Viral Zoonoses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle R Petersen ◽  
Duane J. Gubler ◽  
Daniel R Kuritzkes
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Mouth Diseases ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Maintenance Cycle ◽  
Monkey B Virus

Human infection by zoonotic viruses—pathogens that normally infect animals—may result in no obvious illness, a nonspecific viral syndrome, or more severe illness typically characterized by hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or rash arthralgia. Transmission usually occurs by direct contact with or a bite from an infected animal or arthropod. Viral families discussed include Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Reoviridae, with consideration given to the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of specific viruses. Hemorrhagic fevers addressed include dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever; hantavirus infections; and the Marburg and Ebola viruses. Encephalitic fever–causing viruses discussed include La Crosse; Japanese; Murray Valley; St. Louis; tick-borne; West Nile; Powassan; eastern, western, and Venezuelan equine; rabies; Nipah; Barmah Forest; and Colorado tick fever. Rash arthralgia may be caused by the Barmah Forest, Chikungunya, Mayaro, O’nyong-nyong, Ross River, and dengue viruses. Other viral zoonoses considered include monkey B virus, ruminant and primate poxvirus, Newcastle, and foot-and-mouth diseases, as well as vesicular stomatitis virus infection. A diagram depicts the generalized arbovirus maintenance cycle. Tables list the important viral zoonoses that cause human disease, the principal hantaviruses that cause human disease, the arenaviruses that cause significant human illness, and the viral zoonoses endemic in the United States.  This review contains 1 figure, 32 tables, and 80 references. Key words: dengue, diagnosis, encephalitis, epidemic, epidemiology, infection, rabies, virus, vaccine

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Albert Isolates in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 2774-2779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Folster ◽  
Davina Campbell ◽  
Julian Grass ◽  
Allison C. Brown ◽  
Amelia Bicknese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Resistance Plasmids

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericais one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States. Although mostSalmonellainfections are self-limiting, antimicrobial treatment of invasive salmonellosis is critical. The primary antimicrobial treatment options include fluoroquinolones or extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and resistance to these antimicrobial drugs may complicate treatment. At present,S. entericais composed of more than 2,600 unique serotypes, which vary greatly in geographic prevalence, ecological niche, and the ability to cause human disease, and it is important to understand and mitigate the source of human infection, particularly when antimicrobial resistance is found. In this study, we identified and characterized 19S. entericaserotype Albert isolates collected from food animals, retail meat, and humans in the United States during 2005 to 2013. All five isolates from nonhuman sources were obtained from turkeys or ground turkey, and epidemiologic data suggest poultry consumption or live-poultry exposure as the probable source of infection.S. entericaserotype Albert also appears to be geographically localized to the midwestern United States. All 19 isolates displayed multidrug resistance, including decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Turkeys are a likely source of multidrug-resistantS. entericaserotype Albert, and circulation of resistance plasmids, as opposed to the expansion of a single resistant strain, is playing a role. More work is needed to understand why these resistance plasmids spread and how their presence and the serotype they reside in contribute to human disease.

Personalized stratification of back to work risk amidst COVID-19: A machine learning approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson Lam ◽  
Jacob Calvert ◽  
Gina Barnes ◽  
Emily Pellegrini ◽  
Anna Lynn-Palevsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Available P ◽  
Severe Illness

BACKGROUND In the wake of COVID-19, the United States has developed a three stage plan to outline the parameters to determine when states may reopen businesses and ease travel restrictions. The guidelines also identify subpopulations of Americans that should continue to stay at home due to being at high risk for severe disease should they contract COVID-19. These guidelines were based on population level demographics, rather than individual-level risk factors. As such, they may misidentify individuals at high risk for severe illness and who should therefore not return to work until vaccination or widespread serological testing is available. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated a machine learning algorithm for the prediction of serious illness due to COVID-19 using inpatient data collected from electronic health records. METHODS The algorithm was trained to identify patients for whom a diagnosis of COVID-19 was likely to result in hospitalization, and compared against four U.S policy-based criteria: age over 65, having a serious underlying health condition, age over 65 or having a serious underlying health condition, and age over 65 and having a serious underlying health condition. RESULTS This algorithm identified 80% of patients at risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19, versus at most 62% that are identified by government guidelines. The algorithm also achieved a high specificity of 95%, outperforming government guidelines. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm may help to enable a broad reopening of the American economy while ensuring that patients at high risk for serious disease remain home until vaccination and testing become available.

scholarly journals The History of Adversity and Collective Strength of Individuals of Mexican Ancestry in the United States: A Scoping Literature Review and Emerging Conceptual Framework

Genealogy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Araceli Orozco-Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Historical Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Trauma Narratives ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Scoping Literature Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseline Knowledge

