scholarly journals Effects of Age and Height on Chemical Properties of Yushania Alpina Grown at Injibara District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Amsalu Tolessa ◽  
Fikremariam Haile ◽  
Abraham Dilnesa ◽  
Buzayehu Desisa ◽  
Tegene Tantu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
American Society ◽  
Chemical Testing

This paper studied the chemical composition of cultivated 3, 4 and 5 year-old highland bamboo (Y. alpina) which were classified into three position (top, medium and bottom) to determined the main compositions especially cellulose, lignin, extractive and ash content. From all culms representative samples were converted to the required size of wood chips to prepared sample for chemical testing. Then the specimens prepared from bottom, middle and top portions for the three ages were used to determine the chemical properties in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards except for cellulose test determined according to Kurschner and Hoffer method. All parameters in the experiment were expressed by percent based on dry basis. From this research, we have found small but significant increases in mean cellulose content from the base to the top of the culm at all three ages. The lignin content in Y. alpina species of bamboo is in the ranged of 23.04 to 30.03%. The mean values of the chemical constituents in 3, 4 and 5- year-old culms were 51.83, 54.94 and 49.78% for cellulose content, 28.28, 24.99 and 24.53% for lignin content, 7.8, 10.09, and 9.54% for alcohol-toluene extractive, respectively. In general, the comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in the bamboo species will facilitate the use of the materials in the forestry industrial sector and help to enhance their utilization in the chemical and bio-chemical related industry.

scholarly journals Variation of morphological and chemical properties of three varieties of jute stick

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mostafizur Rahman ◽  
S Siddiqua ◽  
F Akter ◽  
M Sarwar Jahan ◽  
MA Quaiyyum
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Middle Portion ◽  
Corchorus Capsularis ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Pulp property of a lignocellulosic material depends upon its morphological characteristics and chemical constituents it. Shabuj Pat (CVL-1) variety from Corchorus capsularis and BJRI Tossa Pat 4 (O-72) and BJRI Tossa Pat 5 (O-795) varieties from Corchorus olitorius of jute are mostly grown in Bangladesh. This study deals on morphological and chemical properties of these three varieties of jute stick to assess their suitability for pulp production. The results were significantly differed among the varieties and within the variety. The ?-cellulose content was almost the same in the variety of CVL-1 and O-795. In the same variety, the middle portion contained the largest amount of alpha-cellulose and the top portion contained the lowest. Klason lignin content varied from 24.2 to 26.8%. Fibre length was significantly same for all the three jute sticks but the width and slenderness ratios were different. Pulp yield in soda anthraquinone process was nearly the same in all these varieties around 44% at kappa number 15.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(4), 307-312, 2016

scholarly journals Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽  
Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

Comparison of Pineapple Leaf and Cassava Peel by Chemical Properties and Morphology Characterization

2014 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zawawi Daud ◽  
Halizah Awang ◽  
Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim ◽  
Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta ◽  
Ashuvila Mohd Aripin
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
Cassava Peel

Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222-om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry.

scholarly journals Influence of juvenile and mature wood on anatomical and chemical properties of early and late wood from Chinese fir plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lu ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Qianqian Jiang ◽  
Yamei Liu ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe proportion of juvenile wood affects the utilization of wood seriously, and the transition year of juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) plays a decisive role in the rotation and the modification of wood. To find out the demarcation of JW and MW, the tracheid length (TL) and microfibril angle (MFA) of early wood (EW) and late wood (LW) from four Chinese fir clones were measured by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then the data were analyzed by the k-means clustering method. The correlation and the differences among wood properties between JW and MW were compared. Results indicated that the LW showed better properties than that of EW, but the anatomical differences between EW and LW did not influence the demarcation of JW and MW. The cluster analysis of TL and MFA showed that the transition year was in the 16th year and the transition zone of EW and LW was different among clones. The MW has longer and wider tracheid, thicker cell walls, and smaller MFA. In terms of chemistry, MW had a higher content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, less content of extract, but no significant difference in lignin content compared with JW. The stabilization of chemical components was earlier than that of the anatomic properties. Correlation analysis showed that there were strong correlations between the chemical composition and anatomical characteristics in JW and MW. In general, compared with chemical components, anatomical indicators were more suitable for JW and MW demarcation. The differences and correlations between JW and MW properties provide a theoretical basis for wood rotation and planting.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Characterization of Different Fractions of Corn Stover and Their Relationships to Multipollutant Sorption Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Dan Peng ◽  
Fan Ouyang ◽  
Min Deng ◽  
Lei Nie ◽  
Sifang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Adsorption Effect ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Corn stover (CS) is mainly composed of three parts: pith (CSP), rind (CSR), and leaf (CSL). These parts have different lignocellulosic constituents and structural properties. Herein, biosorbents derived from individual corn stover constituents were prepared in an effort to determine the significance of each constituent for multipollutant removal. In this study, SEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, XPS, fibre composition, and contact angle measurements were used to characterize and analyse the physical and chemical properties of the three components of CS and to study their adsorption effects, adsorption isotherms, and kinetics. The lignocellulosic compositions of CSP and CSR were similar, the cellulose content in CSP and CSR was significantly higher than that in CSL, and the hemicellulose content of CSL was much higher than those of CSP and CSR. The minimum lignin content was found in CSP, and the maximum lignin content was found in CSR. The results show that each component had a certain adsorption effect on typical organic pollutants (antibiotics, oils, and dyes). CSP had the strongest oil adsorption capacity, CSR was more suitable for adsorbing antibiotics, and CSL had outstanding adsorption capacity for dye. The pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model could describe the adsorption processes well, and they consisted of monolayer adsorption accompanied by chemical adsorption reactions. The focus of this study was to provide references for selecting effective adsorbent precursors to remove organic pollutants from wastewater.

