scholarly journals Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia A Pavlatou
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Biogenic Synthesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The transmission of a wide range of diseases, related to the infection by pathogenic microorganisms is a major public health problem that daily endangers the safety of human population. Silver has been thoroughly studied and used against bacteria due to its antimicrobial properties. Nanostructured silver gathers all the advantages of the silver itself, as well as the advanced performance of the nanomaterials. Thus, currently, silver nanoparticles constitute the most widely used kind of nanoparticles in biomedicine, due to their attractive antimicrobial properties. A variety of physical and chemical methods are employed for the AgNPs synthesis. However, many of them include the use of toxic reagents or require large amounts of energy, during the synthesis process. For this reason, many eco-friendly methods are proposed in order to synthesize AgNPs. Hence, biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, utilizing biological resources opens a novel route for the development of alternative production processes.These methods seem to have significant advantages, as the extracts contribute positively to the formation and enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs, also acting as protective agents of the produced particles. In this review an integrated approach of AgNPs bio-synthetic methods using microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, plants and plant extracts, as well as several templates, like DNA and viruses is discussed, shedding light on the comparative advantages of them.

scholarly journals Understanding the social determinants of TB and HIV in South Asia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Ghose ◽  
Cheng Zhaohui ◽  
He Zhifei
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
South Asian Population ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mdr Tb

South Asian population suffer a particularly wide range of infectious diseases among which TB and HIV appear to produce most profound influence across various dimensions of social life, healthcare and the economy. Although the countries in this region have a relatively lower prevalence of HIV/AIDS compared to other developing regions until now, the future looks rather bleak in terms of preparedness for emerging healthcare realities. Tuberculosis on the other hand, has always been a major public health problem plaguing the healthcare system and the economy for decades. Moreover, the emergence of the drug resistant (MDR-TB & XDR-TB) strains are making the existing intervention and prevention strategies less effective and posing ever-growing threats to the underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure. Understanding the underlying social-determinants of these diseases can prove crucial to design more comprehensive intervention approaches. This article aims to clarify why the healthcare system in South Asia needs to adopt a social-determinants-of-health (SDOH) approach as a long-term strategy for more efficient prevention and control of TB and HIV infection.

scholarly journals Binding and neutralization of C. difficile toxins A and B by purified clinoptilolite-tuff

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0252211
Author(s):  
Carmen Ranftler ◽  
Dietmar Nagl ◽  
Andreas Sparer ◽  
Andreas Röhrich ◽  
Michael Freissmuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Toxin Binding ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Clinoptilolite ◽  
Clinoptilolite Tuff

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The current treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea relies on the use of antibacterial agents. However, recurrences are frequent. The main virulence factors of C. difficile are two secreted cytotoxic proteins toxin A and toxin B. Alternative research exploring toxin binding by resins found a reduced rate of recurrence by administration of tolevamer. Hence, binding of exotoxins may be useful in preventing a relapse provided that the adsorbent is innocuous. Here, we examined the toxin binding capacity of G-PUR®, a purified version of natural clinoptilolite-tuff. Our observations showed that the purified clinoptilolite-tuff adsorbed clinically relevant amounts of C. difficile toxins A and B in vitro and neutralized their action in a Caco-2 intestinal model. This conclusion is based on four independent sets of findings: G-PUR® abrogated toxin-induced (i) RAC1 glucosylation, (ii) redistribution of occludin, (iii) rarefaction of the brush border as visualized by scanning electron microscopy and (iv) breakdown of the epithelial barrier recorded by transepithelial electrical resistance monitoring. Finally, we confirmed that the epithelial monolayer tolerated G-PUR® over a wide range of particle densities. Our findings justify the further exploration of purified clinoptilolite-tuff as a safe agent in the treatment and/or prevention of C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

scholarly journals A study on clinical profile of typhoid fever in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Ranganatha A. Devaranavadagi ◽  
Srinivasa S.
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi. It is a major public health problem in India. Typhoid fever is endemic in many developing countries. Wide variations in the clinical manifestations of typhoid fever make its diagnosis a challenging task. This study was conducted to understand the wide range of clinical manifestations, complications and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of typhoid fever in children.Methods:Prospectively, 113 children admitted in pediatric unit with confirmed Typhoid fever from September 2015 to December 2016 at KIMS hospital, Bangalore were included. In each case, age, sex, presenting complaint, laboratory investigations and antibiotic sensitivity pattern are collected and analysed.Results: Out of 113 cases, 72 cases (63.8.1%) were males, 41 cases (36.2%) were females. The most common age group was 5-10 years. The most common symptom was fever, seen in 100% cases, followed by anorexia (61%), vomiting (44%) and abdominal pain (18%). The most common sign observed was toxic look in 68% of the cases, followed by coated tongue in 49% and hepatomegaly in 44%. Leucocytopenia was found in 34% of cases. Eosinopenia was found in 39% of cases. Anaemia was found in 16% of cases. Thrombocytopenia was found in 15% of cases. Blood culture was positive in 20% of cases. Use of municipal water for drinking was found in 65% of cases. Outside eating was found in 40% of cases. Unhygienic practices were found in 64% of cases. Duration of hospital stay varied from 3-10 days. No mortality reported.Conclusions:Typhoid fever is most commonly observed with unhygienic practices and eating of unhealthy outside food. This major public health issue can be tackled by bringing awareness among people regarding disease transmission and its various preventive measures. 

