The Effect of Sanctions on Cooperative Behavior: A Study on Medium Trust Individuals in the Context of Corruption

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Rosiana ◽  
Achmad Djunaidi ◽  
Indun Lestari Setyono ◽  
Wilis Srisayekti
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Personal Interests

This study aims to describe the effect of sanctions (individual sanctions, collective sanctions, and absence of sanctions) on cooperative behavior of individuals with medium trust in the context of corruption. Both collective sanctions and individual sanctions, are systemic, which means sanctioning behavior is exercised not by each individual but by the system. Cooperative behavior in this context means choosing to obey rules, to reject acts of corruption and to prioritize public interests rather than the personal interests. Conversely, corruption is an uncooperative behavior to the rules, and ignores the public interest and prioritizes personal interests. Research subjects were 62 students. The Chi-Square Analysis was used to see the association between the variables and the logistic regression model was applied to describe the structure of this association. Individual sanction is recommended as punishment to medium trust individuals to promote cooperative behavior in the context of corruption. The results showed that individuals with medium trust had more cooperative behavior.

Femoral head to lower lumbar neural foramen distance as a novel radiographic parameter to predict postoperative stretch neuropraxia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Alex S. Ha ◽  
Meghan Cerpa ◽  
Justin Mathew ◽  
Paul Park ◽  
Joseph M. Lombardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Adult Spinal Deformity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Curve Correction ◽  
Neural Foramen ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Lower Lumbar ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVE Lumbosacral fractional curves in adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients often have sharp coronal curves resulting in significant pain and imbalance. Postoperative stretch neuropraxia after fractional curve correction can lead to discomfort and unsatisfactory outcomes. The goal of this study was to use radiographic measures to increase understanding of the relationship between postoperative stretch neuropraxia and fractional curve correction. METHODS In 62 ASD patients treated from 2015 to 2018, radiographic review was performed, including measurement of the distance between the lower lumbar neural foramen (L4 and L5) in the concavity and convexity of the lumbosacral fractional curve and the ipsilateral femoral heads (FHs; L4–FH and L5–FH) in pre- and postoperative anteroposterior spine radiographs. The largest absolute preoperative to postoperative change in distance between the lower lumbar neural foramen and the ipsilateral FH (ΔL4/L5–FH) was used for analysis. Chi-square analyses, independent and paired t-tests, and logistic regression were performed to study the relationship between L4/L5–FH and stretch neuropraxia for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS Of the 62 patients, 13 (21.0%) had postoperative stretch neuropraxia. Patients without postoperative stretch neuropraxia had an average ΔL4–FH distance of 16.2 mm compared to patients with stretch neuropraxia, who had an average ΔL4–FH distance of 31.5 mm (p < 0.01). Patients without postoperative neuropraxia had an average ΔL5–FH distance of 11.1 mm compared to those with stretch neuropraxia, who had an average ΔL5–FH distance of 23.0 mm (p < 0.01). Chi-square analysis showed that patients had a 4.78-fold risk of developing stretch neuropraxia with ΔL4–FH > 20 mm (95% CI 1.3–17.3) and a 5.17-fold risk of developing stretch neuropraxia with ΔL5–FH > 15 mm (95% CI 1.4–18.7). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of developing stretch neuropraxia were 15:1 with a ΔL4–FH > 20 mm (95% CI 3–78) and 21:1 with a ΔL5–FH > 15 mm (95% CI 4–113). CONCLUSIONS The novel ΔL4/L5–FH distances are strongly associated with postoperative stretch neuropraxia in ASD patients. A ΔL4–FH > 20 mm and ΔL5–FH > 15 mm significantly increase the odds for patients to develop postoperative stretch neuropraxia.

