Investigation of the Centers of Endogenous Fires at the Rock Dumps of the Coal Enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
S.I. Protasov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Seregin ◽  
V.A. Portola ◽  
A.A. Bobrovnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Heated Zone ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Rock Temperature ◽  
Thermal Imagers ◽  
Carbonaceous Rocks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Coal Enterprises

The formed rock dumps of sections, mines and washing plants are composed of carbonaceous rocks and are capable of spontaneous combustion when the required amount of air is supplied. The conducted studies evaluated the efficiency of detecting a center of spontaneous combustion at the rock dumps of sections by measuring the temperature of rocks in the wells with a depth of 2.5 m, drilled at the distance of 20 m from each other, according to the current normative documents. For the landfill, a dump site with a long-existing center of spontaneous combustion was selected. The experiment showed the impossibility of drilling wells on the slopes of the dumps, as well as the need for casing the wells with pipes along the entire length. The temperature of rocks in the wells at a depth of 2.5 m varied from 69 to 773 °C. It was found that in the heated zone there are sharp temperature drops in the rocks, which cannot be detected with an interval between the measurement points equal to 20 m. With such a distance between the control wells, the places with a diameter of 1–10 m may remain undetected at the initial stage of spontaneous combustion. Measurements showed that in all the wells the rock temperature increases with depth. At the same time, the recommended well depth of 2.5 m does not allow determining the size of the heated zone deep into the rock dump. The upper layer of rocks above the center of spontaneous combustion exceeds the ambient temperature, so remote temperature measuring devices can be used to detect endogenous fires in the rock dumps. The use of thermal imagers installed on the unmanned aerial vehicles will significantly reduce the cost of detecting spontaneous combustion centers on the rock dumps and increase the efficiency of detecting fire centers not only on the dump sites, but on the slopes of the dump side and in other hard-to-reach places. Moreover, with a decrease in the atmospheric air temperature, the efficiency of remote thermal photography does not decrease. To clarify the parameters of the center of endogenous fires, it is advisable to use the temperature measurement of rocks with a contact thermometer at a depth of 0.5 m.

scholarly journals METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE CONDITION OF RIGID PAVEMENT CONTAINING CRACKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
A. Batrakova ◽  
S. Urdzik
Keyword(s):  
Pavement Design ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Pavement Condition ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Road

Road agencies around the world note the aging of the national road network and the accelerated destruction of pavement during operation due to changes in the composition of the traffic. Many scientific studies have noted that cracks of various configurations, depths, origins are the most characteristic type of pavement damage, make up a significant part of the total area of destruction and are the main danger as the initial stage of more serious damage leading to loss of pavement distribution. Timely detection of hidden cracks in the coating layers and the base layers allows to prevent the destruction of pavement and significantly reduce the cost of road repairs. The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods and criteria for assessing the condition of non-rigid pavement, which contains hidden defects in its structural layers. The results of the analysis make it possible to take into account a particular type of defect when choosing a calculation scheme and the order of calculation of pavement. The analysis proved that the calculated schemes of pavement design do not allow to take into account such indicators of pavement condition as the number of cracks, their position, geometric parameters of hidden cracks, sizes of cracked base blocks, volumetric damage of the layer material. The assumptions and simplifications accepted in the normative documents actually make it impossible to assess the condition and predict the failure of the design of paved roads with cracks. Therefore, the assessment of the condition of non-rigid pavement should be based on probabilistic methods and criteria for assessing the condition of pavement, which allow to take into account the heterogeneity of pavement design, due, inter alia, the presence of cracks in layers of monolithic materials. The next stage of research is the analysis of existing probabilistic methods of designing and assessing the condition of pavement.

scholarly journals Development of product costing in Lithuania (1918–2019)

2019 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Daiva Tamulevičienė ◽  
Jonas Mackevičius
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Product Costing ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Second World

Appropriate product costing helps not only to estimate the cost of production correctly but also to evaluate the activity results, forecast product prices, make reasonable economic decisions. The article analyses the development of product costing in Lithuania from 1918 to 2019. The following stages of development of product costing were distinguished: 1) between the world wars when Lithuania was independent and during the Second world war (1918–1944); 2) during the years of Soviet occupation (1944–1990); 3) after reinstating the independence of Lithuania (1990–2019). The most important provisions of normative documents related to product costing of every stage were analysed, opinions, statements and suggestions how to improve product costing by different Lithuanian authors were evaluated.

scholarly journals ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL PROVISION OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Babenko ◽  
◽  
Valentina Vasilyeva ◽  
Еlena Коnovalova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Base Management ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
Freight Forwarding ◽  
The Cost

