scholarly journals Eye movement analysis in simple visual tasks

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Kiril Alexiev ◽  
T Teodorvakarelsky
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Image Element ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Tracking Technology

The small eye movements in the process of fixation on an image element give us knowledge about the human visual information perception. An indepth analysis of these movements can reveal the influence of personality, mood and mental state of the examined subject on the process of perception. The modern eye tracking technology provides us with the necessary technical means to study these movements. Nevertheless, still a lot of problems remains open. In the present paper two approaches for noise cancellation in the eye-tracker signal and two approaches for microsaccade detection are proposed. The analysis of the obtained results can be a good starting point for interpretation by neurobiologists about the causes of different types of movement and their dependence on the individuality of the observed person and the specific mental and physical condition.

scholarly journals Artificial moral agents: an intercultural perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Michael Nagenborg
Keyword(s):  
Poor Countries ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper I will argue that artificial moral agents (AMAs) are a fitting subject of intercultural information ethics because of the impact they may have on the relationship between information rich and information poor countries. I will give a limiting definition of AMAs first, and discuss two different types of AMAs with different implications from an intercultural perspective. While AMAs following preset rules might raise con-cerns about digital imperialism, AMAs being able to adjust to their user‘s behavior will lead us to the question what makes an AMA ?moral?? I will argue that this question does present a good starting point for an inter-cultural dialogue which might be helpful to overcome the notion of Africa as a mere victim.

scholarly journals Definitional verbal patterns for semantic relation extraction

Terminology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Sierra ◽  
Rodrigo Alarcón ◽  
César Aguilar ◽  
Carme Bach
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Machine Readable

In this paper we present a description of the role of definitional verbal patterns for the extraction of semantic relations. Several studies show that semantic relations can be extracted from analytic definitions contained in machine-readable dictionaries (MRDs). In addition, definitions found in specialised texts are a good starting point to search for different types of definitions where other semantic relations occur. The extraction of definitional knowledge from specialised corpora represents another interesting approach for the extraction of semantic relations. Here, we present a descriptive analysis of definitional verbal patterns in Spanish and the first steps towards the development of a system for the automatic extraction of definitional knowledge.

scholarly journals Assessing quality in live interlingual subtitling: a new challenge

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle S. Robert ◽  
Aline Remael
Keyword(s):  
Named Entity Recognition ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Entity Recognition ◽  
Recognition Error ◽  
Named Entity ◽  
Speech Recognition Software ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Recognition Software

Quality-assessment models for live interlingual subtitling are virtually non-existent. In this study we investigate whether and to what extent existing models from related translation modes, more specifically the Named Entity Recognition (NER) model for intralingual live subtitling, provide a good starting point. Having conducted a survey of the major quality parameters in different forms of subtitling, we proceed to adapt this model. The model measures live intralingual quality on the basis of different types of recognition error by the speech-recognition software, and edition errors by the respeaker, with reference to their impact on the viewer’s comprehension. To test the adapted model we conducted a context-based study comprising the observation of the live interlingual subtitling process of four episodes of Dansdate, broadcast by the Flemish commercial broadcaster VTM in 2015. The process observed involved four “subtitlers”: the respeaker/interpreter, a corrector, a speech-to-text interpreter and a broadcaster, all of whom performed different functions. The data collected allow errors in the final product and in the intermediate stages to be identified: they include when and by whom they were made. The results show that the NER model can be applied to live interlingual subtitling if it is adapted to deal with errors specific to translation proper.

scholarly journals Pragmatička uloga različitih tipova šutnje u romanu Kafamda bir tuhaflik autora Orhana Pamuka

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 33-65
Author(s):  
Edina Solak ◽  
Mirza Bašić
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Turkish Language

In certain conversational settings, silence does not only represent the absence of speech, but it is used as a means of communication conveying different meanings. The objective of this paper is to analyze the pragmatic role of silence in Orhan Pamuk's novel Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık. Examples of silence are registered in the original text of the novel Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık and contrastive analysis was used to compare them with the types of silence presented in the translations to Bosnian language. This was used to try to establish whether certain types of silence have an identical pragmatic value in Turkish and Bosnian language. The analysis compares syntactic structures expressing different types of silence in the original text of the novel and its translations to Bosnian language. Turkish language is the initial language of the analysis. Therefore, syntactic structures expressing different examples of silence in the original text of the novel are compared to the translational equivalents in Bosnian language. The analysis of specific contextual examples shows that the success of interpersonal communication depends to a great extent on accurate knowledge and understanding of different types of silence. The results obtained from the analysis contribute to better knowledge and understanding of different types of silence in different conversational settings and they can serve as a good basis and a good starting point for further research regarding different types of silence.

scholarly journals Investigation of the influence of relative humidity and temperature on the IOT solution with low cost air quality monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Vajs ◽  
◽  
Dejan Dragić ◽  
Ilija Radovanović ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Air Monitoring ◽  
Measuring Error ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point

Due to the rising air pollution in densely populated areas, the need for reliable and cost-effective air monitoring systems is on the rise. Low-cost off-the-shelf air quality sensors available on the market provide a good starting point as they are readily available and inexpensive but fall short when it comes to accuracy and reliability. In this paper, the influence of relative humidity and temperature on the accuracy of these sensors is analyzed. Different types of statistical models are used in order to model the measuring error of the sensors caused by relative humidity and temperature. Obtained results show that the accuracy of the off-the-shelf system can be improved by adequate compensation and a more reliable, yet inexpensive air monitoring systems could be implemented.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
G. O. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Space Motion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point

Classical literature is full of motion, but motion has been little considered, unlike space. Motion was of more interest to ancient philosophers than space; it is bound up with ethics, character, and other central aspects of literature. The unfamiliar subject is best considered in relation to familiar works: mostly large and well-known works are chosen, across a range of time and genre. The chapters each look at the general roles of motion in a work, scrutinize the language used for motion, and analyse a series of passages. Art makes a good starting point, and introduces us to features found in literary depictions of motion: so to oppositions (e.g. willed and inflicted motion) and to hierarchies (e.g. gods and mortals). Literary descriptions of motion can be seen to invite the attention of readers or listeners, and authors are visibly interested by motion, either as a general concept, or in the drawing together of different types (such as sailing, running, and flying).