Public Servitudes for the Certain Types of Facilities Placing: Towards a Discussion on Public Interest Presence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Ushakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Private Interest ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Arbitrary Decision ◽  
The Right

From the standpoint of the dominant interest criterion the article examines the justification of the legislator`s decision to apply public law methods in order to regulate relations concerning the use of land for infrastructural facilities placing. The author gives the arguments in favor of understanding the public interest as the interest of the whole society as a system, rather than the interest of an indefinite range of persons or the majority of the population. The author concludes that there is the simultaneous presence in the specified legal relations and private interests of the participants of legal relations, and public interests of society as a system. Both types of interests in these legal relations are important, but in terms of different aspects of the legal impact mechanism. Public interest is important because its realization is the purpose of legal regulation of this type of legal relations, from this point of view it acts as a dominant interest. The private interest of the holder of a public servitude is important as an incentive to attract the efforts of private individuals to achieve a publicly significant goal. The private interest of a land plot owner is important from the point of view of securing the right of ownership. It is substantiated that the public servitude is not an arbitrary decision of the legislator, but an example of application of the incentive method in the land law, which provides a favorable legal regime for a socially useful activity.

Parody and Moral Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Personal Interests ◽  
Scope Of Protection

This chapter examines the relationship between parody and an author’s moral rights. It first traces the evolution of the concept of moral rights as a means of providing protection not only of the authors’ personal interests but also the public interest before discussing the reasons why moral rights might conflict with parodies. It considers two competing theories underlying the protection of authorial interests—the ‘monist’ theory and the ‘dualist’ theory—and their implications for the parody exception. It also explains how jurisdictions differ in the nature and scope of protection afforded to moral rights, noting that the parody exception in ‘copyright’ law does not extend to moral rights. The chapter goes on to explore the author’s paternity and integrity rights as well as their right against false attribution. It shows that, in the case of parodies, an overlap exists between the regimes applied to moral and economic rights.

The Predictive Value of Micrometastasis in Nonsentinel Lymph Nodes

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Glasgow ◽  
Nikhil Satchidanand ◽  
Gopal Chandru Kowdley
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Dissection ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Node Positive Disease ◽  
Completion Axillary Dissection ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The rate of micrometastatic disease (MMD) to nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs) has been shown to vary considerably in the literature. We identified patients with breast cancer with MMD (N1mi) and measured the incidence of NSLN involvement. We then compared these patients with those who had no metastasis to the SLN (N0) and those who had macrometastasis to the SLN (N2) in an attempt to better understand the behavior of patients with N1mi positivity. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 574 patients with invasive breast cancer between January 2000 and December 2007. Patients were stratified into three groups: no metastasis (N0), MMD (N1mi), and macrometastasis (N2). Chi square analysis and logistic regression models using SPSS software were applied to determine significance between groups. MMD rate was 7.7 per cent (44 of 574). Of this subset of patients, 33 underwent completion axillary dissection, and only two were found to have NSLN-positive disease. Statistical significance was achieved for NSLN positivity when comparing all three nodal groups against one another (χ22,572 = 337.084, P = 0.000). Logistic regression showed multifocality and lymphovascular invasion to be significant predictors of NSLN metastasis. NSLN positivity in patients with MMD acts similarly to node-positive disease and therefore cannot completely exclude axillary dissection from therapeutic algorithm.

scholarly journals Gender and Age Differences in the Study Plan of University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary I Okagbue ◽  
Sheila A Bishop ◽  
Anjoreoluwa E Boluwajoko ◽  
Adaeze M Ezenkwe ◽  
Glory N Anene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Study Plan

<p class="0abstract">Effective study plan is a predictor of good academic performance. However, there are few evidences available on the role of gender and age in the study plan for students. This paper investigated the role of gender and age in the adoption of study plan that can guarantee success. A questionnaire was designed and administered to undergraduate students of a world class privately funded university located in Ogun State, Nigeria. Simple random sampling was used and 294 students responded. Chi-square test of independence revealed that gender and age are not associated with frequency of study, study environment, study content preferences and study motivation. There is no Gender difference in the preference of study type, factors that drive, motivation for study and satisfaction with the study plan whereas, age is significantly associated. The logistic regression model was significant and correctly classified 66.3% of satisfaction with the study plan. Gender was not significant and age of students can predict their satisfaction with their study plan. Older students have more odds to be satisfied with their study plan. As students progressed from year one to the final year, they tend to adopt a study plan that can help them obtain high grades and graduate with good result. Artificial Neural Network correctly classified 71.4% of satisfaction using only age as the only factor because, only age contributed significantly to the logistic regression model. Timely academic advising or mentorship is advocated especially for freshers.</p>