In the course of research it has been stated that the category of «inventories» is not only the object of accounting, but also the object of management, so the identification of inventories in the assets upon receipt at the enterprise is the initial stage of the accounting process. The process of material and technical base management begins at the stage of searching for suppliers, delivery conditions, formation of the logistics component, determination of transport and procurement costs. There is no doubt that the additional costs associated with these processes will affect the formation of the value of purchased inventories. Therefore, the authors emphasize that the methods of estimating inventories at their receipt and disposal play an important role in accounting, as they affect the formation of the cost of finished goods produced from inventories, and hence the overall financial performance of the enterprise. It should also be taken into account that in accordance with the norms of UAS 9, only the amounts of transportation and procurement costs related to the acquisition (receipt) of inventories are subject to inclusion in the initial cost. In practice, the increase in the value of inventories often includes costs incurred in connection with the internal transportation of inventories on the territory of the enterprise or between its structural units; costs arising from the return of inventories to the supplier; costs for loading, transportation, transshipment and insurance of inventories, finished products (goods), freight forwarding and other services related to the sale of products (goods). Such costs do not affect the formation of the initial cost of inventories. Therefore, the authors highlighted the need for a clear delineation of these costs at specific enterprises with the reflection of provisions in the Order (Regulation) on accounting policies. Most scientists discuss the feasibility of search for a method of cost allocation during transportation, because during this process there can be losses of inventories both within the established norms of natural loss, excessive losses and shortages, as well as spoiled inventories found during asset recognition. The authors gave their own view on the possibility of solving this problem. The solving approach has been presented as well as the peculiarities of the reflection of the distributed transport and procurement costs in the system of accounting have been considered. The situation when the company transport both purchased inventories and those, sold to customers, with its own transport has been considered. In such cases, the authors suggest a method of allocating transportation costs with subsequent allocation to transport and procurement costs, which increase the cost of purchased inventories and distribution costs.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF ACCOUNTING FIXED ASSETS AT THE ENTERPRISE

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Feofanova ◽  
◽  
Olgha Antonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Effective Use

The article is devoted to topical issues of improving the methodology and organization of fixed assets accounting. Fixed assets play a huge role in the labor process, as they together form the production – technical base and determine the production capacity of the enterprise. Their condition directly affects the activities of the enterprise, namely its continuous operation. Over a long period of use, fixed assets enter the enterprise and are put into operation; wear out as a result of operation; are repaired, by means of which their physical qualities are restored; leave the enterprise due to obsolescence or inexpediency of further use. Fixed assets used in enterprises in modern economic conditions are one of the most important economic resources. Fixed assets, formed at the initial stage of the organization, require constant management. In the process of accounting at enterprises there are a number of problems of methodological and practical nature in the organization of accounting, valuation and depreciation of fixed assets. In the course of writing the article, the economic characteristics and concepts of fixed assets, theoretical aspects of fixed assets accounting, normative documents related to the researched problem were investigated. The analysis of fixed assets can be carried out in several areas, the development of which in the complex allows to assess the structure, dynamics and efficiency of fixed assets and long-term investments. Options for solving problems in accordance with modern economic conditions are revealed. The correct organization of accounting of fixed assets ensures the efficiency of their use, the timeliness of determining and reflecting transactions with changes that occur with them, the completeness of the reflection of these changes in value terms in accounting. Thus, the fixed asset accounting system needs to be improved. A comprehensive approach to the organization of fixed assets accounting is needed, which is able to provide the necessary conditions and opportunities for the use of valuable accounting information to make management decisions on the evaluation and effective use of fixed assets.

scholarly journals Cost-Optimal Net Zero Energy Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabtai Isaac ◽  
Slava Shubin ◽  
Gad Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Cost

The objective of this research is to study the cost of Net Zero Energy (NZE) communities of different urban scales and densities, while taking into consideration the local climate and the type of buildings in the community. A comprehensive model was developed for this purpose, with which the cost-optimal configuration of renewable energy-related technologies for an NZE community can be identified. To validate the model, data from two case studies that differed in their climate and building types were used. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the implications of NZE requirements for urban planning. An increase in the scale of a community was found to reduce energy costs, up to a certain point. Urban density, on the other hand, was found to have a more complex impact on costs, which depends on the local climate of the community and the subsequent energy demand. This underlines the importance of addressing the technological design of energy systems at the initial stage of the urban planning of energy-efficient communities, before the urban density, the unbuilt areas and the building types are set.

