphors and gives methodological commentary on the work of psychologists and social educators with them. Thus, the competent use of metaphorization in the counseling process can accompany the work of a psychologist and social educator from the moment of gathering information to the implementation of the last behavioral check of the performed intervention

scholarly journals The Concept of Tributalism: A Comparative Analysis of S. Amin, J. Haldon and H. H. Stahl‘s Approaches

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
Nerijus Babinskas
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mode Of Production

By this article the author wants to revive the discussion about Marxist schemas of social development and their applicability for constructing models of universal history. The viewpoints of three scholars are presented in the current text: Samir Amin‘s who is known in the Western historiographical tradition as the main creator and promoter of the concept of tributary mode of production, John Haldon‘s who has paid much attention to the above-mentioned concept and has dedicated an entire book to this issue, Henri H. Stahl‘s who created an original alternative approach to the issue of tributalism. The author rejects J. Haldon‘s concept of „mode of production“ as being too narrow. In fact J. Haldon identifies the mode of production with the mode of exploitation. The author proposes a wider definition of the mode of production which is based on the analysis of Karl Marx‘s texts. According to the author, the most important elements of mode of production are exploitative subject (it is defined by property of conditions of production, which realises as the social power) and productive/obligatory unit which can be manifested as a household of an individual direct producer or as a community. The author proposes the following classification based on his conception of a mode of production: 1. A proprietor of land is a monarch/state and the productive/obligatory unit is the community (of Asiatic/Slavonic type); 2. A proprietor of land is a monarch/state and the productive/obligatory unit is the household of an individual direct producer; 3. Proprietors of land are private landowners and the productive/obligatory unit is the community (of Asiatic/Slavonic type); 4. Proprietors of land are private landowners and the productive/obligatory unit is the household of an individual direct producer. The most important conclusions of the author‘s are as follows: 1. H. H. Stahl‘s statement that there were alternatives in the social development of precapitalist societies are definitely reasonable. 2. Keeping in his mind the controversies between the conceptions of tributalism the author emphasizes that for the moment the question of the typology of antagonistic precapitalist societies remains open; so further researches and discussions are necessary. 3. As a point of departure for further researches and discussions the author proposes his classification of antagonistic precapitalist societies based on the criteria of an exploitative subject and a productive/obligatory unit.

Consumption

Sociology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Sociological Inquiry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sociology Of Consumption ◽  
Selection Of

A rudimentary definition of consumption emphasizes the purchase and use of goods or services, noting that the point of expenditure on such items and the instant of their usage constitute the act of consumption. This understanding of consumption reflects a utilitarian, economic approach to consumption that should be seen as a starting point, since the range of theoretical and empirical innovations within the field of consumption studies—which exists within sociology, as well as having disciplinary expressions within anthropology, history, geography, business, and marketing studies—has established an understanding of consumption as a complex, widespread process. “The Sociology of Consumption” by Colin Campbell in Daniel Miller, ed., Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies (London: Routledge, 1995) adds a number of other stages to this basic definition of consumption. Campbell states that consumption involves not just purchasing or using a good or service but also selecting it, maintaining it, possibly repairing it, and ultimately, disposing of it in some way. Within each of these stages there are a number of complex subprocesses that consumption studies scholars have increasingly paid attention to. For example, the selection of goods is sometimes undertaken largely subconsciously or automatically but also based upon various social norms, cultural learning, emotional factors, prejudices, facets of identity, taste, or style. Likewise, disposing of a good may mean literally throwing it away, or it may mean reselling it, donating it, or passing it on to others. Campbell’s definition usefully shows how consumption is a process over time that fuses practical, emotional, material, and economic factors, rather than merely the moment when a person pays for something over the counter. In many ways, this broader understanding of consumption points to a range of innovations within the field that have occurred in the last few decades, which in turn direct us to broader changes in patterns of sociological inquiry. Questions of labor, industry, production units, social, legal, and economic institutions, technology, and social class were the core stuff of social inquiry through much of the 20th century. In mainstream sociology, consumption was for most of the discipline’s history simply not a relevant analytic category, which explains why for much of sociology’s history consumption was understood through theories of capitalist production. However, in the last few decades researchers have increasingly situated practices of consumption and a consumerist ethic as central for understanding broader social and cultural change, impacting on the way sociologists have conceptualized such diverse areas of social change as cultural and economic inequality, urban and spatial development, identity and selfhood, gender relations and performativity, media, and advertising.

