scholarly journals Synoptic Analysis for the Daily Rains of the City of Baghdad

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Donia Q. Hmood Abd ◽  
Asraa K. Abdul kareem
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Jet Stream ◽  
Synoptic Analysis ◽  
Cases Study ◽  
Visible Images ◽  
The City

To know the reasons for changing the daily rainfall amount, cases study were chosen for Baghdad station by specifying the maximum and minimum daily rain for the months of the rainy season for each year of the study period (2007-2018). The behavior of daily rainfall for the rainy season varying temporally with maximum (89 mm) and minimum (0.1mm). Synoptic analysis of weather chart for pressure levels (300, 500, 700, 850, and surface) was performed. Visible images of satellites were used to determine the quantities of the cloud for the selected cases. The results showed that synoptic analysis in all cases occurs due to the presence of a jet stream in the upper atmosphere, accompanied by the presence of a basin at the level of 300 hectopascals with an enhancement of relative humidity exceeding 70% at the level of 700 hectopascals, but the presence of the front makes the amount of rain greater in the absence of it. At the level of 850 hectopascals and the surface, the depressions that affect Iraq also differ in their severity and the amount of moisture loaded. 

scholarly journals On the Predictability of Daily Rainfall during Rainy Season over the Huaihe River Basin

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Cao ◽  
Zhenchun Hao ◽  
Feifei Yuan ◽  
Ronny Berndtsson ◽  
Shijie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Huaihe River Basin ◽  
Huaihe River ◽  
The Huaihe River

In terms of climate change and precipitation, there is large interest in how large-scale climatic features affect regional rainfall amount and rainfall occurrence. Large-scale climate elements need to be downscaled to the regional level for hydrologic applications. Here, a new Nonhomogeneous Hidden Markov Model (NHMM) called the Bayesian-NHMM is presented for downscaling and predicting of multisite daily rainfall during rainy season over the Huaihe River Basin (HRB). The Bayesian-NHMM provides a Bayesian method for parameters estimation. The model avoids the risk to have no solutions for parameter estimation, which often occurs in the traditional NHMM that uses point estimates of parameters. The Bayesian-NHMM accurately captures seasonality and interannual variability of rainfall amount and wet days during the rainy season. The model establishes a link between large-scale meteorological characteristics and local precipitation patterns. It also provides a more stable and efficient method to estimate parameters in the model. These results suggest that prediction of daily precipitation could be improved by the suggested new Bayesian-NHMM method, which can be helpful for water resources management and research on climate change.

scholarly journals ANALISIS POLA DISTRIBUSI UNSUR-UNSUR CUACA DI LAPISAN ATAS ATMOSFER DI WILAYAH KOTA KUPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Artini Waluwanja ◽  
Jehunias Leonidas Tanesib ◽  
Jonshon Tarigan ◽  
Abdul Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
The City

