scholarly journals Studies of technology in prehistoric archaeology

2011 ◽  
pp. 465-480
Author(s):  
Selena Vitezovic
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
High Level ◽  
Organization Of Production

Technology studies have always been the most important focus of archaeology, as a science which analyzes human past through the study of material culture. To say that something is technological in archaeology, means to put the concept of technology in the centre of theoretical studies, and to study not only the form of the object, but also the entire sequence of technological factors, from raw material choice, mode of use, up to the reasons for abandonment. The concept of technology in anthropology and archaeology is based on the original meaning of the word ????? in ancient Greek, meaning the skill, i. e., to study how something is being done. Such a concept of technology as a skill or mode of doing something was for the first time outlined by the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss, whose starting point was that every technological statement was at the same time social or cultural statement and that technological choices have social foundations. Pierre Lemonnier further developed the anthropology of technology, focusing on the question of technological choices, as well as numerous other anthropologists. In archaeology, the most important contribution to the study of technology was the work of Andr? Leroi-Gourhan, who created the concept of cha?ne op?ratoire, as an analytical tool for studying the mode of creating, using and discarding an artefact, starting with raw material acquisition, mode of manufacture, final form, use (including caching, breaking and repairing) up to the final discarding. It is not only about reconstructing the algorithmic sequence of operations in creating one object, but it is a complex analysis of operational chain within one society which includes the analysis of technological choices. The analyses of technologies today include a variety of different approaches, most of them with emphasis on the cultural and social aspects of technology. The analysis of bone industry in the Early and Middle Neolithic in central Balkans (Starcevo culture), which included not only final objects, but also manufacture debris and semi-finished products, revealed a well developed industry, with a high level of technological knowledge on the properties of raw materials, skillful manufacture, well organized production, as well as possibility of a certain degree of specialization on the micro and macro level (within one settlement and within a group of settlements). Both raw material choices and manufacturing techniques, as well as the final forms, demonstrated a high standardization level. Also certain symbolic value was attributed to some raw materials, and there is a possibility that skill itself was valued. Further analyses of multiple technologies will help in reconstructing the organization of production, social and economic aspects in Neolithic societies, as well as the role of technology in everyday and ritual life.

scholarly journals For our world without sound. The opportunistic debitage in the Italian context: a methodological evaluation of the lithic assemblages of Pirro Nord, Cà Belvedere di Montepoggiolo, Ciota Ciara cave and Riparo Tagliente.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Carpentieri ◽  
Marta Arzarello
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Core Technology ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Lower Pleistocene ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
Methodological Evaluation

Abstract The opportunistic debitage, originally adapted from Forestier’s S.S.D.A. definition, is characterized by a strong adaptability to local raw material morphology and its physical characteristics and it is oriented towards flake production. Its most ancient evidence is related to the first European peopling by Homo sp. during Lower Pleistocene starting from 1.6 Ma and gradually increasing around 1 Ma. In these sites a great heterogeneity of the reduction sequences and raw materials employed is highlighted, bringing to the identification of multiple technical behaviours. However, the scientific community does not always agree on associating the concepts of opportunism and method to describe these lithic complexes. The same methodological issues remain for the Middle Pleistocene where, simultaneously to an increase of the archaeological evidence and the persistence of the opportunistic debitage, the first bifacial complexes are attested. Further implications concerning the increasing complexity highlighted in core technology management are now at the centre of an important debate regarding the genesis of more specialized method (Levallois and Discoid) especially during MIS 12 and MIS 9. We suggest that the opportunistic debitage could be the starting point for this process, carrying within itself a great methodological and cultural potential.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS GUDANG DENGAN PERANCANGAN LAYOUT MENGGUNAKAN METODE CLASS-BASED STORAGE

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Heldy Juliana ◽  
Naniek Utami Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Space Efficiency ◽  
Packaging Industry ◽  
High Level

