scholarly journals Recognizing the Inherent Variability in Dipteran Colonization and Decomposition Rates of Human Donors in Sydney, Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Angela D. Skopyk ◽  
Shari L. Forbes ◽  
Hélène N. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Human Decomposition ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Rates Of Decay ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days ◽  
Sydney Australia

Introduction: Human decomposition is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors including entomological activity, which can result in variability in the decomposition process.  In death investigations, forensic entomology, the study of insects in a legal context, is the preferred method to estimate a post-mortem interval after pathologist methods are no longer applicable.  The purpose of the current study was to document the primary dipteran colonization and rates of decay during the decomposition processes of human donors with known causes of death.  Methods: Five consenting human donors were placed in a forested area at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER) in Sydney, Australia, and allowed to decompose in a natural environment.  Temperature and humidity were monitored hourly while other factors like colonizers and decomposition stage were recorded at each visit to the site.  Thermal summation, called Accumulated Degree-Days (ADD), was calculated to compare the rates of decay. Results: Results show that no two donors followed the same rate of decomposition.  There were instances of delayed dipteran colonization, which resulted in slowed decomposition rates.  Differences in rates of decay between donors could also have been influenced by intrinsic factors such as size, clothing and peri-mortem treatments.  Conclusions: This research supports the larger body of research involving the pre-colonization interval of insects, emphasizing the numerous variables that can affect colonization. Further research into the pre-colonization interval, and factors that affect it, should be performed using human donors to better understand how this knowledge can be applied to death investigations.

Institutional Environment, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention of Company Employees

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Devi Angrahini Anni Lembana ◽  
Yu Yu Chang ◽  
Wen Ke Liang
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.

The Chemistry Decomposition in Human Corpses

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Gabriela Ioan ◽  
Cristiana Manea ◽  
Bianca Hanganu ◽  
Laura Statescu ◽  
Laura Gheuca Solovastru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Chemical Decomposition ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Human Decomposition ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Decomposition Stages

Human body is a complex of organic substances (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), which undergo chemical decomposition processes soon after death. The compounds released during decomposition characterize the development of different stages of this process: e.g. biogenic amines resulted from the proteins decomposition will confer the particular smell of a cadaver, gases resulted from carbohydrates fermentation will give the bloating aspect of the cadaver. The study of cadaver decomposition and the products resulted from this process is the subject of human taphonomy and is realized nowadays in special facilities in USA and Australia. Identification and analysis of the chemical compounds emerged after human decomposition (gases, liquids, salts) give valuable information to forensic pathologists for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). More, volatile compounds � which give the odor signature�specific to human remains � may be utilized in identifying clandestine burials, human remains or victims entrapped under ruins in cases of natural disasters. In this paper the authors describe the chemical decomposition stages of human cadavers, the factors influencing these processes and utility for the forensic activity of the results of human taphonomic studies.

scholarly journals Modulation of odour-guided behaviour in mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 383 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Sharon R. Hill ◽  
Rickard Ignell
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Enhancing Resources ◽  
Maturation Age ◽  
Behavioural Repertoire

AbstractMosquitoes are emerging as model systems with which to study innate behaviours through neuroethology and functional genomics. Decades of work on these disease vectors have provided a solid behavioural framework describing the distinct repertoire of predominantly odour-mediated behaviours of female mosquitoes, and their dependence on life stage (intrinsic factors) and environmental cues (extrinsic factors). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how intrinsic factors, including adult maturation, age, nutritional status, and infection, affect the attraction to plants and feeding on plant fluids, host seeking, blood feeding, supplemental feeding behaviours, pre-oviposition behaviour, and oviposition in female mosquitoes. With the technological advancements in the recent two decades, we have gained a better understanding of which volatile organic compounds are used by mosquitoes to recognise and discriminate among various fitness-enhancing resources, and characterised their neural and molecular correlates. In this review, we present the state of the art of the peripheral olfactory system as described by the neural physiology, functional genomics, and genetics underlying the demonstrated changes in the behavioural repertoire in female mosquitoes. The review is meant as a summary introduction to the current conceptual thinking in the field.