Sequencing an N-Stage Process with Feedback

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Yechiali
Keyword(s):  
Expected Cost ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Entire Sequence ◽  
N Stage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Cost

N tasks must be successfully performed for a job to be completed. The tasks may be attempted in any order, where each attempt of task i requires an expected cost ci and is successful with probability pi. Whenever an attempt fails, the job is fed back to the initial stage and the entire sequence starts again. We show that the cost of completing a job is minimized if the tasks are sequenced via increasing values of ci/(l–pi). We further show that the same result holds when the feedback can be either to stage i itself or to the starting task.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF VERIFICATION OF ACCOUNTING (FINANCIAL) STATEMENTS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF CRIMINAL BANKRUPTCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
S.A. Konovalenko ◽  
◽  
M.N. Trofimov ◽  
N.G. Gadzhiev ◽  
R.A. Abdusalamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Examination of documents when detecting crimes under Art. 196 and 197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is always carried out in a certain sequence. At the initial stage, the specialist-auditor understands the specific tasks assigned to him, arising from the questions submitted for research, determines the sufficiency of the documentary data provided for the study and chooses the research methodology. One of the most important problematic issues facing a specialist auditor at the initial stage of the study is the problem of confirming the reliability of accounting (financial) statements. The purpose of the scientific article was to study the economic and legal main forms of interaction between the state and business, as well as to develop practical recommendations for their improvement. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the existing problems of the reliability of accounting (financial) statements and propose ways to solve them. Methodological base of the research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research in the scientific article was the work of both Russian and foreign specialists in the field of control and auditing, the system of normative documents on the research topic, as well as materials from the scientific literature of leading legal scholars and economists. The main research methods used in writing the work were observation, comparison, induction, deduction and monographic (descriptive) methods.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of sludge dewatering for single- and double-drainage conditions with a vacuum negative pressure load at the bottom

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253806
Author(s):  
Jiesheng Zhang ◽  
Yongzheng Qi ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Guofu Zhang ◽  
Hang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Pressure Load ◽  
Vacuum Degree ◽  
Early Loading ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Cost

The moisture content of municipal sludge is relatively high, which increases the cost of sludge transportation and treatment. To reduce the volume of the sludge, sludge dewatering is needed. This paper proposes the theory of sludge dewatering and facilitates efficient and economical technology of sludge dewatering. Sludge dewatering tests were carried out by using homemade rapid sludge dewatering devices. There were two groups of tests with single- and double-drainage conditions, and all test runs were loaded with a negative vacuum pressure at the bottom. During the experiments, the vacuum degree and the pore water pressure in the sludge were monitored in real time. After the experiments, the data were compared and analyzed. At the initial stage, the sludge dewatering extent and the sludge dewatering velocity for double-drainage conditions were much higher than those for single-drainage conditions. The vacuum occurring for single-drainage conditions lagged behind that for double-drainage conditions in the sludge. The value of vacuum degree for single-drainage conditions was lower than that for double-drainage conditions, and the vacuum attenuation for single-drainage conditions was considerable. The excess pore water pressure for double-drainage conditions dissipated faster than that for single-drainage conditions in the sludge. The pore water pressure for single-drainage conditions at the top and middle of the sludge layer first increased and then decreased in the early loading stage, resembling the Mandel effect. Overall, with a vacuum negative pressure load at the bottom, the sludge dewatering efficiency for double-drainage conditions was much higher than that for single-drainage conditions. This study provides an experimental and theoretical basis for engineering applications in the sludge treatment industry.

scholarly journals Improvement of the technology of flame arrester manufacturing

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
K. N. Pantyukhova ◽  
◽  
O. Yu. Bourgonova ◽  
Yu. O. Filippov ◽  
G. P. Ulyasheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Powder ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Flame Arrester ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion Of Coal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Underground Method

When mining hard coal the underground method is prevailed. This method provides a higher quality of the mineral. Methane emissions occur in coal mines during the development of gasbearing seams. These emissions are the reason for the formation of an explosive mixture when mixed with mine air, and also contribute to the spontaneous combustion of coal. Methane alarms are used to monitor the mine atmosphere. Thermocatalytic sensor is the main element of such a gas analyzer. The sensor is placed in a breathable housing. This body is called a flame arrester. This article discusses the possibility of replacing the material used for the manufacture of a flame arrester. The basis of the existing material is nickel powder. It is proposed to replace it with a cermet bond. The composition of the ceramic material of the part is developed by the author and presented in the article. Replacement of material will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of the part and simplification of the manufacturing technology

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