Recently, Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color (BIPOC) have encountered an escalation in adverse social conditions and trauma events in the United States. For individuals of Mexican ancestry in the United States (IMA-US), these recent events represent the latest chapter in their history of adversity: a history that can help us understand their social and health disparities. This paper utilized a scoping review to provide a historical and interdisciplinary perspective on discussions of mental health and substance use disorders relevant to IMA-US. The scoping review process yielded 16 peer reviewed sources from various disciplines, published from 1998 through 2018. Major themes included historically traumatic events, inter-generational responses to historical trauma, and vehicles of transmission of trauma narratives. Recommendations for healing from historical and contemporary oppression are discussed. This review expands the clinical baseline knowledge relevant to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of contemporary traumatic exposures for IMA-US.

scholarly journals Influenza vaccination and the risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness in older adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Huang ◽  
Shu-Wen Lin ◽  
Wang-Huei Sheng ◽  
Chi-Chuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Health Database

AbstractThe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic and led to nearly three million deaths globally. As of April 2021, there are still many countries that do not have COVID-19 vaccines. Before the COVID-19 vaccines were developed, some evidence suggested that an influenza vaccine may stimulate nonspecific immune responses that reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection or the severity of COVID-19 illness after infection. This study evaluated the association between influenza vaccination and the risk of COVID-19 infection. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study with data from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020 with the Claims data from Symphony Health database. The study population was adults age 65 years old or older who received influenza vaccination between September 1 and December 31 of 2019. The main outcomes and measures were odds of COVID-19 infection and severe COVID-19 illness after January 15, 2020. We found the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of COVID-19 infection risk between the influenza-vaccination group and no-influenza-vaccination group was 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75–0.77). Among COVID-19 patients, the aOR of developing severe COVID-19 illness was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68–0.76) between the influenza-vaccination group and the no-influenza-vaccination group. When the influenza-vaccination group and the other-vaccination group were compared, the aOR of COVID-19 infection was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.97), and the aOR of developing a severe COVID-19 illness was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.80–1.13). The influenza vaccine may marginally protect people from COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Exposure of Domestic Cats to Three Zoonotic Bartonella Species in the United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Osikowicz ◽  
Kalanthe Horiuchi ◽  
Irina Goodrich ◽  
Edward B. Breitschwerdt ◽  
Bruno Chomel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Bartonella Species ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
North Central ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
South Central ◽  
Central Regions

Cat-associated Bartonella species, which include B. henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae, can cause mild to severe illness in humans. In the present study, we evaluated 1362 serum samples obtained from domestic cats across the U.S. for seroreactivity against three species and two strain types of Bartonella associated with cats (B. henselae type 1, B. henselae type 2, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae) using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Overall, the seroprevalence at the cutoff titer level of ≥1:64 was 23.1%. Seroreactivity was 11.1% and 3.7% at the titer level cutoff of ≥1:128 and at the cutoff of ≥1:256, respectively. The highest observation of seroreactivity occurred in the East South-Central, South Atlantic, West North-Central, and West South-Central regions. The lowest seroreactivity was detected in the East North-Central, Middle Atlantic, Mountain, New England, and Pacific regions. We observed reactivity against all four Bartonella spp. antigens in samples from eight out of the nine U.S. geographic regions.

scholarly journals 354. The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Acanthamoeba Disease in the United States, 1956–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S246-S246
Author(s):  
Kevin O’Laughlin ◽  
Jennifer R Cope ◽  
Zachary A Marsh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Free Living Ameba ◽  
Soil And Water

Abstract Background Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba found worldwide in soil and water that can cause severe illness. Transmission is thought to be through the skin, eyes, or lungs; Acanthamoeba can cause disseminated infection (Acanthamoeba disease) in addition to the more widely recognized Acanthamoeba keratitis. Infections however are rare, and only case reports or small case series have been published. We review Acanthamoeba disease cases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) free-living ameba registry to characterize the disease in the United States. Methods CDC maintains a free-living ameba (FLA) registry of laboratory-confirmed Acanthamoeba cases (excluding keratitis) sourced from published case reports, CDC case report forms, and CDC laboratory results. SAS© version 9.4 software was used to calculate descriptive statistics and frequencies. Results We identified 163 cases of Acanthamoeba disease between 1956 and 2018. Of cases with documented outcome, 85% were fatal (105/124). Most (88%) cases were in patients who were immunocompromised (136/155): 66 people living with HIV (of whom 49 were classified as having AIDS); 33 recipients of organ transplantation; 30 people diagnosed with malignancy. The most common manifestation of disease was encephalitis (49%). Other clinical presentations included cutaneous lesions (20%) and rhinosinusitis (6%); 40 cases involved multiple organ systems. Median patient age was 42 years (range 0–83 years). Males accounted for 71% (114/160) of cases. California (29) and Texas (14) had the most case reports; 30 other states reported cases. The source of exposure was unknown in most cases (75%); soil and water were documented in 14 and 17 cases, respectively. Conclusion Acanthamoeba disease in the United States is primarily characterized by encephalitis and cutaneous lesions that affect predominately immunocompromised individuals. Acanthamoeba as a cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients should be considered by clinicians, which may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Cancer prevention and control: alarming challenges in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Bode ◽  
Zigang Dong ◽  
Hongyang Wang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Population Mortality

