scholarly journals Diseases and Geographic Variation: Are we missing the whole picture?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth John
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACT BackgroundEpidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. However, where an epidemiological analysis relies solely on data from large-scale anonymous administrative data sources, the available geographic information for the individuals concerned relates in general to just one single point in time; for example the places of residence of individual on the day that they were registered with a particular disease, or their places of residence on the day that they were admitted to hospital. This information may not be sufficient however, especially when considering diseases where there may be a long period of time between an exposure to a particular hazard and the subsequent onset of disease. MethodA solution to this problem possibly lies within administrative sources of data such as the Welsh Demographic Service (WDS), which is accessible to NHS Wales analysts and users of the SAIL databank in a pseudonymised format. The WDS contains the details of all Welsh residents who have been registered with a GP Practice since 1992, including a full history of changes to their addresses and GP practices. This data can be used to easily ascertain an individual’s address at any point in time, for example on a particular census date, or within a time period that is relative to a particular event, e.g. 10 years prior to disease registration. However, this research will look at how to incorporate all of an individual’s available address information into an epidemiological analysis. ResultsTwo main approaches will be demonstrated; the first using a “Person Years at Risk” approach which attempts to apportion numerator and denominator according to the number of previous residences, and the second using a Case Control approach, comparing the geographic spread of addresses in the diseased group of patients versus the non-diseased (control) group, with age and gender matched controls also drawn from the WDS.

HUBUNGAN TUNGAU DEBU RUMAH, PAPARAN ASAP ROKOK DAN RIWAYAT PENYAKIT KELUARGA TERHADAP KEJADIAN ASMA BRONKIAL PADA ANAK USIA 5 – 10 TAHUN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS LEMPAKE KOTA SAMARINDA TAHUN 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sri Evi New Yearsi Pangadongan ◽  
Agustina Rahyu ◽  
Selvy Pasulu
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
And Gender

Bronchial Asthma generally starts from childhood which is condition where respiration channel experiences constriction because of hyperactivity with some specific stimulation which cause inflammation. Some risk factors are smoking exposure of cigarette smoke, weather changes, mite on house dirt, pet and history of family sickness. The purpose of this research is to know Relation of mite on house dirt, exposure of cigarette smoke  and history of family sickness with bronchial asthma incident to child 5 – 10  years old on working area of Puskesmas Lempake Samarinda City in 2016. Method which used was analytic survey with Case Control approaching. The total sample was 36 children which consisted of 18 case group and 18 control group with matching by using age and gender which submitted with Purposive Sampling technique. Data Analysis used Chi Square with wrong degree α = 0,005. The result showed that there was relation of mite of house dirt (p = 0,006), history of family sickness (p = 0,001) and no relation with exposure of cigarette smoke (p = 0,370) with bronchial asthma incident to child 5 – 10 years old on working area of Puskesmas Lempake Samarinda City in 2016.