Gudang adalah suatu tempat penyimpanan untuk semua barang-barang hasil produksi maupun penjualan. Fungsinya sebagai tempat penyimpanan memiliki peranan yang sangat vital. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan adanya pengaturan yang tepat dan cepat dalam penggunaan ruang gudang. CV.MDP-Semarang merupakan industri kemasan karton yang berlokasi di Semarang. Tingginya tingkat penggunaan gudang di perusahaan ini membuat effisiensi waktu dan ruang menjadi penting. Dari hasil pengamatan, CV. MDP-Semarang belum memiliki tata letak penyimpanan yang baik. Hal ini terlihat dari cara penyimpanan bahan baku di gudang yang belum mengikuti kaidah tata letak gudang. Pada gudang bahan baku, karton diletakkan secara acak sehingga menyulitkan pencarian, kapasitas gudang bahan baku saat ini dikeluhkan tidak mencukupi kebutuhan. Parameter tata letak gudang bahan baku yang baik adalah dipenuhinya ruang secara maksimal dan pemenuhan terhadap permintaan bahan baku yang lebih cepat. Pada penelitian ini, metode class-based storage dan penggunaan rak, memisahkan karton berdasarkan jenis karton di gudang bahan baku mampu memberikan peningkatan kapasitas gudang. Dengan rancangan tata letak gudang bahan baku usulan dapat meningkatkan kapasitas gudang, sehingga mampu memberikan ruang kosong untuk 64.000 pieces karton. AbstractWarehouse is a storage for all the goods of production and sales. Its function as a storage has a very vital role. Therefore it is necessary to have the proper regulations in the use of warehouse space. CV.MDP-Semarang is the carton packaging industry located in Semarang. The high level of the activity in the warehouse make time and space efficiency becomes important. From the observation, CV. MDP-Semarang do not yet have good storage layout. It is shown from raw material inventory in storage that are not following the principle of good storage layout. In the raw materials storage carton are placed randomly, so it makes the operator difficult to find the goods and the storage become out of capacity to fulfill demand. The good parameters for good storage are the optimal utility and the capapbility to fulfill raw material demands faster. In this paper, class-based storage method and shelf are used to separate carton based on type of carton in raw material storage in order to improve storage capacity. By proposes the design raw material storage layout, the company should be able to increase storage capacity, thus, it will be able to give space for 640.000 pieces of carton.

Research on Production of Hand Towel from the Poplar Extruding Mechanical Pulp (EMP)

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 3253-3257
Author(s):  
Xian Qi Sun ◽  
Chuan Shan Zhao ◽  
Hui Rong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Mechanical Pulp ◽  
Tissue Paper ◽  
Chemical Pulp ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
High Level

Hand towel is one kind of disposable tissue paper which has characteristic of soaking up water quickly and lower cost. It becomes increasingly popularity in families, at work, and public places. There are many kinds of raw materials to produce hand towel according to its level. Some researches showed that bleached chemical pulp could be partially used to the production of hand towel and some other household paper. In this study, some kinds of raw material which be used to produce hand towel were analyzed and trying to looking for new one. Poplar Extruding Mechanical Pulp (EMP) had characteristics of long fiber, high level of strength and brightness. Different ratio of poplar EMP and certain Bleached Kraft Pulp were tested to make hand towel. The effects of poplar EMP on whiteness, tensile strength, bulkiness, absorbability were discussed. The results showed that characteristic targets of hand towel made from poplar EMP and Bleached Kraft Pulp met the quality requirements of GBT22455-2009 and satisfied the high-end hand towel. The new hand towel had lower cost, higher stiffness and higher bulkiness. It was feasible from the technique and economy point.

scholarly journals LIMBAH AMPAS TAHU SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU SUMBER PROTEIN NABATI PAKAN IKAN NAGAN RAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Diana ◽  
Ananingtyas Ananingtyas
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
The West ◽  
Feed Manufacturing ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

Nagan Raya is one of the districts on the west coast of Aceh with an area of 311,480 km2, consisting of 9 districts, 222 villages. The strategic location, the possibility of developing a large fishery field. Nagan Raya began to develop the field of fisheries through aquaculture. Devotion to this community using the method of mentoring and coaching through knowledge transfer in the form of training and practice of making fish feed into feed products. Process activities that have been implemented in the form of mentoring and coaching then classified the type of output at each stage that is passed; Partners can make artificial fish feed with waste alternatives using pellet machines, packing and marketing. Communities in Nagan Raya also produce tofu as processed from soybeans, this preparation will produce waste of tofu waste, which is currently not utilized optimally. The raw material of this training is the tofu and waste waste of dried fish to be processed into feed powder. Tofu waste is used as a feed ingredients because it has advantages in addition to the nutrient content owned also utilize waste processing so that environmental pollution can be avoided. Waste know this is an alternative material of raw materials of environmentally friendly fish feed. Because it is made from waste processing industry residue. Conceptually and the application of science transfer transfer is done through: aspects of fish feed manufacturing techniques and marketing aspects.