scholarly journals Structure, Composition, and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Fibers from Pueraria lobata Treated with a Combination of Steam Explosion and Laccase Mediator System

BioResources ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 6854-6866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghua Li ◽  
Guangting Han ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Yuanming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pueraria Lobata ◽  
Mediator System ◽  
Laccase Mediator System

Cellulosic fibers from the bast of Pueraria lobata (P. lobata) vine were separated using a “green” and efficient method that combined steam explosion (SE) and a laccase mediator system (LMS). The chemical components, structure, and thermal alterations in the fibers were evaluated. The SE performed at 180 °C for 10 min did not change the chemical composition of P. lobata; however, SE did alter the fiber structure and rendered its surface more accessible to the laccase enzyme. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical methods. The cellulose content of the processed fibers was approximately 68.2%, and the lignin content was 11.8%, which was much lower than the 22.98% lignin content of the raw material. The cellulose fibers exhibited higher cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability compared with the untreated samples. This combined treatment approach may be useful for the isolation of cellulose fibers for composites, textiles, and other industrial applications.

SIFAT KIMIA TIGA JENIS KAYU RAKYAT

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Yuniarti Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Social Forestry ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Sample Result ◽  
Better Than

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical components of three kinds of social forestry timber of Jengkol, Madang, and Bangkinang, where wood samples was procured from Loksado South Kalimantan. The analysis was conducted according to TAPPI Standard with three replications for each sample. Result shows that Jengkol wood contained 44.73% of cellulose, 79.19% of holocellulose, 32.14% of lignin, 4.08% of extractive and 3.42% of ash. Madang wood contained 45.02% of cellulose, 80.05% of holocellulose, 31.60% of lignin, 4.06% of extractive and 4.59% of ash. Bangkinang wood contained 45.76% of cellulose, 72.84% of holocellulose, 20.90% of  lignin, 2.89% of extractive and 3.9% of ash. This research indicated that among three social forestry timber investigated, the Bangkinang wood is better than two others as sources of raw material for pulp and paper due to the highest cellulose content and lowest lignin and extractives contents.Keywords: chemical properties, Jengkol, Madang, Bangkinang

An evaluation of the Gompertz model in degradability studies of forage chemical components

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lavrenčič ◽  
B. Stefanon ◽  
P. Susmel
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
First Order ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Model Average ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe in situ dry matter (DM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) degradability kinetics of eight forages (four grass hays and four legume hays, harvested at two different dates) were compared to assess the fitting ability of a first-order and a Gompertz model.The Gompertz model fitted DM degradability data as well as the first-order model and differences between fitted and observed data for the two models were very small but the Gompertz model proved to be statistically superior for the NDF degradability data, especially for the early hours of incubation.A numerical but not significant difference was observed in the estimated rapidly available fraction for DM and NDF, which zvas respectively lower (mean values 24·4 v. 27·8%) and higher (mean values 5·8 v. 1·8%) with the first-order model. More pronounced differences were observed for the estimates of total potential degradability of NDF, which were often significantly lower with the Gompertz model (average values for the eight forages 75·1 v. 72·3%;.The sigmoidal shape of the Gompertz model was more biologically appropriate to describe the initial phases of NDF degradation and was thus applied to the cellulose and hemicellulose degradability data.As the harvesting date progressed through the season, a decrease of the immediately available fraction of DM and nitrogen was generally observed but the effect of harvesting date was not so evident for fibre fractions; the differences within forages were very low. Correlation coefficients between lignin content and total potential degradability of fibre were always high (for NDF, r = −0·96; for hemicellulose r = −0·95; for cellulose r = −0·79; P < 0·001), while the acid-detergent fibre content influenced DM and nitrogen total potential degradability (r = −0·91 and −0·82, respectively).