ESTIMATION OF HAIR ARSENIC AND STATISTICAL NATURE OF ARSENICOSIS IN HIGHLY ARSENIC EXPOSED BANGLISH VILLAGE IN COMILLA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD. SHAFIQUL ISLAM ◽  
KOICHIRO SERA ◽  
TOSHIHIRO TAKATSUJI ◽  
MD. ANWAR HOSSAIN ◽  
TSUYOSHI NAKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Pixe Method ◽  
Total Environment

This study was carried out to investigate biological and statistical nature of arsenicosis risks on a severely arsenic ( As ) affected population in the Banglish village in Comilla district of Bangladesh. Subject's hair As and vegetables As levels were estimated by PIXE method, and arsenicosis status of the subject was examined by a physician. Arsenicosis was found in 45% female and 61% male subjects. Arsenic levels > 0.50 ppm showed greater arsenicosis risks that significantly varied with subject's sex and age. Unlike children, young (≥10 years) to middle aged (~49 years) population were significantly affected by arsenicosis. Logistic regression model analysis showed that arsenicosis risks are not only the devastating toxicity of As accumulation in human body through ingestion of contaminated drinking water, but the summation of all sources of As accumulation. Human hair As levels were found as the biomarker ranging from 0.03-8.3 μg/g in stage I arsenicosis patients, and from 1.1-56.9 ppm in the stage II patients up to 49 age. Hair As level was declined to 2.2-25.5 ppm at > 49 aged population. The findings inferred that groundwater As affecting the public health through contaminating total environment, that in turn posing an alarming situation in the study area.

Legal Characteristics of a Servitude in the Public Interest

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-939
Author(s):  
Renato Vrenčur ◽  
Michael Knaus ◽  
Matjaž Tratnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Limited Duration

Servitudes (easements) traditionally include the right to use foreign property. Specific types of servitudes are servitudes in the public interest. These are set up either in favour of the state, municipalities or operators of utilities. These servitudes are subject to some specific rules. For example, servitude in the public interest is established to carry out an undertaking for the operation of economic activity, i.e. to pursue public interests. It is needed for the duration of the use of public infrastructure; therefore, Article 227 of SPZ, under which a servitude may only be established for a limited duration of not more than thirty years, is not suitable for these servitudes. Furthermore, these servitudes are not independently transferable; they are transferred together with the right to operate economic public infrastructure. The authors discuss in particular the specific legal nature of a servitude in the public interest.

scholarly journals Analysis and evaluation of Lithuanian public interest companies audit market

2014 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Darius Vaicekauskas
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Prior Literature

The article investigates audit companies‘ specialization among the public interest companies of Lithuania. Prior literature explores various advantages of industry auditors – auditors who specialize in particular industries while enhancing the main part of clients in the industry branch. Industry auditors reach higher level of audit quality, while making more effective planning decisions, assessing more effectively client‘s business risk, as well as the risk of material misstatement, complying at highest rate with auditing standards. 154 public interests companies of Lithuania were analysed in order to assess whether the is a trend of auditors‘ specialization in a market of public interest companies in Lithuania. Results of the research imply auditors tending to specialize themselves in mainly all branches of industries, reaching highest rate of clients in particular industry of pension funds, investment funds and credit institutions. The results also disclose some evidence of industry auditors keeping their audit prices at higher level than their competitors, as well as their reputation being quite stable reaching more adds than losses. Issues concerning industry expertise auditors‘ quality significantly affects auditors‘ reputation. The results of the research taken support conclusions of vast body of prior researches on auditors‘ specialization implying that particular industry auditors may achieve and enhance higher level of audit quality.

