The Silent Sex

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Karpowitz ◽  
Tali Mendelberg
Keyword(s):  
Group Behavior ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Consensus Process ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Right

Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.

Women’s voices in a deliberative assembly: An analysis of gender rates of participation in Ireland’s Convention on the Constitution 2012–2014

2020 ◽  
pp. 136914812095102
Author(s):  
Clodagh Harris ◽  
David M Farrell ◽  
Jane Suiter ◽  
Mary Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gender Inclusion ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Type

Ireland’s Convention on the Constitution (2012–2014) was a world-first process in mixing randomly selected private citizens and political representatives in a deliberative mini-public that made recommendations on a wide range of constitutional issues. Acknowledging the gender gap identified in studies of deliberative forums, the Convention made specific design choices in an effort to achieve gender inclusion. Using data collected during the course of the Convention, we explore the effects of contextual (institutional rules, procedures and topics discussed) and actor-related characteristics (gender, type of membership) on inclusion. We find that contextual issues such as the topic discussed and the gender composition of the small roundtable deliberations did not influence gender rates of participation. However, the forum of participation did, with women participating more than men in the facilitated small group sessions.

‘Citoyennes à part entière’? The Constitutionalization of Gendered Citizenship in France and the Parity Reforms of 1999‐2000

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Lovecy
Keyword(s):  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Democratic Polity ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Right

In France the Last Decade has Witnessed a Notable Attempt at renewing the theory and practice of representative democracy. This has taken the form of a campaign, first launched in 1992, to tackle the significant under-representation of women in all of France's main arenas of elective representation by according constitutional status to the principle of parite. The campaign focused on the claim that, as one half of humankind, women in democratic polities should have the right to hold half of all elective offices:‘Femmes: moitie de la terre, moitie du pouvoire. Its supporters contended that the requirement that elective positions be held by equal numbers of men and women would revitalize French democracy, ushering in a new form of democratic polity: une democratie paritaire.

PARTISIPASI DAN KOMUNIKASI POLITIK PEREMPUAN DI LEGISLATIF MENURUT KACAMATA POLITISI PEREMPUAN DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Theresia Parwati ◽  
Kuspuji Istiningdiah
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Space ◽  
The Political ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Practical Politics ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Right ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Today, women political participation is still low in number. It causes the shortness of women representation in policy and decision making. In fact, the representation of women has not been heard fully in the public space. Many women's voices have not been conveyed. This article examined woman’s political participation and communication in the political area in Indonesia. The main problems of this research were why the participation of women in politics in formal institutions relatively low and how the communication role in that matter. This research used descriptive qualitative method by interviewing 18 women politicians in legislative on June 26th until July 4th online. The research findings show the lack of women participation as the representative. The low representation of women in direct political participation was influenced by various internal and external factors. They included women’s unwillingness to plunge directly into the world of practical politics, patriarchy cultural factors, and incapability of women to solve lots of real-problems. It is why we still need the right step to create equality and access to women in the political scope.

The Underrepresentation of Women in Political Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-81
Author(s):  
Daniel Kreiss ◽  
Kirsten Adams ◽  
Jenni Ciesielski ◽  
Haley Fernandez ◽  
Kate Frauenfelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Familial Obligations ◽  
Political Technology

This chapter demonstrates how women are deeply underrepresented in the field of political technology, especially in leadership roles. Women also do not have the same entrepreneurship opportunities in the field that men have. The barriers to the equal representation of women in the field of political tech are multifaceted and systemic. Women are underrepresented on campaigns because of the time constraints and network relationships that shape the hiring process, in addition to gendered assumptions about their qualifications. Women routinely cited that the goal of electing candidates outweighed any other considerations both in hiring and when women are in the room. While the lack of work–life balance on campaigns affects both men and women, it likely affects women disproportionately more given that they are often primary caregivers and have familial obligations that men do not have. Campaign hierarchies and bureaucracies often promote men as decision-makers and leaders, resulting in women’s voices often being absent from the corridors of power.

The Development of the Mental Representation of Numbers 0-10 in Elementary School Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Feldman ◽  
Michael Shmueli ◽  
Dror Dotan ◽  
Joseph Tzelgov ◽  
Andrea Berger
Keyword(s):  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Position Task ◽  
Sigmoidal Curve ◽  
Anchor Points ◽  
The Right ◽  
Line P ◽  
Best Fit

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of mental number line (MNL) representation examined using a number-to-position task. In the present study, we investigated the development of number representation on a 0-10 number line using a computerized version of the number-to-position task on a touchscreen, with restricted response time; 181 children from first through sixth grade were tested. We found that the pattern of estimated number position on the physical number line was best fit by the sigmoidal curve function–which was characterized by underestimation of small numbers and overestimation of large numbers–and that the breakpoint changed with age. Moreover, we found that significant developmental leaps in MNL representation occurred between the first and second grades and again between the second and third grades, which was reflected in the establishment of the right endpoint and the number 5 as anchor points, yielding a more accurate placement of other numbers along the number line.

ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE WORLD STRONGEST BELT WRESTLERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Mariya Sedunova ◽  
Liliya Konovalova
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Competitive Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Competitive Activities ◽  
Distinguishing Features

International potential and consequent greater competition in belt wrestling increase the significance of assessing quantitative and qualitative indicators of competitive activity of the strongest wrestlers in the world. It is important to identify the sport development trends and to search for effective ways and tools for achievement of the sport excellence. Purpose: to reveal the features of efficient competitive activities of the world leading wrestlers on the basis of analysis of group differences in technical and tactical excellence indicators. Materials and methods of research. We analyzed videos of 285 events with participation of 197 wrestlers competing at the Belt Wrestling World Championship 2019 in Kazan. We registered the following indicators of competitive activity: the total and average number of fighting techniques, including techniques executed to the right and to the left side within 4 minutes of combat; number and types of technical actions of competition winners among men and women. Research results and discussion. The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of technical and tactical skills of men and women, the winners of the Belt Wrestling World Championship. The research revealed distinguishing features of the winner’s technical toolkit including the diversity of technical and tactical actions, a balance in the knowledge of the right and left-handed techniques. At the same time, the analysis of technical and tactical actions in women wrestling shows the backlog of female athletes in these components of technical fitness.

The Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Rothmar Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
European Consensus ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

This chapter discusses the right to avoid procreation and the regulation of pregnancy from a European perspective. The legal basis for a right to avoid procreation can be said to fall within the scope of several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), an instrument that is binding for all European countries. Here, Article 12 of the ECHR gives men and women of marriageable age the right to marry and found a family in accordance with the national laws governing this right. However, Article 12 protects some elements of the right not to procreate, but for couples only. The lack of common European consensus in this area highlights how matters relating to the right to decide on the number and spacing of children touch on aspects that differ from country to country even in what could appear to be a homogenous region. In fact, the cultural, moral, and historical milieus that surround these rights differ considerably with diverse national perceptions of the role of the family, gender equality, religious and moral obligations, and so on.

scholarly journals Gender pay gap in salary bands among employees in the formal sector of South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeboye M. Adelekan ◽  
Mark H.R. Bussin
Keyword(s):  
Top Management ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
The Status ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Value Add

Orientation: The gender pay gap is a worldwide challenge that has persisted despite political will and interventions. Comparably qualified women performing similar work as men continue to earn less. There are conflicting views in the literature regarding the status of the gender pay gap.Research purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine status of the gender pay gap among employees in the same salary band and to establish whether men and women receive similar pay for similar work in the study population.Motivation for study: The status of the gender pay gap would establish the progress made towards closing the gap and guide necessary adjustments to interventions.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative analysis was conducted on the pay information of 217 902 employees collected in a survey from over 700 companies, across 10 job families and 6 industries.Main findings: Men’s pay was consistently higher than that of women in all salary bands except at the 75th and 95th percentile in sub-bands B-lower and B-upper and 25th percentile in sub-band E-upper. The gender pay gap ranged from 8% in band A to 27.1% in sub-band F-upper. The gaps observed in the salary bands were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) except in sub-band E-upper, F-lower and F-upper, indicating convergence towards similar pay for similar work at senior to top management levels. Women were under-represented in all salary bands with the lowest presence in band F, especially sub-band F-upper. Gender, race, job family and industry have a significant effect on income earned in the study sample.Practical/managerial implications: Government’s efforts seemed to have produced minimal results as women are represented in all job families, industries and salary bands. The pay of men and women in senior and top management levels was similar. However, more still needs to be done to achieve the 50% target representation of women in senior management and close the gap at all levels.Contribution/value-add: The number of women at management levels is still very low when compared to their male counterparts. However, the gender pay gap in senior to top management positions are converging towards similar pay for work of similar value.

Chalastospora gossypii in a Maine Coon cat: case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110222
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Norris ◽  
Paula A. Schaffer ◽  
Noah B. Bander
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Soft Tissue Masses ◽  
Subcutaneous Mass ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor

A 15-y-old castrated male Maine Coon cat was evaluated for an ulcerated soft tissue mass on the right hindlimb that had been observed for 4 mo and had grown rapidly. A 3 × 3 cm soft, raised, amorphous, and ulcerated subcutaneous mass was observed on the lateral right metatarsus. In-house cytology via fine-needle aspiration was nondiagnostic. Incisional biopsy of the mass and further staging was declined, and amputation was elected. The amputated limb was submitted for histopathology, which revealed severe chronic nodular granulomatous dermatitis and multifocal granulomatous popliteal lymphadenitis with large numbers of intralesional fungal hyphae. Fungal PCR and sequencing on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue identified Chalastospora gossypii. No adjunctive therapy was elected at the time. The patient has done well clinically 1 y post-operatively. C. gossypii is a rare microfungus found worldwide and is considered a minor pathogen of several plants. To our knowledge, infection by this fungus has not been reported previously in veterinary species. Features in our case are comparable to other mycotic infections. Nodular granulomatous mycotic dermatitis and cellulitis, although uncommon, should be a differential for soft tissue masses in veterinary species; C. gossypii is a novel isolate.

Context in Selection of Men and Women in Hiring Decisions: Gender Composition of the Applicant Pool

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Van Ommeren ◽  
Giovanni Russo ◽  
Reinout E. De Vries ◽  
Mark Van Ommeren
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Applicant Pool ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Selection Of

The hypothesis that the sex composition of an applicant pool affects the hiring probabilities of individual job applicants was tested using gender-distinctive information on accepted and rejected job applicants in The Netherlands. The evidence supports this hypothesis, although the effect sizes are moderate. Both men and women have a lower probability of being hired when the applicant pool contains fewer applicants from their own sex.

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