Abstrak  Telah dilakukan analisis pola distribusi unsur-unsur cuaca di lapisan atas atmosfer di wilayah kota Kupang, menggunakan data radiosonde dengan rentang data selama 4 tahun (2015-2018) dari 4 titik pengambilan data yaitu di kota kupang, banjarmasin, surabaya, dan makassar yang meliputi data suhu, kelembapan dan angin yang kemudian dibuat menjadi peta distribusi dengan menggunakan aplikasi surfer 13. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa pada bulan April-September (musim kemarau), di lapisan 850 mb memiliki suhu di BBU yang lebih tinggi dari BBS, dan kelembapannya paling tinggi ada di wilayah banjarmasin dan paling rendah ada di wilayah kota Kupang. Pada lapisan 700 mb distribusi suhu tidak merata di berbagai wilayah. Kota kupang memiliki suhu paling tinggi tetapi kelembapan paling rendah. Pada lapisan 500 mb penyebaran suhu hampir merata. Angin yang bertiup pola sirkulasi monsun timur, Serta Aliran udara dari selatan yang berpusat di BBU yang membawa massa udara kering dan stabil yang menyebabkan musim kemarau. Pada bulan Oktober–Maret (musim hujan), peta pola distribusi menunjukan bahwa pada lapisan 850 mb suhu di BBS lebih tinggi dari BBU. Suhu tertinggi ada di kota kupang tetapi kelembapannya rendah, kelembapan tertinggi ada di Banjarmasin. Pada lapisan 700 mb, suhu tertinggi di Makassar dan kelembapan paling tinggi di Banjarmasin sedangkan kelembapan  paling rendah di kota Kupang. Pada lapisan 500 mb, persebaran suhu hampir merata dengan suhu paling tinggi di kota Kupang dan Kelembapan paling tinggi ada di banjarmasin. Angin yang bertiup adalah pola sirkulasi monsun barat. Serta angin utara yang membawa massa udara yang lembab dan tidak stabil yang menyebabkan musim hujan.  Kata kunci: radiosonde; distribusi cuaca; surfer13.   Abstract  [Analysis of the distribution patterns of weather elements in the upper atmosphere in the Kupang city area] The Analysis of the distribution patterns of weather elements in the upper atmosphere using radiosonde data with a range of data for 4 years (2015-2018) from 4 data collection points, namely in Kupang, Banjarmasin, Surabaya, and Makasar which included temperature, humidity and wind data which are then made into a distribution map using the surfer 13 application. The results of the analysis show that in April-September (dry season), the 850 mb layer has a temperature at BBU that is higher than BBS, and the highest humidity is in the area of ​​Banjarmasin and the lowest is in the city of Kupang. In the 700 mb layer the temperature distribution is uneven in various regions. Kupang city has the highest temperature but the lowest humidity. In the 500 mb layer the temperature is spread evenly. Winds that blow the circulation patterns of the east monsoon, as well as air flow from the south which is centered at the BBU which carries a dry and stable air mass that causes the dry season. In October -   March (the rainy season), the distribution pattern map shows that at 850 mb layer the temperature at BBS higher than BBU. The highest temperature is in Kupang city but the humidity is low, the highest humidity is in Banjarmasin. In the 700 mb layer, the highest temperature in Makassar and the highest humidity in Banjarmasin while the lowest humidity in Kupang. In the 500 mb layer, the temperature distribution is almost evenly distributed with the highest temperature in Kupang city and the highest humidity is in Banjarmasin. The wind that blows is the circulation pattern of the western monsoon. As well as northern winds that bring masses of moist and unstable air which causes the rainy season.  Keywords: radiosonde; weather distribution; surfer 13.

Variação Espaço-Sazonal Termohigrométrica do Parque Urbano Mãe Bonifácia pelo Método da Krigagem

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ◽  
Rodrigo Lemos Gil ◽  
Fabricia Cristina Lemos Melo ◽  
Levi Pires de Andrade ◽  
Osvaldo Alves Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The City ◽  
Possible Cause

Parques urbanos servem como áreas de lazer e práticas de exercício, levando a preocupação do conforto térmico de seus usuários. O Parque Mãe Bonifácia, objeto deste estudo, encontra-se na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, sendo um fragmento de cerrado urbano, sofrendo com toda a sazonalidade do clima local, tendo períodos de seca rigorosa e períodos com precipitação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma análise da variação espaço-sazonal termohigrométrica pelo método da krigagem do referido Parque. Foram feitas medidas mensais de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar nos horários entre às 10 e 12 horas. No período seco, as médias de temperatura do ar foram de 33,44 oC, já a média de temperatura para o período chuvoso foi de 31,09 oC. A média de umidade relativa do período seco foi de 43,34% e para período chuvoso 68,71%. Como resultado se percebeu a influência do entorno no parque, sendo as menores temperaturas do ar e maiores umidades relativas do ar as que ocorrem na região central do parque. Os ajustes dos semivariogramas foram considerados satisfatórios para 3 dos 4 períodos analisados, encontrando dificuldade em realizar o ajuste para a umidade relativa do ar no período chuvoso, tendo como a presença da água um possível causador dessa dificuldade. Para os dados de microclima do município de Cuiabá-MT, os resultados estão de acordo com as normais climatológicas e outros estudos realizados na mesma região.Palavras-chave: Semivariograma. Temperatura do Ar. Umidade Relativa do Ar. Precipitação.AbstractUrban parks serve as leisure areas and exercise practices, leading to concern about the thermal comfort of its users. Mãe Bonifácia Park, object of this study, is in the city of Cuiabá-MT, being a fragment of urban cerrado, suffering with all the seasonality of the local climate, having periods of strict drought and periods with precipitation. Thus the objective of this work was to make an analysis of the space-seasonalthermohygrometric variation through the kriging method of the aforementioned park. Monthly measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were taken at times between 10 and 12 hours. In the dry period the averages of the air temperature were 33.44oC, whereas the average temperature for the rainy period was 31,09oC. The mean relative humidity of the dry period was 43.34% and for the rainy season 68.71%. As a result the influence of the surroundings in the park was observed, being the lowest air temperatures and the hightest relative humidity of the air occurring in the central region of the park. The adjustments of the semivariograms were considered satisfactory for 3 of the 4 analyzed periods, finding it difficult to adjust for the relative humidity of the rainy season, with the presence of water being a possible cause of this difficulty. For the microclimate data of the municipality of Cuiabá-MT, the results are in agreement with the climate normals and other studies carried out in the same region.Keyword: Semivariogram. Air Temperature. Relative Humidity. Precipitation.