HUBUNGAN RIWAYAT SAKIT DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Hasanah Nurbawena ◽  
Martono Tri Utomo ◽  
Esti Yunitasari
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Control Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstrakLatar belakang : Kejadian stunting merupakan salah satu  masalah gizi pada anak yang memiliki prevalensi tinggi di Indonesia. Cut off point  kejadian stunting tidak boleh lebih dari 20%, sedangkan jumlah kejadian stunting di Surabaya sebanyak 22,8%. Salah satu penyebab tingginya kejadian stunting yaitu penyakit infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat sakit dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan menggunakan rancang penelitian case control. Jumlah sampel yang diteliti sebanyak 40 balita dengan usai 24-36 bulan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Simomulyo Surabaya. Sampel penelitian balita stunting merupakan kelompok kasus dan balita non-stunting merupakan kelompok kontrol. Pengambilan data untuk kelompok kasus menggunakan purposive sampling dan pada kelompok kasus menggunakan matching sampling dengan menyesuaikan usia bayi dan jenis kelamin pada kelompok kasus. Pengumpulan data mengguanakan instrumen kuisioner. Uji statistik menggunakan chi square Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan balita stunting memiliki riwayat sakit sebanyak 90%, sedangkan pada balita non-stunting sebanyak 45%. Uji statistik menggunakan mengenai hubungan riwayat sakit dengan kejadain stunting pada balita dengan uji Chi square didapatkan hasil yang signifikan yaitu p=0,002 (<0,05) dan OR 4,889. Kesimpulan : Balita stunting memiliki riwayat sakit lebih sering daripada balita non-stunting.AbstractBackground: . The incidence of stunting is one of the nutritional problems in children who have a high prevalence in Indonesia. The cut off point for stunting events should not be more than 20%, while the number of stunting events in Surabaya is 22.8%. One of the causes of the high incidence of stunting is an infectious disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship of a history of illnes with the incidence of stunting in infants. Method: This research was an observational analytic study using a case control research design. The number of samples were 40 toddlers (20 toodlers with stunting and 20 toodlers with non-stunting) aged 24-36 months in the working area of the Simomulyo Primary Health Care in Surabaya. The stunting toddlers belonged to a case group and non-stunting toddlers belonged to a control group. Data collection of case group had used purposive sampling and that control group used matching sampling by adjusting the baby's age and gender in the case group. Data was obtained by questionnaire instrument.Data was analysis by Chi square Results: The persentage of stunting toddlers who had a history of illness was 90%, while the non-stunting toddlers had a history of illness was 45%. There was relationship between the history of infectious diseases and the occurrence of stunting in toodler p=0,022 (<0,05) and OR=4,338. Conclusion: Stunting toddlers have a history of pain more often than non-stunting toddlers 

scholarly journals Employment and earnings trajectories before and after sickness absence due to major depressive disorder: a nationwide case–control study

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-106660
Author(s):  
Christian Hakulinen ◽  
Petri Böckerman ◽  
Laura Pulkki-Råback ◽  
Marianna Virtanen ◽  
Marko Elovainio
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

ObjectivesTo examine employment and earnings trajectories before and after the first sickness absence period due to major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsAll individuals (n=158 813) in Finland who had a first sickness absence period (lasting longer than 9 days) due to MDD between 2005 and 2015 were matched with one randomly selected individual of the same age and gender with no history of MDD. Employment status and earnings were measured using register-based data annually from 2005 to 2015. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine the trajectories of employment and earnings before and after MDD diagnosis in men and women separately.ResultsSickness absence due to MDD was associated with increased probability of non-employment during and after the year of the first sickness absence period. In men, but not in women, the probability of being employed was lower 5 years before the sickness absence period due to MDD. When compared with the individuals in the control group, men had around 34% and women 15% lower earnings 1 year, and 40% and 23%, respectively, 5 years, after the first sickness absence period due to MDD. More severe MDD and longer duration of sickness absence period were associated with lower probability of being employed.ConclusionsSickness absence due to MDD was associated with considerable reduction in employment and earnings losses. For men and individuals with more severe MDD, this reduction was before the first sickness period. This supports a reciprocal association between employment and earnings with MDD.

The role of interleukin-9 and interleukin-17 in myocarditis with different etiologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-802
Author(s):  
Tuğba Kandemir Gülmez ◽  
Can Acipayam ◽  
Metin Kilinç ◽  
Nurten Seringeç Akkeçeci
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Acute Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Interleukin 9

Abstract Objective Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle. Prognosis is most often good but, in some patients, the disease can be fulminant. Our aim with this study was to determine interleukin-9 (IL-9) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels in myocarditis cases with different etiologies. Materials and methods Thirty one patients with myocarditis and 30 healthy controls of similar age and gender without a history of chronic disease were included in the study. All 31 patients were clinically myocarditis. In some of these patients, the cause of myocarditis is acute rheumatic fever or Kawasaki disease. Serum samples of the patients were taken during diagnosis in order to analyze serum IL-9 and IL-17 levels and sedimentation rate, CRP, ASO, pro-BNP, CK-MB, and Troponin-I tests were performed. Results It was found that IL-17 levels were statistically significant in all acute rheumatic fever, Myocarditis and Kawasaki patients compared to the control group (p = 0.001) and that cut-off was 4.30 pg/mL. This value was determined to be 71% sensitive and 67% specific for IL-17 (AUC = 0.761). Conclusions Both of the mean and median levels of IL-17 were significantly higher in pediatric patients with myocarditis than in healthy children. Our study made us think that complications of myocarditis and associated morbidity can be prevented by IL17 inhibitors. The high levels of IL17 found in our study may be a reference for future study.

