scholarly journals Morphological canalization, integration and plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti: influences of soil conditions and growth stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Dao-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Plant Size ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Integration ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Over Time

Phenotypic integration and developmental canalization have been hypothesized to constrain the degree of phenotypic plasticity, but there is little evidence for the relationships among the three processes in different environments, especially for plants under natural conditions. To address this issue, we conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of Abutilon theophrasti to low, medium and high densities, under infertile and fertile soil conditions, measured a variety of traits and analyzed canalization (coefficient of variation [CV]), integration (coefficient of integration [CI] and the number of significant correlations of a trait with other traits [NC]), and plasticity (REL RDPIs and ABS RDPIs) in these traits and their relationships at two stages of plant growth. Our results showed an increase in mean CV, NC and ABS RDPIs of traits with density, and the positive correlations between trait NC and ABS RDPIs became stronger with higher densities but weaker over time in fertile soil, while correlations among trait CV, NC and ABS RDPIs became stronger over time in infertile soil. Results suggested shared or cooperation mechanisms among phenotypic integration, canalization and plasticity. Soil conditions and growth stage may affect responses of these correlations to density via modifying plant size and competition strength. The attenuated canalization and enhanced integration may be helpful for the production of plasticity, especially under intense competition.

Developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in annual herbaceous species under different biotic and abiotic conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Dao-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract The relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity have not been well understood. Inconsistent conclusions from different studies suggested the complexity of their associations, probably depending on specific traits, environmental contexts and plant growth stages. To address this issue, we conducted three experiments (EXP I ~ III) with several annual herbaceous species, to investigate the relationships among leaf (or cotyledon) developmental stability, canalization and plasticity and their variations with different biotic and abiotic environmental conditions and plant growth stages, with comparisons among different species at their early growth stage. We analyzed variations in mean trait value, lamina fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficient of variation (CV) and plasticity (RDPIs) and their correlations for lamina size (LS) of individual plants, for LS, petiole length (PL) and petiole angle (PA) of different plant layers in Abutilon theophrasti at three densities in infertile and fertile (or only fertile) soil conditions at three (or two) stages, and for cotyledon size (CS) of five species in contrasting light conditions and seeding depths. High vs. low density decreased LS (with negative RDPIs), FA indexes and CVs, either for individual plants or different layers, especially in fertile soil. Shading was more likely to increase CS (except for A. therophrasti) and FA and decrease CV; deep seeding increased CS of some species in full light, but decreased CS and FA of other species in shading (except for A. therophrasti). FA indexes more likely had positive correlations with mean value, CV and RDPIs of traits; correlations between CV and RDPIs can be positive, negative or insignificant. Correlations among the three variables were more likely positive or insignificant for traits of LS, CS and PL, but more likely negative or insignificant for PA. High density and infertile soil may favor more positive over negative correlations among variables. Results suggested higher levels of lamina FA more likely indicate higher growth rates of plants or modules. Developmental stability was more likely to have positive correlations with canalization, and negative correlations with plasticity, indicating certain common mechanisms associated with them. Environmental stresses can lead to greater phenotypic variations at different levels, facilitating cooperation between the three processes in dealing with environmental challenges.

scholarly journals Associations among leaf developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti under contrasting soil conditions at different growth stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Dao-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Fertile Soil

Most studies on animals have conducted comparative studies to deduce the possible relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity, there is a lack of direct evidence in plants, which should be better study materials. To investigate the correlations among developmental stability, canalization and plasticity in plants, we conducted a field experiment with Abutilon theophrasti, by subjected plants to three densities under infertile vs. fertile soil conditions, and measured leaf size, leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), and calculated coefficient of variation among leaves within individuals (CVleaf) and among individuals (CVin) and relative plasticity (PIrel) and its degree in leaf size at three growth stages, to analyze the responses of their correlations to density and how they may vary with soil conditions or growth stages. Results showed a decrease of FA, CVleaf and PIrel and an increase of CVin in leaf size, with increased density. In most cases, there were no correlations among these variables, but negative correlations between CVin and PIrel, positive correlations between FA and PIrel at high density and/or in fertile soil, in infertile soil. It suggested that higher FA may indicate the state of faster growth rather than an indicator of environmental stresses; there are correlations among developmental stability, canalization and plasticity, which may be complex, affected by other factors. The loss of developmental stability may be beneficial for plant response to environmental stresses, while decreased canalization can be either disadvantageous or advantageous, depending on that the size variation results from an increase or decrease of smaller individuals, and whether its correlations with other variables reflect beneficial or adverse environmental effects.