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Extracellular Extracts from Aspergillus japonicus PJ01

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4479
Author(s):  
Pei-Jun Li ◽  
Jiang-Juan Pan ◽  
Li-Jun Tao ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Dong-Lin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aspergillus Japonicus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Naoh Solution

The present study focuses on the biological synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using extracellular extracts of Aspergillus japonicus PJ01.The optimal conditions of the synthesis process were: 10 mL of extracellular extracts, 1 mL of AgNO3 (0.8 mol/L), 4 mL of NaOH solution (1.5 mol/L), 30 °C, and a reaction time of 1 min. The characterizations of AgNPs were tested by UV-visible spectrophotometry, zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that Ag+ was reduced by the extracellular extracts, which consisted chiefly of soluble proteins and reducing sugars. In this work, AgNO3 concentration played an important role in the physicochemical properties and antibacterial properties of AgNPs. Under the AgNO3 concentration of 0.2 and 0.8 mol/L, the diameters of AgNPs were 3.8 ± 1.1 and 9.1 ± 2.9 nm, respectively. In addition, smaller-sized AgNPs showed higher antimicrobial properties, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against both E. coli and S. aureus were 0.32 mg/mL.

Understanding the immune responses involved in mediating protection or immunopathology during leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez ◽  
Greta Volpedo ◽  
Chaitenya Verma ◽  
Abhay R. Satoskar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) transmitted by the sand fly and is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections caused by Leishmania clinically manifest as a wide range of diseases, such as cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), mucosal (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The host innate and adaptative immune responses play critical roles in the defense against leishmaniasis. However, Leishmania parasites also manipulate the host immune response for their survival and replication. In addition, other factors such as sand fly salivary proteins and microbiota also promote disease susceptibility and parasite spread by modulating local immune response. Thus, a complex interplay between parasite, sand fly and the host immunity governs disease severity and outcome. In this review, we discuss the host immune response during Leishmania infection and highlight the factors associated with resistance or susceptibility.

Taking Stock – What Is Known About Suicide in Sri Lanka

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Pearson ◽  
Anthony B. Zwi ◽  
Amanda K. Rouse ◽  
Ravindra Fernando ◽  
Nicholas A. Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Suicidal Intention ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Broad Understanding

Background: Suicide is and has been a major public health problem in Sri Lanka and has generated a wide range of literature. Aims: This review aimed to systematically appraise what is known about suicide in Sri Lanka. The patterns and content of articles were examined and recommendations for further research proposed. Method: The paper describes the systematic search, retrieval, and quality assessment of studies. Thematic analysis techniques were applied to the full text of the articles to explore the range and extent of issues covered. Results: Local authors generated a large body of evidence of the problem in early studies. The importance of the method of suicide, suicidal intention, and the high incidence of suicide were identified as key foci for publications. Neglected areas have been policy and health service research, gender analysis, and contextual issues. Conclusion: The literature reviewed has produced a broad understanding of the clinical factors, size of the problem, and social aspects. However, there remains limited evidence of prevention, risk factors, health services, and policy. A wide range of solutions have been proposed, but only regulation of pesticides and improved medical management proved to be effective to date.

scholarly journals Novel Azoles as Antiparasitic Remedies against Brain-Eating Amoebae

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz Anwar ◽  
Mohammad Ridwane Mungroo ◽  
Simal Khan ◽  
Itrat Fatima ◽  
Rafaila Rafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Static Properties ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tetrazole Derivatives

Balamuthia mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri are opportunistic protozoan pathogens capable of producing infection of the central nervous system with more than 95% mortality rate. Previously, we have synthesized several compounds with antiamoebic properties; however, synthesis of compounds that are analogues of clinically used drugs is a highly desirable approach that can lead to effective drug development against these devastating infections. In this regard, compounds belonging to the azole class possess wide range of antimicrobial properties and used clinically. In this study, six novel benzimidazole, indazole, and tetrazole derivatives were synthesized and tested against brain-eating amoebae. These compounds were tested for their amoebicidal and static properties against N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris. Furthermore, the compounds were conjugated with silver nanoparticles and characterized. The synthetic heterocyclic compounds showed up to 72% and 65% amoebicidal activities against N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris respectively, while expressing up to 75% and 70% amoebistatic activities, respectively. Following conjugation with silver nanoparticles, amoebicidal activities of the drugs increased by up to 46 and 36% versus B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri. Minimal effects were observed when the compounds were evaluated against human cells using cytotoxicity assays. In summary, azole compounds exhibited potent activity against N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris. Moreover, conjugation of the azole compounds with silver nanoparticles further augmented the capabilities of the compounds against amoebae.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of modern dressing in the complex treatment of patients with purulent infection.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Vasilievich Yarema ◽  
Vladimir Ivanovich Yarema ◽  
Alexey Yurievich Valentov ◽  
Zinaida Yulianovna Kozinda ◽  
Oleg Olegovich Erofeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii ◽  
Pilonidal Cyst ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

