scholarly journals Pertussis incidence rates in Novi Sad (Serbia) before and during improved surveillance

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Zorica Seguljev ◽  
Mioljub Ristic ◽  
Biljana Radosavljevic ◽  
Milan Djilas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Novi Sad

Introduction/Objective. The Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) proposed clinical case definitions for pertussis diagnosis in three different age cohorts in order to improve surveillance of pertussis especially in older children, adolescents, and adults. The main goal of this research was to compare the burden of pertussis in the city of Novi Sad before and after the introduction of improved surveillance using the GPI clinical case definitions of pertussis. Methods. Baseline data on pertussis were obtained from routine (non-sentinel) reporting before improved surveillance was introduced. From September 16, 2012, clinical case definitions proposed by GPI were applied within improved (sentinel and hospital) surveillance, while surveillance clinical case definitions were not introduced within non-sentinel. To confirm the suspected diagnosis, sampling of nasopharyngeal swab and/or blood was obtained from all cases. The choice of laboratory method (PCR or ELISA) depended on the duration of coughing and the age of the patients. Data were statistically processed by SPSS Statistics, version 22. Results. During the 12-year period before the introduction of improved surveillance, only two clinical pertussis cases were registered. In contrast, during the two-year period of improved surveillance, a total of 14 (season 2012/13) and 146 (season 2013/2014) confirmed pertussis cases were reported. Significant differences were determined in distribution of pertussis according to the type of surveillance and the level of health care. Conclusion. Introduction of clinical case definitions proposed by GPI improved the quality of surveillance and enabled an insight in the distribution of pertussis in all age groups and at all levels of health care.

Diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in older children, adolescents, and adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. FISCHER WALKER ◽  
R. E. BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

SUMMARYDiarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality yet diarrhoea specific incidence and mortality rates for older children, adolescents, and adults have not been systematically calculated for many countries. We conducted a systematic literature review to generate regional incidence rates by age and to summarize diarrhoea specific mortality rates for regions of the world with inadequate vital registration data. Diarrhoea morbidity rates range from 29·9 episodes/100 person-years for adults in the South East Asian region to 88·4 episodes/100 person-years in older children in the Eastern Mediterranean region and have remained unchanged in the last 30 years. Diarrhoea mortality rates decline as the child ages and remain relatively constant during adulthood. These data are critical for improving estimates worldwide and further highlight the need for improved diarrhoea specific morbidity and mortality data in these age groups.

scholarly journals Osteosarcoma: A Comparison of Jaw versus Nonjaw Localizations and Review of the Literature

Sarcoma ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van den Berg ◽  
W. H. Schreuder ◽  
J. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Tumor Patients ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Age Range

Purpose. It is assumed that osteosarcomas of the jaws mainly occur at older ages, whereas the most prominent sites, that is, the long bones, are more affected at ages <20. Jaw-localized tumors are less malignant and have lower metastatic spread rates.Patients and Methods. This study analyses the nationwide data of the Dutch Cancer Registry on osteosarcoma during the period from 1991 to 2010. Age-corrected incidence rates were calculated.Results. In 949, 38 patients had tumors in the maxilla and in 58 in the mandible. Median age for maxilla, mandible, and other localizations was 45.5, 49, and 23 years, respectively. Age-corrected incidence for osteosarcomas increased after a steep decline for the age cohorts from 20 to 60 years to nearly the same level as the younger patients. The incidence for maxillary lesions showed a steady increase from 0.46 to 1.60 per million over all age ranges; the highest incidence for mandibular lesions was found in the age cohort from 60 to 79 years. In respect to histology, no shifts for age were found, except for Paget’s disease-related osteosarcoma. In older patients, chemotherapy was omitted more often. Overall survival was similar for all age groups, except for extragnatic tumor patients in the age range of 60–79 years.Conclusions. Osteosarcomas have comparable incidences below the age of 20 as compared with ages >60 years. Poorer outcome in older people is likely due to refraining from chemotherapy.

scholarly journals An age-structured SEIR model for COVID-19 incidence in Dublin, Ireland with framework for evaluating health intervention cost

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260632
Author(s):  
Fatima-Zahra Jaouimaa ◽  
Daniel Dempsey ◽  
Suzanne Van Osch ◽  
Stephen Kinsella ◽  
Kevin Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Intervention Cost ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Predictive Approaches