scholarly journals A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Musse ◽  
G. Hajjar ◽  
N. Ali ◽  
B. Billiot ◽  
G. Joly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

scholarly journals Two Auxinic Herbicides Affect Brassica napus Plant Hormone Levels and Induce Molecular Changes in Transcription

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1153
Author(s):  
Jutta Ludwig-Müller ◽  
Roman Rattunde ◽  
Sabine Rößler ◽  
Katja Liedel ◽  
Freia Benade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
Over Time

With the introduction of the new auxinic herbicide halauxifen-methyl into the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) market, there is a need to understand how this new molecule interacts with indigenous plant hormones (e.g., IAA) in terms of crop response. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular background by using different growth conditions under which three different auxinic herbicides were administered. These were halauxifen-methyl (Hal), alone and together with aminopyralid (AP) as well as picloram (Pic). Three different hormone classes were determined, free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) as a precursor for ethylene, and abscisic acid (ABA) at two different temperatures and growth stages as well as over time (2–168 h after treatment). At 15 °C growth temperature, the effect was more pronounced than at 9 °C, and generally, the younger leaves independent of the developmental stage showed a larger effect on the alterations of hormones. IAA and ACC showed reproducible alterations after auxinic herbicide treatments over time, while ABA did not. Finally, a transcriptome analysis after treatment with two auxinic herbicides, Hal and Pic, showed different expression patterns. Hal treatment leads to the upregulation of auxin and hormone responses at 48 h and 96 h. Pic treatment induced the hormone/auxin response already after 2 h, and this continued for the other time points. The more detailed analysis of the auxin response in the datasets indicate a role for GH3 genes and genes encoding auxin efflux proteins. The upregulation of the GH3 genes correlates with the increase in conjugated IAA at the same time points and treatments. Also, genes for were found that confirm the upregulation of the ethylene pathway.

scholarly journals Effect of Growth Stage on Susceptibility of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues to Infection by Phomopsis viticola

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erincik ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
D. C. Ferree ◽  
M. A. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Over Time

Intact ‘Seyval’ grape clusters in the greenhouse and ‘Catawba’ clusters in the field were inoculated with conidia of Phomopsis viticola at seven Eichorn-Lorenz growth stages between 12 (prebloom) and 35 (véraison) in 1998. Five pots (10 clusters) were used per inoculation, and the experiment was repeated three times. Also, 10 to 20 randomly selected Catawba clusters were inoculated in the field for each of three replications at each growth stage. Studies were repeated in 1999. In addition, Chambourcin clusters were also inoculated at four growth stages in the greenhouse in 1999. Results obtained in the greenhouse and field during both years and for all cultivars indicate that berry and rachis infections can occur at all growth stages between 12 and 35 with no evidence of decreasing susceptibility over time. Results disagree with some literature reports that indicate that berry infection occurs primarily during bloom and shortly after bloom, and susceptibility decreases as fruit matures.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Diagnosability Analysis of Discrete-Event Systems

10.29007/6lc2 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Zanella
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event Systems ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Original State ◽  
Event Systems ◽  
Distributed Analysis ◽  
Uncertainty Level ◽  
Over Time

The twin plant method is central in every research whose focus is checking the diagnosability of discrete-event systems (DESs). Although the property of diagnosability has been extended over time, and several proposals have been advanced to perform a distributed analysis, diagnosability checking still relies on the exploitation of the twin plant method. However, the twin plant structure is redundant, which is a drawback, above all if the considered DES observation is uncertain: in such a case, several distinct twin plants have to be built in order to check the diagnosability for increasing levels of uncertainty. A higher uncertainty level requires a twin plant of larger size. The paper first gives some preliminary thoughts to the reduction of the twin plant size. Next, on the ground that no contribution in the literature has altered the original state-based representation of the twin plant, the paper shows how to transform such a representation into a transition-based one. Finally, it reports some investigations aimed at reducing the effort needed to produce each twin plant: a twin plant inherent to a higher uncertainty level can be produced by incrementing the twin plant relevant to the lower level.

