A New Tire Cord Adhesion Test

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Nicholson ◽  
D. I. Livingston ◽  
G. S. Fielding-Russell
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Rubber Hose ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Cohesive Failure ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Pull Through

Abstract A new tire cord adhesion test is reported. Although developed primarily for measuring adhesion of rubber to tire cord, the test is applicable to any cord- or wire-reinforced composite, for example, rubber hose or belting. The specimen is a rubber bar of square cross section containing two partially embedded cord ends opposite each other. Upon the application of sufficient tensile force to the cords, failure is initiated at the tip of the embedded end and proceeds along the cord to the exterior, resulting in pull-out of one of the ends. This result contrasts with the initiation of failure in a specimen of the pull-through type containing a throughgoing cord. In the latter specimen, failure initiates where the cord emerges from the rubber and runs back into the interior. Failure is adhesive when pull-out occurs. Under special conditions cohesive failure (tear) occurs and the specimen is cleaved transversely. Reproducibility is excellent and the test has high discriminating power. A theoretical equation permits calculation of the energy of adhesion.

Factors Affecting Cord-to-Rubber Adhesion by a Tire Cord Adhesion Test

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Fielding-Russell ◽  
D. I. Livingston ◽  
D. W. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Peel Test ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Cross Sectional Dimension

Abstract The physical factors affecting the force required to pull a cord from the cord-rubber specimen used in a new tire cord adhesion test (TCAT) were investigated using a variety of rubber compounds, specimen cross-sectional areas, and tire cords. Below a limiting cross-sectional dimension, the cord pull-out force was proportional to the square root of cord perimeter, specimen cross-sectional area, and Young's modulus of the rubber, as anticipated from theoretical considerations. The constant of proportionality involved the square root of the energy of adhesion. The value of the energy of adhesion calculated from the proportionality constant was confirmed by an independent peel test.

scholarly journals Effect of nano-solid particles on the mechanical properties of shear thickening fluid (STF) and STF-Kevlar composite fabric

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110448
Author(s):  
Mingmei Zhao ◽  
Jinqiu Zhang ◽  
Zhizhao Peng ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Diamond Particles

To analyze the effect of nano-solid particles on the mechanical properties of shear thickening fluid (STF) and its Kevlar composite fabric. In this study, nano-silica and polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) were used as dispersed and continuous phases. Nano-graphite and nano-diamond particles were used as additives to prepare STF and Kevlar composite fabric. Study the friction characteristics and rheological characteristics of STF at different temperatures. Explore the STF’s mechanical response under transient high-speed impact conditions through the split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment. The mechanical properties of STF-Kevlar fabric are studied through yarn pull-out test and burst experiments. The experimental results show that the intermolecular repulsive force of STF is enhanced under a high-temperature environment, and shear thickening effect is reduced. Nano-diamond particles strengthen the contact coupling force and contact probability between the particle clusters, so that the maximum viscosity of the system reaches 1679 Pa s, the thickening ratio reaches 318 times, and the rheological properties of the shear thickening fluid are improved. The results of the SHPB experiment show that the STF can complete a dynamic response within a 50–75 µs time range, and the maximum stress can reach 78 MPa. The bullet’s incident kinetic energy is not only transformed into thermal energy and phase change energy of solid-liquid conversion, but also into frictional energy between particles. The mechanical experiments of STF-Kevlar composite fabrics show that the tensile force value of STF5-Kevlar is the largest (10.3 N/13.5 N), and the tensile force of neat Kevlar was the smallest (4.3 N/4.9 N). The maximum bearing capacity (0.3 kN) and absorption energy (51.8 J) of Neat Kevlar are less than those of STF1-Kevlar (3.2 kN, 116.7 J) and STF3-Kevlar (1.9 kN, 88.2 J), and STF5-Kevlar (4.7 kN, 143.3 J). Fabric’s failure mode is converted from partial yarn extraction to overall deformation and rupture of the fabric. Therefore, by changing the solid additives’ parameters, the STF and the composite fabric’s mechanical properties can be effectively controlled, which provides a reference for preparing the STF and fabric composite materials.

The Dynamics of Roller Drafting Part II

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 823-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey R. Plonsker ◽  
Stanley Backer
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Principal Mode ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Variable ◽  
Separation Test

The response of a sliver to steady-state drafting over a wide range of draft ratios and the response of a sliver to a tensile-like separation test are shown to be divided into two regions of behavior. At low drafts or strains, associated with a tensile force buildup, the principal mode of sliver deformation is by fiber extension producing a Poisson-like consolidation of the sliver cross section. At higher drafts or strains, the principal mode of sliver deformation is by sliding of the fibers relative to one another. The response of a sliver to low drafts or strains corresponds to the behavior of a continuous, extensible material. Fiber uncrimping extension is found to be a major variable controlling sliver behavior and the shape of the drafting force vs draft curve in the low draft range.