Abstract China is geographically the third largest country in the world and the most populated low-to-middle-income country. Cancer incidence and mortality rates for some cancers in the USA and European countries have steadily decreased over the last decades, whereas the incidence and mortality of certain cancers in China have been increasing at an alarming speed. Rapid industrialization and urbanization in China have been accompanied by incredible changes in lifestyle and environment combined with an aging population. Mortality caused by lung, colorectal and breast cancers has been steadily increasing, whereas cancer mortality from gastric, esophageal and cervical tumors has tended to decrease. Similar to what has occurred in the United States, unhealthy lifestyles in China, including heavy smoking and poor diet combined with pollution, have contributed to increased cancer risk. China is facing many challenges in cancer treatment and prevention for the general population. The major areas that need to be addressed in the control of cancer in China include cancers associated with environmental pollution, tobacco use, occupational carcinogens, infection, excessive alcohol consumption, dietary deficiencies and obesity. In this perspective, we review the problems in each area and suggest ideas for future directions in cancer research and strategies and actions to reduce the incidence of cancer in China.

scholarly journals Carios kelleyi (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) Infected With Rickettsial Agents Documented Infesting Housing in Kansas, United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M Nadolny ◽  
Ashley C Kennedy ◽  
James M Rodgers ◽  
Zachary T Vincent ◽  
Hannah Cornman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rickettsia Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract During September–December 2018, 25 live ticks were collected on-post at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in a home with a history of bat occupancy. Nine ticks were sent to the Army Public Health Center Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory and were identified as Carios kelleyi (Cooley and Kohls, 1941), a species that seldom bites humans but that may search for other sources of blood meals, including humans, when bats are removed from human dwellings. The ticks were tested for numerous agents of human disease. Rickettsia lusitaniae was identified by multilocus sequence typing to be present in two ticks, marking the first detection of this Rickettsia agent in the United States and in this species of tick. Two other Rickettsia spp. were also detected, including an endosymbiont previously associated with C. kelleyi and a possible novel Rickettsia species. The potential roles of C. kelleyi and bats in peridomestic Rickettsia transmission cycles warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Exploring Experiences and Perceptions of Older African American Males Aging With HIV in the Rural Southern United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Blake ◽  
Gloria A. Jones Taylor ◽  
Richard L. Sowell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Living With Hiv

The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) epidemic in the United States remains a serious public health concern. Despite treatment and prevention efforts, approximately 50,000 new HIV cases are transmitted each year. Estimates indicate that 44% of all people diagnosed with HIV are living in the southern region of the United States. African Americans represent 13.2% of the United States population; however, 44% (19,540) of reported new HIV cases in 2014 were diagnosed within this ethnic group. The majority of cases were diagnosed in men (73%, 14,305). In the United States, it is estimated that 21% of adults living with HIV are 50 years or older. There exists limited data regarding how well African American men are aging with HIV disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of older African American men living with HIV in rural Georgia. Data were collected from 35 older African American men living with HIV using focus groups and face-to-face personal interviews. Qualitative content analysis revealed six overlapping themes: (1) Stigma; (2) Doing Fine, Most of the Time; (3) Coping With Age-Related Diseases and HIV; (4) Self-Care; (5) Family Support; and (6) Access to Resources. The findings from this study provide new insights into the lives of rural HIV-infected African American men, expands our understanding of how they manage the disease, and why many return to or remain in rural communities.

scholarly journals Ceftolozane-Tazobactam for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: A Multicenter Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C Gallagher ◽  
Michael J Satlin ◽  
Abdulrahman Elabor ◽  
Nidhi Saraiya ◽  
Erin K McCreary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Multivariable Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Microbiological Cure

Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections remain common in hospitals worldwide. We investigated the outcomes associated with the use of ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of these infections. Methods Data were collected retrospectively from 20 hospitals across the United States about adults who received ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of multidrug-resistant P aeruginosa infections of any source for at least 24 hours. The primary outcome was a composite of 30-day and inpatient mortality, and secondary outcomes were clinical success and microbiological cure. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with outcomes. Results Two-hundred five patients were included in the study. Severe illness and high degrees of comorbidity were common, with median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores of 19 (interquartile range [IQR], 11–24) and median Charlson Comorbidity Indexes of 4 (IQR, 3–6). Delayed initiation of ceftolozane-tazobactam was common with therapy started a median of 9 days after culture collection. Fifty-nine percent of patients had pneumonia. On susceptibility testing, 125 of 139 (89.9%) isolates were susceptible to ceftolozane-tazobactam. Mortality occurred in 39 patients (19%); clinical success and microbiological cure were 151 (73.7%) and 145 (70.7%), respectively. On multivariable regression analysis, starting ceftolozane-tazobactam within 4 days of culture collection was associated with survival (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14–14.40), clinical success (adjusted OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.40–6.10), and microbiological cure (adjusted OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.24–5.38). Conclusions Ceftolozane-tazobactam appeared to be effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant P aeruginosa infections, particularly when initiated early after the onset of infection.

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