Переработка овощей в России: настоящее и будущее

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sh.V. Gasparyan ◽  
S.A. Maslovskii
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials ◽  
High Level

Приоритет Стратегии развития пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности Российской Федерации до 2020 года – обеспечение населения страны безопасным и качественным продовольствием. Сырьевая база овощеперерабатывающей промышленности – основа производства. Как инвесторы, так и государство предпринимают конкретные меры для решения проблем. Вместе с тем, несмотря на динамику улучшения, многие проблемы остаются нерешенными. Темпы роста производства овощного сырья недостаточны для промышленности и сдерживают рост производства из отечественного сырья. Это объясняет высокий уровень импорта.The priority of the Strategy of development of the food and processing industry of the Russian Federation until 2020 is to provide the population with safe and quality food. The raw material base of the vegetable processing industry is the basis of production. Both investors and the state are taking concrete measures to solve the problems. However, despite the momentum for improvement, many challenges remain. The growth rate of vegetable raw materials production is not enough for the industry and hinders the growth of production from domestic raw materials. This explains the high level of imports.

scholarly journals МЕТОД РАСШИРЕНИЯ МОДЕЛИ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕПИ ПОСТАВОК, ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННОЙ В ФОРМЕ ДВУХУРОВНЕВОЙ ВЛОЖЕННОЙ СЕТИ ПЕТРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Игорь Владимирович Шостак ◽  
Yashar Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Time Dependencies ◽  
High Level

The issues related to the development of adequate network models of the processes of creating, deploying and supporting the functioning of the full logistics supply chain of dried fruit (SCDF) in Ukraine are considered. It is shown that the creation and operation of the SCDF, compared to other SCM class systems, raises a number of specific problems caused by the complexity of the interaction of raw material suppliers (fresh fruit), manufacturers of final products (drying, packaging), storage terminals, distributors, 3PL and 4PL providers (retailers). These problems are due to the fact that the interaction of participants in business processes in the SCDF generates a lot of material, financial and information flows, as well as flows of services from sources of raw materials to the final consumer. The variety of world regions from which dried fruit is delivered to Ukraine, a wide range of products supplied, yield, currency fluctuations, seasonality are the causes of a high level of uncertainty in the processes of formation and decision-making by the SCDF participants. The urgency of the problem is substantiated, the essence of which is to develop a temporal component in the network model of the SCDF, which adequately reflects in time the logistic processes that take place during the operation of the supply chain. A model of a full SCDF in the form of a two-level nested Petri net (NPN) is considered. At the same time, the network model of SCDF functioning in the form of a NPN includes two types of objects - the central link reflecting the activity of the focusing company on processing raw materials (dried fruits), and a number of subnets that simulate the activity of suppliers of raw materials and distributors of finished products. It is indicated that to predict the consequences of the current (or some predetermined) situation and to respond to inquiries about the future state of elements of the SCDF, a predictive model can be used that explicitly takes into account time dependencies. In this case, requests can be about the time of occurrence of certain events, and the fact that certain circumstances are present at a certain point in time. A method is described for extending the network model of the SCDF to comply with the 'just-in-time' principle when modeling business processes that take place supply chain.

scholarly journals A Late Middle Palaeolithic assemblage containing Levallois and bifacial objects from Saône-et-Loire, France: GH 3 at Grotte de la Verpillière II à Germolles

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Axel Frick
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Middle Palaeolithic ◽  
Rock Shelter ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Material Economy ◽  
High Level