scholarly journals Landscape Characteristics Based on Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossing Structures in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Hyunjin Seo ◽  
Chulhyun Choi ◽  
Kyeongjun Lee ◽  
Donggul Woo
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Management ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Crossing Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Wildlife Crossing Structures ◽  
Surrounding Landscape

Roads are notable and responsible for the loss of biodiversity and disruption of wildlife habitats connectivity. Wildlife crossing structures (WCS) help wildlife move between habitats by connecting fragmented habitats. Their effectiveness is affected by various factors. Here, to identify methods for improving the effectiveness of wildlife crossing structures, we controlled the effect of intrinsic factors, such as size, that are difficult to improve in an already installed area, and then, evaluated the differences in extrinsic factors using 12 landscape characteristics. Our results show that 18 wildlife crossing structures were selected with propensity-score (PS) matching method. The surrounding landscape characteristics differed between high-effectiveness wildlife crossing structures and low-effectiveness wildlife crossing structures. Particularly, there was a significant difference between the ‘statutory protected area’ and the ‘edge’ index of the morphological spatial pattern analysis among the landscape characteristic variables derived within 1 km2 of wildlife crossing structures. We empirically demonstrate that characteristics around highly effective WCS, statutory protected areas are widely distributed, and the ratio of edge of MSPA is low (within 1 km2). Therefore, an important outcome of our research is the demonstration that management of WCS itself is important, but conservation of surrounding habitats and landscape management plans are also significant.

Foraging behavior and predation success of the sand viper (Cerastes vipera)

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Subach ◽  
Inon Scharf ◽  
Ofer Ovadia
Keyword(s):  
Length Ratio ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Hunger Level ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Thermal Range ◽  
Capture Success ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Consequent Increase

Activity levels and foraging success of ectotherms are dependent both on extrinsic factors (e.g., ambient temperature) and intrinsic factors (e.g., hunger level). We focus here on activity and foraging of sand vipers ( Cerastes vipera (L., 1758)) (Squamata: Viperidae) in the northwestern Negev desert of Israel. Viper activity is bounded by a specific thermal range, but within this range, temperature does not affect the distance moved. Movement distances are, however, positively correlated with relative humidity. The capture success of lizards, the main prey of this viper, is strongly related both to movement distances of the snake and to the number of the lizard burrows scanned. Body size and shape have a direct effect on the number of burrows scanned and on the number of lizards captured. The increase in capture success with size is probably due to the consequent increase in the range of prey items the sand viper can subdue or handle. Vipers are larger and have a higher mass to length ratio in one of the three study sites, characterized by higher mean annual rainfall and vegetation cover. Finally, females tend to have a higher mass to length ratio than males, which may provide some space within the female body for reproductive materials such as eggs.

Individual Variation in the Strength of Territory Defense in Male Song Sparrows: Correlates of Age, Territory Tenure, and Neighbor Aggressiveness

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Hyman ◽  
Melissa Hughes ◽  
Stephen Nowicki ◽  
William Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Territory Defense ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Territorial Aggression ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Song Sparrows ◽  
Territory Owner ◽  
Older Males

AbstractIn many species, the ability to defend a territory is essential for a male to obtain any reproductive success at all, and even among territorial individuals, variation in the strength of territory defense could have a significant impact on how much reproductive success is obtained. Previous studies have documented consistent individual differences in the vigor with which male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) defend their territories, as measured by the strength of their reactions to territorial intrusions simulated through song playback. Variation in the strength of defense could reflect intrinsic differences among individuals in their resource holding potential (RHP), or variation in extrinsic factors. In this study, we examined whether variation in the strength of territory defense corresponds to differences in intrinsic factors such as the age or experience of the territory owner, the extrinsic factor of the level of aggression shown by neighbours, or both. Results indicate that males that previously held territories on the study site, regardless of whether they were holding the same territory as the previous year, show higher levels of territory defense than males that are new to the study site, and, assuming that returning males are older males, suggest that age is more important than experience on a specific territory in determining strength of territory defense. In addition, we found evidence that males with high levels of territorial aggression tend to be spatially clustered. The pattern observed suggests that a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the expression of individual differences in territorial aggression.