Strategies adopted globally to mitigate the threat of COVID–19 have primarily involved lockdown measures with substantial economic and social costs with varying degrees of success. Morbidity patterns of COVID–19 variants have a strong association with age, while restrictive lockdown measures have association with negative mental health outcomes in some age groups. Reduced economic prospects may also afflict some age cohorts more than others. Motivated by this, we propose a model to describe COVID–19 community spread incorporating the role of age-specific social interactions. Through a flexible parameterisation of an age-structured deterministic Susceptible Exposed Infectious Removed (SEIR) model, we provide a means for characterising different forms of lockdown which may impact specific age groups differently. Social interactions are represented through age group to age group contact matrices, which can be trained using available data and are thus locally adapted. This framework is easy to interpret and suitable for describing counterfactual scenarios, which could assist policy makers with regard to minimising morbidity balanced with the costs of prospective suppression strategies. Our work originates from an Irish context and we use disease monitoring data from February 29th 2020 to January 31st 2021 gathered by Irish governmental agencies. We demonstrate how Irish lockdown scenarios can be constructed using the proposed model formulation and show results of retrospective fitting to incidence rates and forward planning with relevant “what if / instead of” lockdown counterfactuals. Uncertainty quantification for the predictive approaches is described. Our formulation is agnostic to a specific locale, in that lockdown strategies in other regions can be straightforwardly encoded using this model.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of the new clinical case definition of pertussis - experience from sentinel and hospital-based pertussis surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Mioljub Ristic ◽  
Vesna Stojanovic ◽  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Ulrich Heininger
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Case ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clinical Case Definition

Introduction/Objective. Global surveillance systems use different clinical case definitions of pertussis. The aim of this study was to identify sign and symptom combinations with best relation with laboratory confirmed pertussis. Methods. A one-year prospective observational study, proposed by the Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) for three age groups (0?3 months, four months to nine years, and ? 10 years) was performed in Novi Sad to evaluate the performance of the clinical case definition of pertussis. Laboratory confirmation of B. pertussis infection was obtained using the DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or ELISA serology tests. Results. From October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014, 103 (32.3%) out of 319 participants with suspected pertussis had laboratory-confirmed pertussis. Combined whooping, post-tussive emesis, and worsening of symptoms at night was the best predictor of pertussis in outpatients aged four months to nine years (positive likelihood ratio (LR+) 11.6), while among inpatients of the same age group it was apnoea (LR+ 13.5). The LR+ in outpatients aged ?10 years for combinations of apnoea and post-tussive emesis, or a combination of whooping and sweating episodes between paroxysms and post-tussive emesis was 16.8, while among in-patients LR+ was < 2.3 for all combinations in the same age group. Conclusions. The GPI case definitions for pertussis are good predictors for laboratory-confirmed pertussis and are useful for the purpose of pertussis surveillance.

Assessment of the epidemic situation in the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection in persons 15 years and older with a description of the clinical case

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
M. Kulikova ◽  
T. Solomay
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

In order to assess the epidemic situation in the diagnosis of infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of infectious mononucleosis for the period from 1990 to 2018 was conducted in the Moscow region using generally accepted methods of statistical data processing. The description of the clinical case was based on the results of dynamic observation of the patient reflected in the outpatient chart. It is shown that against the background of increasing morbidity rates, there is an epidemiological problem with infectious mononucleosis. Despite the fact that children 0–14 years old are traditionally at risk for infectious mononucleosis, the epidemic process involves the adult population, whose incidence rates also tend to increase. The growth rate of in dicators in the age groups 0–14 and 15 years and older is comparable. The active form of EBV infection in adults can occur in the form of reactivation, which is illustrated by the clinical case described in the article. This case of reactivation of EB infection in an adult clearly illustrates the need to assess the current epidemic situation in differential diagnosis and inform clinicians of different specialties on the epidemiology of EB infection.

Cancer in Adolescents

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Jordan W. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in the adolescent age group, preceded only by accidents, homicide, and suicide. Table 1 lists by age, sex, and race cancer incidence rates (per million) for a three-year period (1969-1971) reported by the National Cancer Institute. Table 2 lists the most commonly involved sites. There are significant differences between the younger and the older age groups. With the advent of improved treatment, survival rates have increased. Table 3 lists the survival rates for the most common forms of cancer and includes all children under 15 years of age. Although survival rates are increasing, the majority of children with cancer still die. Table 4 lists cancer mortality rates for adolescents. The issues involved in diagnosis, treatment, survival, and death present problems for all of those who care for the adolescent with cancer—the patient himself or herself, family and friends, the physician, and other health care professionals. The objectives of this article are: to increase awareness of the types of problems commonly encountered in caring for adolescents with cancer and to describe some of the ways of dealing with these problems. The problems are by no means clear-cut, and the suggested methods of dealing with them must be individualized to meet the needs of all involved.

scholarly journals Coronavirus disease 2019 in neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Jade Irene Linardi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Clinical Presentations

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has become a major burden especially in the health care system and economy. COVID-19 has clinical presentations ranging from remain asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. All age groups are susceptible to this virus, but it seems that children with COVID-19 have milder symptoms than adults. Neonates, however, have been reported to have more severe cases compared to older children. There is also a possibility of vertical transmission from mothers to their neonates which could not be ignored. This review provides current knowledge of COVID-19 in neonates.   