Studies on the Epizootiology of Neoascaris vitulorum in Nigeria

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulo K. Enyenihi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Weekly Interval ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Minimum Relative Humidity ◽  
Critical Relative Humidity ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Daily Relative Humidity

1. The effect of relative humidity on the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is described.2. Tables showing the percentages of eggs at different stages of development and dead eggs at weekly interval for two different sizes of faecal masses are constructed and the results discussed.3. Detailed weather graphs showing daily rainfall, average daily relative humidity and evapotranspiration for Ibadan and Obudu during the rainy season of 1964 are constructed and the effect of the weather on survival of Neoascans vitulorum eggs in pasture at these places is discussed.4. The minimum relative humidity for the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is found to be 80%. The period of survival of eggs in a dry atmosphere depends on the size of the faecal mass containing the eggs. The critical relative humidity for Neoascaris vitulorum eggs is compared with values for other ascarids of domestic animals.

EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND PREVALENCE OF SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS FROM KOSHI REGION OF NORTH BIHAR.

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
LAKSHMI CHOUDHARY ◽  
PRABHAWATI PRABHAWATI
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Prevalence of soil transmitted helminthes infections in apparently healthy school going children and other 528 people of different districts of Koshi regions of North Bihar were evaluated. Over all incidences of STHs infection was 39.39% during study. High incidence of STH was seen in the rainy season i.e., in the month of July and August, September, significantly higher (P<0.05) .The incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides was highest in the month of August (18.64%). The month of September was 15.25% followed by that of July (14.4%) and October with 10.16%. Also the incidence of hookworm registered the highest incidence in the month of June (19.27%) and lowest in the month of December (4.82%) during the study period. However prevalence of Trichuris trichiura was negligible and it was almost nil in the most of the months but was highest in month of September with 28.57% and lowest in October with 14.00% The climatic factors are responsible for soil transmitted helminthes which are temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. Ascariasis, Trichuriasis and Ancyclostomiasis (Hookworm infection) are found to be endemic in this region.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE DA TEMPERATURA E UMIDADE RELATIVA DO ARNO BAIRRO SANTA HELENA NA CIDADE DE OSVALDO CRUZ/SP

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Carlos Roberto Caputo ◽  
Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
The City

From the urban territorial expansion, the natural environment wastransformed resulting in changes in the elements of the climate, such as the temperature and relative humidity of the air. Thus, the present study aimedto analyze the thermal and hygrometric field in the Santa Helena neighborhood in comparison to the nearby rural environment in the city of Osvaldo Cruz/SP. For this, fixed points of data collection of these two elements of the climate were used, relating them with the different use and occupation of the landand the characteristics of therelief. The results showed changes in the local atmosphere of Santa Helena, with heat islands and dry islands recorded at 15h, with intensities of up to +4,2ºC and -3,8% respectively. However, at 0h, fresh islandsand wetisland were diagnosed,with maximum values of -4,4ºC and +21,9%respectively.

scholarly journals Investigation of Discrepancies in Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2347-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Young ◽  
Charles J. R. Williams ◽  
J. Christine Chiu ◽  
Ross I. Maidment ◽  
Shu-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
Convective Cells ◽  
Rainfall Estimates