Evaluating Eye Tracking Technology for Understanding how Medical Students Interpret a 12-Lead Electrocardiogram: A Quantitative Approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Tahri Sqalli ◽  
Dena Al-Thani ◽  
Mohamed Badreldin Elshazly ◽  
‪Mohammed Al-Hijji
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

BACKGROUND It is common among healthcare practitioners that accurate interpretation of a 12-lead electrocardiogram demands high levels of skill and expertise. There is a variation amongst healthcare practitioners in their ability to read ECGs accurately and quickly. Moreover, guidelines or best-practices for a standard interpretation process are inexistant. This causes a chasm between skilled interpreters and medical students who are just beginning to develop this skill. OBJECTIVE This study aims to use the eye tracking methodology to research whether eye fixation can be used to gain a deeper understanding into how medical students acquire the ECG interpretation skill. METHODS Each one of the sixteen recruited medical students was asked to interpret ten different types of 12-lead ECGs, while their eye movements were recorded using a Tobii X60 eye tracker. The device uses corneal reflection technology to non-intrusively record the interpreter’s eye movements. The frequency of sampling is 60Hz. Fixations’ heatmaps of where medical students looked at were generated from the collected dataset. A statistical analysis was conducted on the fixations’ count and duration using the Mann Whitney U test, and the Kruskal Wallis test. RESULTS A total number of 16 medical students interpreting 10 ECGs each were recorded. Each interpretation lasted for a duration of 30 seconds. The mean accuracy of the interpretations was 55.63% with a standard deviation of 4.63 %. After analyzing the average fixation duration, we find that on average students study the three lower leads (rhythm strips) the most with a top-down approach (lead II has highest fixation time (mean = 2727 ms, SD = 456) followed by leads V1 (mean = 1476 fixations, SD = 320), V5 (mean = 1301 fixations, SD = 236). We also find a strong correlation between some of the eye tracking features like the time spent fixating and the fixation count (r = 0.87). Finally, by analyzing the time to the first fixation, we understand that medical students develop a personal system of interpretation that adapts and reacts to the nature and the complexity of the diagnosis. We also find that medical students consider some leads as their guiding point towards finding a hint leading to the correct interpretation. CONCLUSIONS The use of eye tracking methodology provided a more precise insight into how medical students learn how to interpret a 12-lead ECG. CLINICALTRIAL NA

scholarly journals When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7569
Author(s):  
Hsing-Hao Lee ◽  
Zih-Ling Chen ◽  
Su-Ling Yeh ◽  
Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao ◽  
An-Yeu (Andy) Wu
Keyword(s):  
Hidden Markov Models ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis

Mind-wandering has been shown to largely influence our learning efficiency, especially in the digital and distracting era nowadays. Detecting mind-wandering thus becomes imperative in educational scenarios. Here, we used a wearable eye-tracker to record eye movements during the sustained attention to response task. Eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM), which takes both spatial and temporal eye-movement information into account, was used to examine if participants’ eye movement patterns can differentiate between the states of focused attention and mind-wandering. Two representative eye movement patterns were discovered through clustering using EMHMM: centralized and distributed patterns. Results showed that participants with the centralized pattern had better performance on detecting targets and rated themselves as more focused than those with the distributed pattern. This study indicates that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with different attentional states (focused attention vs. mind-wandering) and demonstrates a novel approach in using EMHMM to study attention. Moreover, this study provides a potential approach to capture the mind-wandering state in the classroom without interrupting the ongoing learning behavior.

scholarly journals Characterizing gaze position signals and synthesizing noise during fixations in eye-tracking data

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 2515-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diederick C. Niehorster ◽  
Raimondas Zemblys ◽  
Tanya Beelders ◽  
Kenneth Holmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Signal Type ◽  
Gaze Position

AbstractThe magnitude of variation in the gaze position signals recorded by an eye tracker, also known as its precision, is an important aspect of an eye tracker’s data quality. However, data quality of eye-tracking signals is still poorly understood. In this paper, we therefore investigate the following: (1) How do the various available measures characterizing eye-tracking data during fixation relate to each other? (2) How are they influenced by signal type? (3) What type of noise should be used to augment eye-tracking data when evaluating eye-movement analysis methods? To support our analysis, this paper presents new measures to characterize signal type and signal magnitude based on RMS-S2S and STD, two established measures of precision. Simulations are performed to investigate how each of these measures depends on the number of gaze position samples over which they are calculated, and to reveal how RMS-S2S and STD relate to each other and to measures characterizing the temporal spectrum composition of the recorded gaze position signal. Further empirical investigations were performed using gaze position data recorded with five eye trackers from human and artificial eyes. We found that although the examined eye trackers produce gaze position signals with different characteristics, the relations between precision measures derived from simulations are borne out by the data. We furthermore conclude that data with a range of signal type values should be used to assess the robustness of eye-movement analysis methods. We present a method for generating artificial eye-tracker noise of any signal type and magnitude.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

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