John Stuart Mill's Method In Principle and Practice: A Review of the Evidence

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander ◽  
Sandra Peart
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Apparent Position ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sharp Criticism ◽  
The Relationship

Our concern is John Stuart Mill's methodological pronouncements, his actual practice, and the relationship between them. We argue that verification played a key role in Mill's method, both in principle and in practice. Our starting point is the celebrated declaration regarding verification in the essay On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It (1836/ 1967; hereafter Essay): “By the method à priori we mean … reasoning from an assumed hypothesis; which … is the essence of all science which admits of general reasoning at all. To verify the hypothesis itself à posteriori, that is, to examine whether the facts of any actual case are in accordance with it, is no part of the business of science at all, but of the application of science” (Mill 1836/1967, p. 325). The apparent position that the basic economic theory is impervious to predictive failure emerges also in a sharp criticism of the à posteriori method:

scholarly journals Improving the effectiveness of the organization through selfgovernment

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
N. S. Bezuglaya ◽  
O. S. Kapusta
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Current Stage

The problems of self-management and self-organization are relevant since there are social systems. Identifying self-management as a form of management, modern managers learn to manage and its processes to improve the effectiveness of the organization. Scientific thought also develops in this direction, both in management, and in sociology and psychology, studying the basics, principles, attribute, methods of motivating members of the organization for self-organization. Naturally, self-organization can act both as an object and as a subject of governing actions, but at the same time, it can be a process based both on primordially casual interrelations and artificially created. The tendency of the organization to self-preservation and emergence a priori cause the emergence of self-government at certain levels to solve specific problems. The definition of operational goals, conditioned by the requirements of the current stage of the life cycle of the organization, generates the need for a systematic approach to the organization of a high level of self-government in the internal environment. Thus, the problems of organizing self-government to improve the effectiveness of activities, are actualized and require studying. At the moment, the problems in this context have not been studied enough, as are at the crossroads of various disciplines and scientific schools. Using a system approach to self-management, it is possible to achieve a clear structuring of this process, but also knowledge of the methods of motivating members of the organization to self-management. The article presents modern approaches to the definition of self-government and explores the possibilities of using self-organization and the formation of teams at the intra-firm level that are at different stages of development. 

Creating an image of people with disabilities in formal education. Analysis of the textbooks used in the chosen European countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Marzanna Pogorzelska
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

Creating an image of people with disabilities in formal education is an important element of educating young people into a full and unbiased understanding of the needs and reality of these people. Consequently, it is an element of creating a social climate around people with disabilities and influencing state policy in this area. Therefore, I find it extremely important to analyse and compare ideas worked out in different countries in order to correctly assess our own situation and find inspiring and applicable solutions. In the text, I focused on one component of the system of formal education, i.e. selected textbooks used in Poland and Sweden in which I highlighted their disability-related content. The starting point for the analysis was the definition of disability and explanation of the social identity theory which provided the framework for the research questions. The presented analysis and comparison of the chosen teaching material, fragmentary as it, might form the basis for further investigation in this area.

American Studies—Beyond the Crisis?: Recent Redefinitions and the Meaning of Theory, History, and Practical Criticism

Prospects ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenter H. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
American Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Thinking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Criticism

Since its beginning, the American Studies community has been remarkably uneasy about the role and meaning theoretical thinking about its premises and objectives should have in its work. Even more than the individual disciplines in the humanities and the social sciences, the American Studies movement has again and again felt compelled to justify its existence and its aims, to develop a “method” or “philosophy” for its pursuits. But these attempts at theory more often than not have resulted in a glorification of practical or substantive work, or in an identification of its rationale with a few books by its major scholars. In the most recent time of “crisis,” the traditional opposition of “theory” to “practice” seems to have been confirmed, in one way or another, not only on a national scale but in its international perspective. In a recent interview, Henry Nash Smith, using two articles by young German scholars as a starting point, endorsed the old view that “practice is much more important” in America and that, “almost by instinct, in this country we are less, far less theoretical than the Germans.” It should be mentioned that, ironically, contributions to a theoretical definition of American Studies became far more numerous in the United States just when the younger German scholars began to turn from theoretical debates to substantive work, which shows that Smith's “instinctual” distinction actually prevents us from realizing the fundamental historical differences in the development and the significance of the interaction of theory and practice in the two countries.

scholarly journals PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGNING OF INTERSUBJECTIVE LIFEWORLD OF MILITARY SERVICE IN THE CONTEXT OF BACKGROUND PRACTICES

2018 ◽  
pp. 532-540
Author(s):  
Yuriy A. Panasenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Natural Attitude ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Conceptual Innovation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Integral Structure ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Social Phenomenology

The paper examines the phenomena of «inscription» and «readiness-to-hand» in the «lifeworld». The author uses the basic definition of the «lifeworld» as the world of the natural attitude of consciousness, the cumulative characteristic of the individual’s being. The material of the research is the lifeworld of military service. Three social levels of military communication are identified and linked with background practices. The process of the phenomenological designing of the intersubjective lifeworld of military service, emanating from the three basic definitions of the lifeworld, is described. It is possible to perceive new aspects of the culture of military service in the context of intersubjectivity as the most important conceptual innovation of social phenomenology. The concept of intentionality is considered in relation to the concept of intersubjectivity. The communicative-semantic approach to the analysis of the social world within the framework of social phenomenology is presented. Special attention is paid to characteristic features of objectivity and intentionality. The designing of the lifeworld of military service is performed with three main factors, such as consistency, a stable chain of basic values, and diachronic-synchronous maintenance of basic values, being considered. The values employed to sustain the integral structure of the lifeworld of military service have been determined. The connection between the phenomenon «culture of military service» and culture and profession is analyzed.

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