Abstract Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) rainfall estimates are used extensively across Africa for operational rainfall monitoring and food security applications; thus, regional evaluations of TAMSAT are essential to ensure its reliability. This study assesses the performance of TAMSAT rainfall estimates, along with the African Rainfall Climatology (ARC), version 2; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product; and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), against a dense rain gauge network over a mountainous region of Ethiopia. Overall, TAMSAT exhibits good skill in detecting rainy events but underestimates rainfall amount, while ARC underestimates both rainfall amount and rainy event frequency. Meanwhile, TRMM consistently performs best in detecting rainy events and capturing the mean rainfall and seasonal variability, while CMORPH tends to overdetect rainy events. Moreover, the mean difference in daily rainfall between the products and rain gauges shows increasing underestimation with increasing elevation. However, the distribution in satellite–gauge differences demonstrates that although 75% of retrievals underestimate rainfall, up to 25% overestimate rainfall over all elevations. Case studies using high-resolution simulations suggest underestimation in the satellite algorithms is likely due to shallow convection with warm cloud-top temperatures in addition to beam-filling effects in microwave-based retrievals from localized convective cells. The overestimation by IR-based algorithms is attributed to nonraining cirrus with cold cloud-top temperatures. These results stress the importance of understanding regional precipitation systems causing uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimates with a view toward using this knowledge to improve rainfall algorithms.

scholarly journals Rotavirus associated diarrhoea during infancy in the city of S. Luís (MA), Brazil: a two-year longitudinal study

1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Eberhard Stewien ◽  
Luís C.F. da Cunha ◽  
Aymoré de C. Alvim ◽  
Stelito A. dos Reis Filho ◽  
Maria A.B. Alvim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
The North ◽  
Group A ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
The City

A total of 479 diarrhoeic children and 337 children without diarrhoea (controls) less than 5 years old were investigated in a two-year study in the city of S. Luís (MA), with the purpose to determine the incidence, the age distribution and the seasonality of rotaviruses, as well as to establish the severity of the disease in this region between the North and the Northeast of Brazil. rotavirus incidence was highest in children of the 1st. year of life, showing an average of 25% per year among the diarrhoeic patients attending the two main hospitals and three health units at the periphery of the city. It was shown that rotaviruses are significant enteropathogens in children less than 18 months old. Frequency of rotaviruses droped in diarrhoeic patients 18 to 23 months old to only 4%, the same percentage observed in children of the control group. A typical seasonal distribution of rotaviruses was not seen during the two years of study. There was a peak in the incidence of rotaviruses in 1986, during the rainy season, and two peaks in 1987, one in the rainy season and one in the dry season. It was also shown that severity of diarrhoea in rotavirus positive cases was higher than in the negative cases. Rotavirus diarrhoeic patients had more loose stools per day, and higher frequencies of vomiting and fever, resulting more often (> 2 times) in moderate or severe dehydration. Finally, it is concluded that the introduction of immunoprophylaxis may reduce significantly the high mortality rates in early childhood observed in S. Luís.

scholarly journals Analysis of Length of Growing Season in Some Agro-ecological Zones Using Non-parametric Trend Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248
Author(s):  
Olumuyiwa Idowu OJO ◽  
Charity C. TEMENU ◽  
Masengo Francois ILUNGA
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Savannah Zone ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

The ever increasing population and consequently increase in demand for food and the increasing exploitation of the land justifies the need for adequate studies on rainfall as an important factor affecting agricultural production. The date of the onset of rains is an important factor in planning agricultural operations such as land preparation and sowing. The study conducted agro-statistical analysis of rainfall characteristics over three different zones of Nigeria. Daily rainfall data were collected for the period between 1971 and 2005 for 6 stations and were subjected to standard analysis to determine trends and variations in the onset dates, cessation dates, length of rainy season, number of wet days, drought episodes. The results showed that the inter-annual variability of the onset dates is higher than that of cessation dates with a progressive shift in both onset and cessation dates. The length of rainy season varied from 77-291 days in Guinea zone, 77-243 days for Savannah and 73-155 days for the Sahel. Changes in the length of growing season ranged between -9 and -10 for Guinea zone, -21 and 11 days for Savannah zone and -28 and 20 days for the Sahel. Similarly, the numbers of wet days have declined over Nigeria. The information presented in this study are to serve as input for proper land and water resources management for productive agricultural enterprise across the three major agro-ecological zones of Nigeria.

The age-structure and biting behaviour of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from Manaus, Brazil

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Charlwood ◽  
J. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Biting Behaviour

AbstractThe physiological age of female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) caught biting horses during seven all-day catches and 20 catches in the morning or afternoon during the rainy season (January-July) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, was determined by examination of their ovaries. Males and unmated females with undeveloped ovaries had similar biting patterns, with peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon, when the relative humidity was between 50 and 80%. Nulliparous inseminated females with ovaries at Stages II to V attacked throughout the day, with no pronounced peaks, whereas parous females showed a peak of biting in the late morning and early afternoon. The majority of parous flies had oviposited less than four times and had distended overiolar sacs, indicative of recent oviposition.

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