Association of Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor with Acute Pulmonary Embolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkerim Yıldız ◽  
Didem Katar ◽  
Ayşe Özden Soydaş ◽  
Murat Albayrak
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor ◽  
Fibrinolysis Inhibitor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Impact On Treatment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) inhibits fibrinolysis and high levels may have an association with thrombosis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of TAFI antigen levels with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Patients and Methods A case–control study was conducted with 29 patients with PTE and 17 age- and gender-matched control individuals. Plasma levels of TAFI were measured at the time of diagnosis, then at 3 and 6 months after the event. Results Initial TAFI levels (%) were higher in patients with PTE than in the control group Initial TAFI levels (%) were higher in patients with PTE than in the control group (190,0 [65,0–250,0] vs 133,0 [83,0–153,0]; p = 0.003). TAFI levels significantly decreased at the third and sixth months after initial diagnosis (p < 0.05). The percentage reductions in TAFI levels were 12 and 36.8% at 3 and 6 months, respectively. The Odss ratio (OR) of TAFI level for PTE was found to be 1.024 (95% CI: 1.007–1.040; p = 0.005). There was no significant correlation of initial TAFI levels with age, gender, smoking status, history of thrombosis, pulmonary artery pressure, and D-dimer levels (p > 0.05). In the sixth month of treatment, patients with residual thrombosis were seen to have similar baseline levels and reductions of TAFI as patients without residual thrombosis (p > 0.05). Conclusion The result of this study suggests that high TAFI levels may have a role in the occurrence of PTE without impact on treatment outcome.

Neuropsychological Characteristics Associated with Olfactory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Arguedas ◽  
Robyn Langdon ◽  
Richard Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Odor Identification ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neuropsychological Characteristics ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Neuropsychological Impairments ◽  
Identification Decision

AbstractOlfactory hallucinations (OHs) are present in a significant minority of people with schizophrenia, yet these symptoms are under-researched and poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the neuropsychological impairments that associate with OHs in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were classified into an OH group and a group with auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and no lifetime history of OHs. Patients were age- and gender-matched to a healthy control group. All participants were assessed using: a test of odor identification; decision-making and socio-emotional tests of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala function; and a battery of standardized executive tests. Patients, as a whole, performed more poorly than controls on the tests of odor identification, emotion processing and executive function, consistent with previous research. Only two tests of OFC functioning: the Object Alternation Task, taken from Oscar-Berman and Zola-Morgan's (1980a, 1980b) Comparative Neuropsychological Tasks, and a test of “faux pas” understanding discriminated between the OH and AVH patients. Findings provide the first preliminary support for OH-specific neuropsychological impairments associated with OFC dysfunction in schizophrenia. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)

scholarly journals Use of MPV and MPV/Plt Ratio in the Differentiation of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Ersin Kasim Ulusoy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
International Headache Society ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurology Clinic ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Type Headache

AbstractPurposeMean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet (Plt) function and activation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate whether MPV and MPV/Plt ratio, indicators of Plt activation, are increased in migraine patients, compared to tension-type headache (TTH) and healthy control groups, in our large-scale study, and whether these two primary headache types with unknown pathophysiology may be differentiated by using MPV and MPV/Plt ratio.Materials and methodsEighty patients diagnosed with migraine as per the 2004 diagnosis criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS), 80 patients with TTH who have applied to the Neurology Clinic of our hospital, and 80 healthy subjects who have applied to the Family Practice Clinic and Blood Bank were enrolled in this study. MPV and MPV/Plt ratio in both patients of similar age and gender who were diagnosed with migraine as well as in the TTH group and healthy control group were compared.FindingsThe MPV/Plt ratio was 0.046±0.008 in migraine patients, 0.037±0.009 in patients with TTH, and 0.036±0.009 in the healthy control group. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The cutoff value of MPV/Plt ratio for differentiating migraine and TTH was 0.037. The sensitivity of this value was 92.5%, while specificity was 55%.Conclusion We have demonstrated that the most commonly confused primary headache types may be differentiated by using MPV and MPV/Plt ratio, and therefore, the disability caused by migraine and unsuitable, unnecessary, and long-term drug therapies may be avoided in patients.

