scholarly journals Przemiany na rynku cebuli w latach 1995–2012

2014 ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kraciński
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Production Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Sown Area

The article presents changes on the onion market in the years 1995–2012. It shows production data which contain the level of harvest, yields, and sown area in the world and in Poland. The article analyses the main tendencies in international trade, taking into account the biggest exporters and importers and value and directions of onion foreign trade in Poland.

scholarly journals DOMINANTS OF UKRAINE’S FOREIGN TRADE INTELLECTUALIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-282
Author(s):  
Tetiana Tsygankova ◽  
Oleksandr Iatsenko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Integrated Index ◽  
Average Group ◽  
The World

The article raises the problem of identifying dominants and assessing the level of international trade intellectualization in the context of the formation of prerequisites for the optimal use of intellectual technologies under integration of Ukraine into the world economy. The purpose of the article is to define key dominants of international trade intellectualization and to assess their development in Ukraine's foreign trade. The applicable estimation is carried out by introduction of the international trade intellectualization index – an integrated index based on the sum of weighted average group indicators. Also, the nature of international trade intellectualization processes is discovered, their forms and peculiarities both in government and business are identified. Current state and problems limiting intellectualization of Ukraine's foreign trade are characterized. The dominants of Ukraine's foreign trade intellectualization and regulatory mechanisms intensifying the export potential of its economy are defined.

scholarly journals Direction and Problems of Foreign Trade in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Shashikala Sharma
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World

 Foreign trade or international trade is the transaction of goods and services between two or more countries. It plays a vital role in developing the economy of a country. The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and problems of foreign trade in Nepal, and to find out the possibilities of foreign trade expansion of the period from fiscal year 2011/12 to 2018/19. The study used quantitative data collected from secondary sources consulting physical library and internet. It was found in the study that most of the foreign trade of Nepal is directed to India. It was also found that there was deficit trade balance as there was decreasing export and increasing imports. As a result, the trade balance is negative and growing every year. Further, the foreign trade in Nepal is highly dependent with India which needs to be diversified to rest of the world.

scholarly journals Foreign trade competitiveness of the Balkan countries under the conditions of globalization

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Bozic-Miljkovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
The World ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
Economic Nature

The development of international trade on the world scale under the conditions of globalization, more than ever in the economic history has given prominence to the issues of given countries? competitiveness and foreign trade companies. Competitiveness in foreign trade is a complex category affected by the factors of both economic and non-economic nature. With the increase of the degree of liberalization of foreign trade globally, competitiveness represents a very important factor that the results in this particular trade depend on and, consequently, realization of the developmental and stabilization objectives in the progress of trade. The Balkan countries are making efforts, through diverse forms of regional economic networking and economic cooperation, to define their competitiveness in foreign trade in such a way so as to ensure its higher level. The actions of this kind should change their relatively unfavorable position in international trade and improve the state in their foreign trade balance as well as balance of payments. In doing this, they encounter numerous problems of economic and non-economic nature, namely those that still condition their low competitiveness in foreign trade.

scholarly journals Inter-state trade within the European Union

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Mihailo Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
World Production ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
The Impact

Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES, THEIR MEANING IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONSHIPS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Irina S. Iskevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Industrial Cooperation ◽  
The World

One of the most important components of the world economy remains the foreign economic activity of its economic entities, which, in turn, includes foreign trade, or international trade, industrial cooperation, currency and financial and credit operations, as well as relations with international organizations. The article examines the characteristics and classification of the principles of legal regulation of foreign trade.

scholarly journals La evolución de las exportaciones de bienes de China: una visión panarómica = Chinese goods exports development: An overview

2013 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Ana Salvador Chamorro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

<p>El proceso de reforma económica que ha experimentado la economía de China es uno de los fenómenos de mayor relevancia en la evolución de la Economía Mundial en los últimos treinta años y, sin duda, seguirá siéndolo en el futuro. Dentro de este proceso, la apertura al exterior, que el gobierno chino inició en 1978, ha situado al país en un lugar de máxima relevancia dentro de los flujos comerciales y financieros internacionales. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es intentar realizar un análisis general de la evolución del comercio exterior de China en las últimas décadas, prestando especial atención a sus exportaciones de bienes y poniendo énfasis en los cambios experimentados durante los últimos años.</p><p>The process of economic reform that has experienced the Chinese economy is one of the most important events in the evolution of the World Economy in the past 30 years, and will undoubtedly remain so in the future. Within this economic reform, the opening process that the Chinese Government began in 1978, has put the country in a place of utmost importance in the international trade and financial flows. In this context, this paper try to perform an analysis of the evolution of China's foreign trade in recent decades, with particular attention to its exports and emphasizing the changes in recent years</p>

scholarly journals Development of international trade in the context of global value chains transformation in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Olga Bezzubchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World