Effect of Fiber Orientation and Modification on the Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced UPE/ESOA Hybrid Composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Shivkumari Panda ◽  
Dibakar Behera ◽  
Prasant Rath
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Mats ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Biodegradable Composite ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Fiber ◽  
First Time

In this chapter, bamboo fiber with parallel and anti parallel orientation has been introduced in the Unsaturated polyester (UPE)/ Epoxidized Soybean Oil Acrylate (ESOA) blend. The reinforced fiber mats were treated with NaOH and NaOH-silane to improve the stiffness and strength of the composites. Parallelly oriented fiber reinforced composite showed improved glass transition temperature. The mechanical, thermal, storage modulus and tribological properties are highly improved for parallel fiber oriented composite. Also alkali-silane treated fiber reinforced composite show optimum properties than alkali treated and raw fiber based composites. Anti parallelly oriented composites show reduced performance due to pull out of fibers. The FTIR analysis of all the composites was observed for the first time with valid reaction mechanism. So this new partially biodegradable composite can open a new door for potential application in various fields. This composite may be used as an alternating material to wood for various indoor and outdoor applications.

Evaluating Dynamic Fatigue of Adhesion of Tire Cords to Rubber Stocks

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-679
Author(s):  
W. James Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Bond ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
Adhesion Performance ◽  
Rubber Stock ◽  
Small Steel ◽  
Dynamic Fatigue

Abstract A practical reasonably quick method for evaluating the resistance of the adhesive bond between tire cord and rubber stock to flexural (dynamic) fatigue has been developed. The method employs the Roller-Flex machine, on which the test cords, cured in rubber and under tension, are subjected to rapid cyclic flexure by being passed back and forth around small steel rollers. The resistance of the adhesive bond to dynamic fatigue is evaluated by a measurement of the cord adhesion by the familiar H pull-out test, after the sample has been flexed on the machine for a 10-hour period. There is a continual decline in cord adhesion as the flexing period is prolonged. Ten hours were selected as the flexing period in the standard test. A difference of 6 pounds per inch between samples was found necessary for significance at the 5 per cent level. Dynamic adhesion measurements by this method have been found to correlate reasonably well with adhesion performance in road tire tests.

scholarly journals Shear Behaviors of the Intersurface between Rice Straw Rope and Dredger Fill Silt: Experimental and Mechanism Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Guizhong Xu ◽  
Ji Chen ◽  
Shenjie Shi ◽  
Angran Tian ◽  
Qiang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Interfacial Shear Strength ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Interfacial Shear ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Dredger Fill

The further development of land reclamation, port waterway, and wharf construction brings about proper treatments of dredger fill silt, while huge amounts of rice straw set aside in China argument rational disposal every year. Therefore, rice straw is bundled up as ropes, which represent as drainage body and reinforcement, to make eco-friendly treatment for dredger fill silt. This paper investigates the mechanical properties and validity of rice straw rope as certain treating material of dredger fill silt through a series of pull-out test, mass loss test, and tension test on specimens with different water contents and dry densities. The results reveal that peak value of interfacial shear strength rises with the increase of normal stress at the same immersion time, and in particular, it rises by up to 250.0% when the normal stress is 40 kPa. The tensile force of rice straw rope increases slowly with the rise of tensile displacement, and the failure mode changes from brittle to ductile with the rise of immersion time, which witnesses first rapid back slow degradation trend. The proper interfacial shear strength, tensile force, and reasonable degradation rate of rice straw rope make it ideal in drainage and consolidation of dredger fill silt.

scholarly journals Fatigue behaviour of fibre-reinforced composite T-joints

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 07004
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Constantinos Soutis
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fatigue Behaviour ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Static Properties ◽  
T Joints ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Reinforced Composite

In this paper a study was carried out on the fatigue life of fibre-reinforced composite T-joints subjected to a tensile pull-out loading. The composite T-joints have been made of glass fabric infused with epoxy resin using a vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding technique. Methods such as the use of veil layers, tufting techniques and 3D weave have been employed to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite T-joints. All the tests were conducted in an Instron testing machine using a specially designed test fixture. Fatigue tests were performed in a load control mode with a stress ratio of R = σmin/σmax = 0.1. The cyclic loading pattern was a sinusoidal wave with a frequency of 6 Hz. The specimens were cycled at a series of constant maximum load values up to failure. Fatigue loads versus life data for each T-joint type were produced at various maximum applied loads. The 3D weave T-joints were found to have the best performance in both static and fatigue loading. Increasing the static properties increases fatigue life performance; the increasing rate in fatigue life is changed with the number of stress cycles. The location for the through-thickness reinforcement plays an important role in improving fatigue life of the Tjoints. Fatigue life is significantly improved if the web is reinforced in through-thickness direction. A finite element (FE) failure model was also created using ABAQUS to determine the location where delamination is initiated and its subsequent propagation.