scholarly journals Health care use up to 6 months after COVID-19 in 700.000 children and adolescents: a pre-post study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Magnusson ◽  
Katrine Damgaard Skyrud ◽  
Pal Suren ◽  
Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ◽  
Ketil Stordal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specialist Health Care

Objectives: To explore whether, and for how long COVID-19 among children gives an increase in use of health care services, when compared to children with no COVID-19. Methods: Studying all Norwegian residents aged 1-5, 6-15 and 16-19 years from August 1st 2020 to February 1st 2021 (N= 768 560), we contrasted rates of monthly all-cause primary and specialist health care use before and after testing for SARS-CoV-2 (% relative change), for children testing positive (non-hospitalized in the acute phase) (N=10 306) vs children with no COVID-19 (N=758 254). Results: We found a substantial elevation in short-term primary care use for children testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first month following positive test when compared to children testing negative (relative elevation 1-5 years: 325%, 95%CI=296-354; 6-15 years: 434%, 95%CI=415-453; 16-19 years: 360%, 95%CI=342-379). There was still elevated primary care use at 2 months (1-5 years: 21%, 95%CI= 4-38; 6-15 years: 13%, 95%CI=2-25) and at 3 months (1-5 years: 26%, 95%CI=7-45, 6-15 years: 15%, 95%CI=3-26) for young children, but not at 2 or 3 months for the older children (16-19 years: 10%, 95%CI=-1-22 and 6%, 95%CI=-5-18, respectively). The 1-5-year-olds also had a long-term (up to 6 months) increase of primary care (14%, 95%CI=1-26) that was not observed for older age groups, when compared to same-aged children testing negative. We observed no elevated use of specialist care. Conclusion: Children in pre-school age used health services for a longer time (3-6 months) after COVID-19 than children in primary and secondary school age (1-3 months).

scholarly journals Sociocultural Determinants to Adoption of Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Nyakach, Kisumu County, Kenya: A Descriptive Qualitative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Job Wasonga ◽  
Mark Okowa ◽  
Felix Kioli
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
International Policies ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Rural Kenya

Provision of safe water, adequate sanitation, and hygiene has been lauded as one way of preventing diarrheal infections and improving health especially in developing countries. However, lack of safe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices in most parts of rural Kenya have posed a challenge that exposes the populace to diarrhea cases and possible deaths. In this regard, many nongovernmental organizations and governmental agencies have tried to provide water, sanitation, and hygiene services with poor results. This study was conducted using qualitative research methods in Central Nyakach in Kisumu County, Kenya. The methods were focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and observation of homesteads. The data were then analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that water issues are gendered and its use is socially and culturally categorized. Water storage is affected by traditions such as use of a clay pot, while sanitation and hygiene issues are ritualized and bound by taboos. Latrines are majorly constructed by men and sharing the same with in-laws and older children is prohibited. Children faeces are thrown out in the open fields as a means of disposal and hand washing with soap is nonexistent, since it is believed that doing so would make a person lose the ability to rear livestock. The implications of these findings are that some of these sociocultural practices have a profound effect on health of the population. This affects health care delivery through high incidence rates of disease, encourages “unhealthy” environments through open defecation and pollution, and negates the government’s commitment to national and international policies on universal health care provision.

scholarly journals Evolving Epidemiology of Reported Giardiasis Cases in the United States, 1995–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cushla M Coffey ◽  
Sarah A Collier ◽  
Michelle E Gleason ◽  
Jonathan S Yoder ◽  
Martyn D Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
System Data

Abstract Background Giardiasis is the most common intestinal parasitic disease of humans identified in the United States (US) and an important waterborne disease. In the United States, giardiasis has been variably reportable since 1992 and was made a nationally notifiable disease in 2002. Our objective was to describe the epidemiology of US giardiasis cases from 1995 through 2016 using National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data. Methods Negative binomial regression models were used to compare incidence rates by age group (0–4, 5–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–64, and ≥ 65 years) during 3 time periods (1995–2001, 2002–2010, and 2011–2016). Results During 1995–2016, the average number of reported cases was 19 781 per year (range, 14 623–27 778 cases). The annual incidence of reported giardiasis in the United States decreased across all age groups. This decrease differs by age group and sex and may reflect either changes in surveillance methods (eg, changes to case definitions or reporting practices) or changes in exposure. Incidence rates in males and older age groups did not decrease to the same extent as rates in females and children. Conclusions Trends suggest that differences in exposures by sex and age group are important to the epidemiology of giardiasis. Further investigation into the risk factors of populations with higher rates of giardiasis will support prevention and control efforts.

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