 Rationale. According to recent studies, purulent complications of postoperative wounds are found quite widely in surgical practice. Objective. To establish the effectiveness of an integrated approach to the treatment of purulent wounds.Methods. The most popular dressings were investigated in the treatment of purulent cavities in patients with suppurative coccygeal cyst. The studied patients in the experimental groups had various comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities. Experimental dressings include a dressing agent with antimicrobial properties (with chlorhexidine digluconate), Hydrotül, Activetex HF. Results. In the postoperative period, it is necessary to use broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. However, in addition to the primary methods it is necessary to apply additional methods of treatment. In particular, we are talking about the use of modern dressings, as well as methods of physical impact on the wound. Among the important additional methods of treatment is physiotherapy, which has a positive effect on the vascularization of soft tissues, thereby enhancing nutrition and epithelialization of the wound. The doctor is faced with the difficult task of determining the most appropriate material for a particular patient among a wide range of dressing materials on the medical market.Conclusion. In patients with an established diagnosis of “abscess pilonidal cyst” who do not have associated diseases, it is most effective to apply a Hydrotül ointment during dressings; in patients with a concomitant diagnosis of atherosclerosis obliterans, the dressing agent with antimicrobial properties (with chlorhexidine digluconate) has the greatest effect; in patients with diabetes mellitus type II - Activetex HF.

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Rabies in Ethiopian Traditional Medical Practices: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
samuel chane teferi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Phytolacca Dodecandra ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Burdens ◽  
Policy Incentives

Abstract Background Rabies is a zoonotic disease affecting a wide range of wild and domestic animals, including livestocks.It is a major public-health problem which presents huge economic and health burdens in most parts of the developing world. The objective of this review was to prepare a compiled checklist of medicinal plants used traditionally for the management of rabies from various ethnobotanical, ethno pharmacological, and related studies in Ethiopia. Methods A website-based search strategy was employed. Databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched for published studies. The search items used were“medicinal plants”, “traditional medicines”, and “Ethiopia or Indigenous people.” A descriptive statistical method, percentage and frequency were used to analyze ethno-botanical data on reported medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge. The results were presented using charts and tables. Results Eighty medicinal plant species which belong to 43 families and 68 genera were found to be used in the treatment of rabies in Ethiopia. Those medicinal plants were distributed in Amhara, Oromia and Southern nation, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia.Cucurbitaceae and Euphorbiaceae, represented by 7 species (8.75%), Solanaceae represented by 6 (7.5%) species. Phytolacca dodecandra and Justicia schimperianawere the most used/cited plant species. The habit forms of the plant species were herbs 18 (22.5%), shrubs 17 (21.25%) and while the most commonly used parts of the plant were 42% roots and 15% leaf. Conclusions According to the review there are many medicinal plants for the treatment of rabies. It is recommended to perform phytochemical screening for most reported plants.Ethiopia requires an enforceable policy that protects wild medicinal plants and policy incentives for the cultivation of medicinal plants to reduce overexploitation.

The Leishmanioses

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Gramiccia
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cutaneous Lesion ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniosis

Leishmanioses are a large group of parasitic diseases range over the intertropical zones of America and Africa, and extend into temperate regions of South America, Southern Europe and Asia. The clinical aspect of the diseases is wide ranging from a simple, self-resolving cutaneous lesion to the potentially fatal visceral leishmaniosis, known as kala-azar. In numerous underdeveloped countries leishmanioses remain a major public health problem representing one of the most neglected diseases. Among 15 well-recognized Leishmania species known to infect humans, 13 have definite zoonotic nature, which include agents of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of the disease in both the Old and New Worlds. Mammal reservoir hosts belong to the marsupalia, edentata, carnivora, hyracoidea, and rodentia, maintaining sylvatic zoonotic foci in the deserts of Africa and Asia, the forests of South and Central America, as well as synanthropic foci in the Mediterranean basin and much of South America. Although the known vectors are all phlebotomine sandflies, these have a wide range of specific habits and habitats. The complexity of this group of infections has only recently been appreciated and is still being worked out. Currently, leishmanioses show a wider geographical distribution than previously known, with increased global incidence of human disease. Environmental, demographic and human behavioural factors contribute to the changing leishmaniosis landscape, which basically include increasing risk factors for zoonotic cutaneous leishmanioses, and new scenarios associated with the zoonotic entity of visceral leishmaniosis. In comparison with the anthroponotic entities of leishmaniosis, limited progresses were made for the control of the zoonotic ones, consisting mainly in new tools developed for the control of L. infantum in the canine reservoir.

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