Stress Analysis of Cord Adhesion Tests — A Route to Improved Tests

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ridha ◽  
J. F. Roach ◽  
D. E. Erickson ◽  
T. F. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Pullout Force ◽  
Pull Through ◽  
Maximum Stresses

Abstract Stress fields were calculated in tire cord adhesion test specimens as a route to the development of improved wire adhesion tests. The calculated stresses were analyzed in order to predict the location of initiation of debonding and to assess the dependence of the cord pullout force on the modulus of the rubber compound. The computational results were validated by experiments on a variety of cord/rubber samples. Conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: The analyzed pull-through test for adhesion of steel wires has a serious drawback. Its major deficiency lies in the presence of a slot under the rubber block specimen. Maximum stresses are consistently higher at the slot edges than at the cord/rubber interface. This is responsible for: (a) initiation of failure at the slot edges rather than at the cord/rubber interface, (b) considerable rubber coverage, and (c) dependence of the cord pullout force on the strength properties of rubber. The test is more likely to test the strength of the rubber compound than it is to test the strength of adhesion. The TCAT test represents a significant improvement over the pull-through test with regard to the location of failure. Stresses at the cord/rubber interface are higher than elsewhere within the sample. Stresses along the cord show a high peak at the cord's embedded end. This highly localized peak initiates debonding at the embedded end and yields good reproducibility (failure is very unlikely to initiate elsewhere). Experiments on the TCAT specimen show a reproducibility of within 4.2%. Maximum stresses in the TCAT specimen vary with approximately the square root of the rubber modulus. Thus, while the TCAT may be an excellent choice for wire studies involving a single control compound, it may be limited when used in compounding studies and other tire applications which involve changes in the rubber properties. In such studies, the dependence on rubber modulus is viewed as a limitation of TCAT because: (a) unintentional changes in the rubber modulus will affect the cord pullout force and can lead to erroneous assessment of the adhesive strength, and (b) intentional changes in the rubber modulus cannot be simply factored out by a square root rule. Our experiments show that the exponent of the rubber modulus depends on how the modulus change is achieved. There are also many definitions of the modulus and several techniques for determining its value. Experiments on the SWAT test show a pullout force proportional to a lower exponent of the rubber modulus than the exponent in the TCAT test. Reproducibility is at 5.6%, i.e., somewhat poorer than the TCAT. The width of the sample, and the presence of cord reinforcements within that width (in addition to the cords being tested), are expected to change the stress distribution along the cords from the distribution in the TCAT test. The 9.5 mm × 9.5 mm steel-backed specimen represents a good alternative for adhesion tests in compounding studies and tire applications. Although its reproducibility is not as good as those of the TCAT and SWAT tests, its independence from the rubber properties and its ease of sample preparation make it a good alternative. Finite element stress analysis of adhesion tests can provide useful information for assessing alternative tests and developing improved tests. Although total cord pullout normally takes place after large deformations in the rubber, simplified, small strain material models can provide a good indication of the behavior of adhesion test specimens.

Stress Distributions During Fiber Pull-Out

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Krishna Kumar ◽  
J. N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Friction Stress ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Axial Stress Distribution ◽  
Perturbed Lagrangian

Fiber pull-out resistance is an important mechanism of energy absorption during the failure of fiber-reinforced composite materials. This paper deals with axial stress distribution in the fiber during a pull-out. The frictional constraint between the fiber and the matrix is modeled with a perturbed Lagrangian approach and Coulomb’s law of friction. Stress distribution has been determined for three cases, using the finite element method. The first case deals with the pull out of a fully embedded fiber. The second determines the stress distribution during fiber pull-out in the presence of a broken-embedded fiber. The third model attempts to solve the pull out of a coated fiber. The results for the first case compares favorably with those in existing literature. A local “pinching” effect, due to the matrix collapse behind the pulled fiber, is brought out clearly by this model. The second study indicates that the “plug” effect may not be significant in affecting the stress distribution. Lastly, the effects of coating stiffness and thickness are investigated.

Cord—Rubber Adhesion. A Quantitative Shear—Adhesion Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Skolnik
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Adhesion Testing ◽  
Pull Out

Abstract Three independent proofs have shown that the slightly modified “H” pull-out adhesion test is in fact a quantitative measure of the shear adhesion strength of the system. Some examples of the usefulness of this quantitative shear-adhesion test have been described. The use of the principles of the test for dynamic adhesion testing of products, such as tires, was also described.

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