scholarly journals Antistreptolysin O titer in health and disease: levels and significance

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyaa Amal Kotby ◽  
Nevin Mamdouh Habeeb ◽  
Sahar Ezz El Arab
Keyword(s):  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Recurrent Tonsillitis ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Over diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) based on a raised antistreptolysin O titer (ASOT) is not uncommon in endemic areas. In this study, 660 children (aged 9.2 ±1.7 years) were recruited consecutively and classified as: G1 (control group, n=200 healthy children), G2 (n=20 with ARF 1st attack), G3 (n=40 with recurrent ARF), G4 (n=100 with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) on long acting penicillin (LAP)), G5 (n=100 with acute follicular tonsillitis), and G6 (n=200 healthy children with history of repeated follicular tonsillitis more than three times a year). Serum ASOT was measured by latex agglutination. Upper limit of normal (ULN) ASOT (80th percentile) was 400 IU in G1, 200 IU in G4, and 1600 IU in G6. Significantly high levels were seen in ARF 1st attack when compared to groups 1 and 5 (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.05, respectively). ASOT was significantly high in children over ten years of age, during winter and in those with acute rheumatic carditis. ASOT showed significant direct correlation with the number of attacks of tonsillitis (P&lt;0.05). Egyptian children have high ULN ASOT reaching 400 IU. This has to be taken into consideration when interpreting its values in suspected ARF. A rise in ASOT is less prominent in recurrent ARF compared to 1st attack, and acute and recurrent tonsillitis. Basal levels of ASOT increase with age but the pattern of increase during infection is not age dependent

scholarly journals Evaluation of Hearing Status in Employees of Dental Prosthodontics Laboratories in Yazd

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Abrisham ◽  
Mohammad Shafiee ◽  
Mohsen Abediny Sanich
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Dental Prosthesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the first cause of acquired hearing loss. Dentists and dental prosthodontics technicians are exposed to different sounds produced by a variety of devices in their occupations. In this study, we studied the effect of dental prosthesis sounds on the auditory power of the respective staff. Methods: This case-control study was carried out among all technicians of dental prosthesis laboratories in Yazd in 2018 selected by census sampling method. A total of 23 technicians who were willing to cooperate and met the inclusion criteria were included in the experimental group. Furthermore,  23 people who referred to the audiology clinic, were matched with the experimental group in terms of age and gender, and were not working in noisy environment, and had no congenital or acquired deafness were examined as the control group.  Finally, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 19 using statistical tests. Result: The mean hearing threshold of the right ear at frequencies of 3000 and 4000 Hz and the mean hearing threshold of the left ear at frequencies of 3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz was significantly higher in the experimental than the control group. The mean hearing threshold of the right ear at the frequency of 4000 Hz and the hearing threshold of the left ear at frequencies of 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz in participants with job history>4 years was significantly higher. Furthermore, the mean hearing threshold of the right ear in the frequency of 4000 Hz and the hearing threshold of the left ear at frequencies of 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz years was significantly higher in people with job history >30 years. Conclusion: According to findings, the staffs working in dental prosthodontics laboratories suffer from NIHL at frequencies of 3000 to 8000 Hz. The hearing loss in the left ear was more severe  in  people with job history of >30 years and in people with job history of > 4 years.Therefore, the use of hearing impaired and hearing protectors is recommended in these people.

Me-Search All the Way Down

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-102
Author(s):  
Matt Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Underrepresented Minorities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
And Gender

The most commonly cited distinct difficulty of social science compared to science in general is that researchers are studying ourselves. But most thinkers have evolved toward a contemporary scientific realism on this point: there are biases, but they can be managed with close attention. Beyond perennial difficulties of self-knowledge, scholars tend to study their own time period, countries, and social groups, introducing additional biases while enabling research on how they affect our questions, methods, and interpretations. This often leads to accusations of “me-search,” especially by underrepresented minorities. But many of the same considerations that drive those critiques and their responses apply to scholars studying their own countries and time periods, and to all of us studying our own species. I argue that the successful history of racial and gender studies shows that progress requires acknowledgment of biases and diversification of viewpoints.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document