scholarly journals Towards Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
William A. Dunstan ◽  
Kay Howard ◽  
Andrew Grigg ◽  
Christopher Shaw ◽  
Treena I. Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Over Time

While eradication from haul roads was achieved, more work is required to eradicate P. cinnamomi from stockpiles and bunds. We can now implement different management strategies to the construction of bunds and stockpiles to facilitate eradication. Infestation by Phytophthora cinnamomi results in large financial and management constraints to environmental managers. This pathogen was considered impossible to eradicate until recent success with treatments including host removal, herbicide and fungicide application, soil fumigation and physical root barriers. We investigated the most benign of these treatments; keeping the area devoid of living host material. In a Western Australian mine site within a Mediterranean climate, haul roads, stockpiles and roadside bunds had P. cinnamomi colonised Pinus stem plugs buried at multiple depths. Over time, we examined the effects of soil moisture and temperature in different soil conditions and types to compare the recovery of the pathogen. Results: Within 12 months, the pathogen could not be recovered from the haul roads. In the stockpiles, depth produced significantly different results. In 3 of the 4 sites, the pathogen was not recovered at 10 cm after 20 months. By 12 months, at 50 cm, there was an 80% reduction in recovery, but only one stockpile had no recovery from 50 cm, which occurred by 36 months. Bunds were up to 1.75 m high and had variable results for plugs buried at 30 cm, influenced by height, the types of soils and shading. One of the smallest bunds was the only bund where the pathogen was not recoverable (by 22 months). This study provides strong support for using a fallow period to reduce or eliminate P. cinnamomi inoculum.

Clopyralid Dose Response for Two Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) Growth Stages

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun M. Sharpe ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Peter J. Dittmar
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Measured Range ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Small Growth

Black medic is a troublesome weed in commercial strawberry fields in Florida. It emerges during crop establishment from the planting holes punched in plastic mulches that are installed on raised beds. Clopyralid is registered for posttransplant applications at 140 to 280 g ae ha−1but growers typically report suppression, not control. An outdoor potted experiment was designed to model the black medic dose-response curve and determine the effect of plant size at application on control. Two plant sizes were selected: designated small (0.5- to 1-cm stem length) and large (3- to 6-cm stem length). Dose-response curves were generated using a log-logistic four-parameter model. At 22 d after treatment (DAT), there was a significant interaction between clopyralid rate and black medic growth stage on both epinasty (P = 0.0022) and chlorosis (P = 0.0055). The effective dosage to induce 90% (ED90) epinasty were 249.5 and 398.3 g ha−1for the small and large growth stages, respectively. The ED90 for chlorosis was 748.2 for the small growth stage, whereas the estimated value for the large was outside the measured range. For necrosis there was no significant effect of growth stage, and the ED90 was 1,856.3 g ha−1. The aboveground dry biomass ED90 for the small growth stage was 197.3 g ha−1, and the estimated ED90 value for the large was not within the measured range. Results indicate that clopyralid adequately controls black medic when applied at maximum label rates when stems were 0.5 to 1 cm long but not when plants were larger. Poor efficacy typically observed in commercial fields is likely due to black medic plant size or lack of herbicide coverage via shielding by strawberry plants.

scholarly journals Comparison of allelopathic effects of some brassica species in two growth stages on germination and growth of sunflower

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jafariehyazdi ◽  
F. Javidfar
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Brassica Spp ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Stages

Members of Brassicaceae have been frequently cited as allelopathic crop. The toxic effect of Brassica spp. may be caused by hydrolysis products of glucosinolates that occur in substantial amounts in the vegetative parts of Brassica spp. This study investigated the allelopathic potential of Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. juncea on the sunflower seed germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of three species from two stages (full flowering and straw) of sampling were separately made with 0 (distilled water), 10, 20, 30 and 40% concentrations. This experiment was conducted in 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with five replications. There was a highly significant difference among different concentrations of extracts and also between two stages of extraction. All aqueous extracts significantly affected sunflower germination, germination rate, seedling root and hypocotyl length, fresh and dry matter weight when compared with distilled water control. The greatest concentration showed a stronger inhibitory effect. Root length was more sensitive to extracts than hypocotyl length.

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