Chemical properties of black cottonwood and balsam poplar

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Swan ◽  
R. M. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Dimension Lumber ◽  
Fraser Valley

Taxonomically, black cottonwood and balsam poplar are varieties of the same species. However, black cottonwood is excluded from the "northern aspen" species group embraced by the National Lumber Grading Agency grading rules for dimension lumber and from the use as core material in softwood plywood. This study examines the chemical properties of these two species varieties to assess whether continuing differentiation in their utilization is justified. Black cottonwood was sampled at three sites in British Columbia (Fraser Valley, Squamish Valley, Kingcome Inlet) and balsam poplar was sampled at three sites in Alberta (Lodgepole, Slave Lake, Lac La Biche). Representative subsamples of wood and bark meal were prepared from each original sample. Black cottonwood and balsam poplar did not differ significantly in lignin content. Within each species, the heartwood had higher lignin contents than the sapwood. The mean extractive content of the female trees is higher than that of the male trees, but this was statistically significant for only the benzene–alcohol extractive content of the black cottonwood sapwood. The pH and acidity did not differ significantly between species. However, there was a large difference between heart-wood and sapwood pH values in both species; sufficient to provide a basis for their differentiation. Acidity values were higher for both sapwoods than for heartwoods. The chemical component contents of black cottonwood and balsam poplar bark were the same, except for the benzene–alcohol extractive content, which was twice as great in balsam poplar. However, the same chemical components were found in each extractive mixture. Results do not provide any basis for separate commercial utilization of these two varieties of the same species.

scholarly journals Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. V. Sifat Kimia Kayu

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Arsyi Rahman Mohammad ◽  
Pito Wargono ◽  
Vendy Eko Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Radial Cross Section ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Teak Wood

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pohon (dbh 28-37 cm) diambil dari tempat tumbuh berbeda yaitu Nglipar, Panggang, dan Playen. Setiap tempat diambil 3 pohon sebagai ulangan dan sampel yang digunakan adalah disk yang diambil dari bagian pangkal. Penampang radial disk dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam. Sifat kimia yang diuji adalah kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%, dan abu. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan kayu jati dewasa dari tegakan Randublatung (Perhutani). Kisaran nilai kimia dari komponen dinding sel kayu jati Gunungkidul adalah kadar holoselulosa 75,76-79,74%, á-selulosa 46,72-50,90%, hemiselulosa 27,41-30,14%, lignin 29,22-32,80%, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% sebesar 16,43-17,35%. Selanjutnya, kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, dan abu adalah 5,04-10,77%, 2,74-7,85%, dan 0,60-1,66%, secara berurutan. Interaksi antara kedua faktor berpengaruh nyata pada kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan ekstraktif etanol-toluena. Faktor tempat tumbuh berpengaruh nyata pada kadar abu sedangkan faktor radial berpengaruh nyata pada kadar kelarutan dalam air panas dan abu. Kayu jati dari Gunungkidul memberikan nilai rerata kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena dan abu yang lebih rendah sedangkan nilai di parameter lainnya masih dalam kisaran nilai kayu jati dari Randublatung.Kata kunci: Tectona grandis, sifat kimia, hutan rakyat, arah radial, Gunungkidul AbstractThis study aimed to explore the chemical properties of teak wood grown in community forests from Gunungkidul Regency. Trees (dbh 28-37 cm) were selected from three different sites i.e. Nglipar, Panggang, and Playen. Three trees were cut from each site and disks were taken from the base of the trees. The disk in radial cross section was divided into 3 parts: sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood. Chemical properties tested were holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ethanol-toluene extractives, hot-water soluble extractives, solubility in NaOH 1%, and ash contents. Mature teakwoods from Randublatung (Perhutani plantation) were used for comparison purpose.The values range of chemical composition in the cell wall components of the Gunungkidul teak wood were holocellulose content 75.76-79.74%, , á-cellulose content 46.72-50.90%, hemicellulose content 27.41-30.14%, lignin content 29.22-32.80%, and solubility in NaOH 1% 16.43-17.35%. Further, the ethanol-toluene extractive, hot-water soluble, and ash content values ranged from 5.04 to 10.77%, 2.74-7.85%, and 0.60-1.66%, consecutively. Interaction between two factors affects significantly to holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, and ethanol-toluene extractive contents. The growth-site significantly influence on the ash contents as radial factor has significantly affect on the levels of hot water soluble extractives and ash content. The amounts of ethanol-toluene extractive and ash contents of Gunungkidul teak wood showed the lower values than those of teak from Randublatung. The values of other parameters were remain in the range of value of teak from Randublatung. 

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