The article examines current trends in international trade, comparative analysis of the commodity structure of exports of the world, identifies the features of the transformation of global value chains in the growing confrontation of free trade and protectionism in foreign trade and under the influence of the global pandemic.

scholarly journals Research of competitiveness factors of Ukrainian corn in the world markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Nataliia Golomsha ◽  
Olha Holomsha
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Competitive Forces

Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out factor analysis of the parameters that determine the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, to substantiate their impact and to formulate a set of recommendations on the use of identified trends and patterns. Methodology of research. Methodological approaches of competition theories and international trade are combined in the process of modelling the competitiveness parameters of Ukraine in the world corn market. A factor analysis technique is used to identify the parameters of Ukrainian corn's competitiveness in the world markets. A list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined by means of correlation-regression analysis Findings. The method of factor analysis to identify the parameters of competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets is substantiated. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis based on the combination of methodological principles of competition theories and international trade, the list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined. Unlike existing models and concepts, this approach takes into account the complex influence of competitive forces, market size, and trading conditions, which allows a high degree of probability to achieve competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets. It is found that market factors, including market capacity and population of the importing country, have positive influence on the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, and competitive forces (influence of direct competitors) and spatial factors, including remoteness of the main markets have negative influence. Proposals on the reaction of market participants to the objective conditions of foreign trade - market parameters, activity of competitors, conditions of trade have been developed. The expediency of intensifying export efforts in the markets of large capacity with positive population growth, which import corn from distant countries, building complex business relations with these countries, and their interest in importing Ukrainian corn, forming a comprehensive logistic advantage, is substantiated. Originality. The method of factor analysis of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn has been improved, which results in an objective list of favourable and restraining factors, as well as substantiates the main reactions of market participants to their impact. Practical value. The obtained model results and factor dependencies form a strong methodological basis for modelling and forecasting the competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets, as well as for developing scenarios of domestic market actors' response to the events and forces that accompany grain exports. Key words: factor analysis, competitiveness, world corn market, correlation-regression modelling, export, grain, foreign trade.

scholarly journals Modalities of international contracts in trade of goods: Legal review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Radica Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the paper is to point out the effect of the modality of the contract on the sale of goods in international trade, given that in modern business conditions due to globalization, deregulation and market liberalization, foreign trade has reached enormous proportions in the world. and business relations, given that they, in modern business conditions and through the development of multinational and transnational companies lead to a huge expansion of the range of goods that become the subject of economic turnover and thus contracting given that the contract of sale has both economic and legal effect. Today, modern regulations and relations of purchase are being established and commented on, and therefore the goal is to present a review of the modalities of contracts in international trade in order to make the best possible genesis, comparative analysis and understanding of necessity in modern imperative and causal norms. Inclusion of other scientific disciplines in the adoption of regulatory norms and the study of this field, considering all aspects of their actions.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliia Poliakova ◽  
Larysa Yaremko ◽  
Oksana Shayda
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in international trade in the conditions of current global challenges, including the pandemic that led to the introduction of quarantine restrictions, lockdown, and closure of national borders causing one of the largest economic crises in the last century. The article also aims to substantiate the role of exports for economic development of countries. Important global trends that have been observed are identified, the processes of development of the sphere of international trade are determined, and the position of the World Trade Organization in the researched issues is highlighted. The article outlines the peculiarities of the application of a number of measures aimed at regulating foreign trade flows including a significant restriction of exports of certain categories of goods and simplification of import procedures for goods needed to combat the pandemic in the countries of the world. An econometric model (a panel regression model) is constructed to illustrate the dependence of the gross domestic product of the twenty leading countries on their exports of goods and services. The study proves that the growth of exports of goods and services will directly lead to GDP growth. It is substantiated that, in the conditions of emergence and long-term action of the trends and with a simultaneous absence of means preventing the negative influence of global factors on international trade in general and foreign trade of separate countries of the world, there is a danger of reduction of their role as an important factor of economic growth. The trends of development of foreign trade of Ukraine are considered in the period of the pandemic, in particular its commodity and geographical structure, rates of change of volumes of trade flows. The stress is laid on the high export-oriented raw materials, the steady trend of import dependence and the preservation of the negative balance of the foreign trade balance of our country. The common features and differences in the processes of foreign trade operations by the EU member states and Ukraine are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the need to create effective response mechanisms at the state level that can reduce the negative impact of global challenges on the country’s foreign trade.

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