scholarly journals Menegakkan Kembali Perilaku Gotong – Royong Sebagai Katarsis Jati Diri Bangsa

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kukuh Setyo Pambudi ◽  
Dwi Sri Utami
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Collaborative Culture ◽  
Mutual Help ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Personal Interests

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perilaku gotong-royong sebagai katarsis jati diri bangsa yang tengah banyak ditinggalkan. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan kajian pustaka sebagai tulang punggung utama pengumpulan data. Saat ini identitas Budaya Kolektif dari bangsa Indonesia mulai luntur. Tren meninggalkan budaya kolektif juga semakin kuat jika melihat tren masyarakat yang mulai abai dengan kepentingan Umum dan lebih mementingkan kepentingan pribadi. Oleh karena itu mengembalikan masyarakat pada Jati Diri dan nilai bangsanya menjadi sangat krusial. Perilaku gotong – royong yang pada jaman dahulu menjadi roh budaya kolektif agaknya dapat ditegakkan lagi. Perilaku gotong – royong merupakan perilaku saling membantu, bentuk solidaritas dan sinergi antar masyarakat. Perilaku ini dapat menjadi strategi meningkatkan kembali nilai – nilai. Kolektivitas yang mulai luntur. Menegakkan kembali perilaku gotong – royong yang pernah menjadi ruh pemersatu bangsa yang dulu pernah ada, akan dapat menjadi katarsis untuk mengembalikan budaya bangsa. Oleh karena itu nilai – nilai dan perilaku gotong royong harus ditegakkan kembali guna mengembalikan Jati Diri Bangsa Indonesia ke arah yang seharusnya. This study aims to describe the behaviour of cooperation as a catharsis of national identity that is being largely abandoned. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with literature review as the main backbone of data collection. Currently, the collective cultural identity of the Indonesian nation is starting to fade. The trend of leaving a collaborative culture is also getting more assertive if you look at the trend in society that is beginning to ignore the public interest and prioritize personal interests. Therefore, returning society to the identity of its nation and the value of its people is very crucial. It seems that the cooperation behaviour, which in ancient times became the spirit of a collective culture, can be reinforced. Cooperation behaviour is the behaviour of mutual help, a form of solidarity and synergy between communities. This behaviour can be a strategy to increase the collectivity values that are starting to wear off. Re-enforcing the cooperation behaviour that was once the unifying spirit of the nation that once existed, will be a catharsis to restore the nation's culture. Therefore, the values and behaviour of cooperation must be re-enforced to return the Indonesian National Identity to the direction it should be.

scholarly journals PUBLIC INTEREST IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1062
Author(s):  
Vitaly V. Kikavets
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Government

The basis of legal relations in public procurement are private and public interests. The purpose of the study is a substantive assessment of the authors hypothesis that the purpose of legal regulation and financial support of public procurement is to satisfy the public interest expressed in the form of a public need for goods, works, and services. The methodological basis of the study rests on historical and systematic approach, analysis, synthesis and comparative-legal methods. The results of the analysis of normative legal acts regulating public procurement, doctrinal literature and practice showed that public interest denounced in the form of public need is realized through public procurement. Public and private interests can be realized exclusively jointly since these needs cannot objectively be met individually. In general, ensuring public as well as private interests boils down to defining and legally securing the rights and obligations of the customer and their officials, which safeguards them in the process of meeting public needs through public procurement. The study revealed the dependence of the essence of public interest on the political regime, which determines the ratio of public and private interests. Public interest in public procurement is suggested to understand as the value-significant selective position of an official or another person authorized by the government, which is expressed in the form of the public need for the necessary benefit; gaining such benefit involves both legal regulation and financial security. The purpose of legal regulation of public procurement is to satisfy public interest. These concepts should be legally enshrined in Law No. 44-FZ.

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