The site of Grotte de la Verpillière II, a rock shelter and corresponding cave tunnel, is situated in a cliff face of an Oxfordian massive, around 10 km West of Chalon-sur-Saône in Eastern France. The excavation at this site has recovered Middle Palaeolithic assemblages in three stratified sedimentological units. The richest of these assemblages derives from Geological Horizon (GH) 3 and is discussed here. It is preliminarily attributed to a Late Middle Palaeolithic context of OIS 3 to 4 using radiometric-dating techniques.The assemblage combines Levallois reduction, bifacial objects and diverse ‘opportunistic’ reduction strategies. The Levallois reduction shows a high level of raw-material economy in the use of raw pieces and blanks whose morphology is close to the shape of desired configured cores. Other reduction strategies show a wider range of approaches to blank production. Bifacial objects include but are not limited to Keilmesser with tranchet blows. The condition of objects from GH 3 range from unused raw pieces, tested raw pieces, configured and exhausted cores, correction and central flakes, as well as some heated objects, frost shards, and debris. The majority of raw materials derive from sources nearby, but were clearly transported to the site. Only some pieces show evidence for transport of up to 100 km from source to site. The presence of specific reduction strategies on bifacial objects and the existence of tranchet-blow modification provide support for the attribution of the assemblage to the Keilmessergruppen assemblages from Central Europe.

scholarly journals Accumulation and Transformation of Extractive Substances in Krasnodar Tea

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04026
Author(s):  
O Belous ◽  
N Platonova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Humid Condition ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Green And Black Tea ◽  
High Level

It is important to create varieties with unique quality characteristics. However, a complete study of the processes of accumulation and transformation of the antioxidant complex in raw materials and finished (black and green) tea in humid condition of Russian has not been conducted. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the extractive substances of new selection forms of Krasnodar tea, breeding by scientists of the Subtropical Scientific Center. Comparison of tea by the content of components of the catechin complex showed that the new forms of tea selection Center is characterized by a high level of accumulation of various groups of catechins and the largest amount is epigallocatechingallate (from 42 to 66 %). The presence of active dynamics of caffeine, flavonoids and Ruthin in the raw material (3-leaf sprout), green and black tea. The variation of extractive substances in sprouts and ready-made tea is related to the weather conditions of vegetation, varietal characteristics of plants and processing conditions. All samples of the Center’s selection have a rich phenolic complex, which is of interest as sources of resistance to the action of abiogenic stressors. They can be used for selecting plants with a highly effective antioxidant system.

scholarly journals Analisis Risiko pada UKM Tahu Takwa Kediri terhadap Dampak Pandemi COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Imam Safi'i ◽  
Silvi Rushanti Widodo ◽  
Ria Lestari Pangastuti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Financial Strategy ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
High Level ◽  
Social Service Programs

The Pandemic of COVID-19 and social restriction policy (PSBB) in Indonesia caused a lot of impacts, one of them is Tofu Takwa SMEs in Kediri. This condition disrupts production activities up to marketing. Then it takes a risk analysis by looking at the main potential risks that arise while pandemic like this and do manage to get a strategy for their business sustainability. This research aims to analyze and manage the main risks that occur in Tofu Takwa SMEs in Kediri. The results showed that there are 3 risks in a high level like decrease of the income, decrease in production amount and increase the price of raw materials and 1 risk in middle level like late in delivery raw material so that it can be done by financial strategy, resize, search for a new market with social media and cooperate with the local government to help the marketing of social service programs.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN LEGALITAS INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN BAHAN BAKU KAYU LIMBAH INDUSTRI PRIMER KAYU BULAT (STUDI KASUS KECAMATAN BANJARMASIN UTARA KOTA BANJARMASIN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Krismandra Natalis Wiratmaja ◽  
Daniel Itta ◽  
Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
High Level ◽  
Community Facilities

The increased development of residential areas and community facilities in the South Kalimantan region, especially in Banjarmasin and its surroundings, increased demand for wood, The research objectives were to identify the problems of small industry entrepreneurs with waste wood/sibitan raw material. The research period was 5 (five) months, from the end of January 2020 to the end of April 2020, which included the preparation of research proposals, research, data processing, and reporting. The results of the research were: a) the high level of community demand for sawn wood as a basic material for building houses and the dependence of the Banjarmasin Utara Subdistrict community on the presence of the wood industry was important factors for the existence of the wood industry with raw material from industrial waste wood; b) Laws and Ministerial Regulations stipulated that the licensing authority for a logging industry is carried out by the forestry service, while for every other industry it is regulated by the Industry and Trade office; c) the solution to fulfilling the requirements for obtaining a small industry license is a guarantee that the supply of raw materials can be obtained from three alternatives, namely; source of raw materials from the waste of business permit for the Primary Industries of Timber Forest Products (IUIPHHK), People’s Plantations (HTR), and rejected wood, and d) draft policy on the legality of the wood industry with raw material from waste wood. An industrial company can obtain a permit by meeting the requirements,

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