scholarly journals Cell Signaling in Neuronal Stem Cells

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elkin Navarro Quiroz ◽  
Roberto Navarro Quiroz ◽  
Mostapha Ahmad ◽  
Lorena Gomez Escorcia ◽  
Jose Villarreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Neuronal Stem Cells ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Temporal Space ◽  
Current State ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The defining characteristic of neural stem cells (NSCs) is their ability to multiply through symmetric divisions and proliferation, and differentiation by asymmetric divisions, thus giving rise to different types of cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A strict temporal space control of the NSC differentiation is necessary, because its alterations are associated with neurological dysfunctions and, in some cases, death. This work reviews the current state of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transcription in NSCs, organized according to whether the origin of the stimulus that triggers the molecular cascade in the CNS is internal (intrinsic factors) or whether it is the result of the microenvironment that surrounds the CNS (extrinsic factors).

scholarly journals Investigating Intrinsic & Extrinsic factors of job motivation of Health Network Employees in Kuhdasht city in 2018

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Health Network ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Administrative Service ◽  
Job Motivation ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors ◽  
The Way

Introduction:In recent decades, job strategies are moving forward to motivate employees. Most organizations have tried to use these strategies to improve their efficiency and optimize their resources. For the success of an organization, prominent employees are very important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the internal and external factors of job motivation among employees of health network of Kuhdasht city. Materials and methods: The study was descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional.The statistical population consisted of the healthcare network staff. 309 employees were selected through systematic random sampling. To gather information, the Herzberg questionnaire was used which included the variables of the Intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job motivation.Demographic factors were investigated.Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and Pearson and Spearman correlation, independent t tests and one-way analysis of variance. Findings:The average score of the Intrinsic factors of the job motivation was 56.02 and the standard deviation was 9.4 and the mean score of the extrinsic factors of the job motivation was 80.4 with a standard deviation of 9.02.The average score of extrinsic factors was higher than the external ones. Among the Intrinsic factors, the average score of knowledge and appreciation was higher than the rest of the factors, and in the extrinsic factors the relationship between the factors of communicationand the way of supervision was higher than the rest.There was no significant relationship between age, marital status, place of service and type of place of service with Intrinsic and extrinsic factors score and total amount of job motivation. There was a meaningless relationship between the staff record with the Intrinsic factors and the level of education and the extrinsic factors. The average score of Intrinsic factors and the total amount of job motivation in female employees was significantly higher than that of male employees. The average score of Intrinsic factors among employees with different occupational categories was significantly different and in the staff of the health care and health services was significantly more than the administrative-service staffs. The score of the Intrinsic factors and the total amount of job motivation was related to the type of staff recruitment, and in the staff with the contractual employment was significantly less than other employees. Conclusion:Although attention to Intrinsic and extrinsic factors is important for job inductance,but attention to employees' relationships, the way of their supervision and appreciation of them have of great importance in creating job motivation. Key words:Intrinsic factor, extrinsic factors, job motivation, Employees, Health Network

scholarly journals Job Satisfaction Among Academicians in Nepal: The Influence of Institutional Sector and Demographic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Bal Ram Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Academic Qualification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Institutional Sector ◽  
Satisfaction Measures

Considering the importance of job satisfaction in teaching, and the ongoing debate regarding the influence of various factors on job satisfaction, this study identifies the status of job satisfaction and examines the influence of institutional sector and demographic factors on job satisfaction among Nepalese academicians. The study sample comprised 156 academicians from different higher-level educational institutions in Nepal, and the data were collected through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that Nepalese academicians are moderately satisfied with their job, in which intrinsic factors appear stronger than extrinsic factors. The findings also demonstrated that the institutional sector, in favor of public institutions, and academic qualification influence job satisfaction but gender, age, and teaching experience do not influence job satisfaction of academicians. Widespread sampling framework, all-inclusive job satisfaction measures, and remarkable findings have made the study unique and potent.

scholarly journals CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIALISM IN EMPLOYEE'S ATTITUDES

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Alas
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Satisfaction Of Needs

This paper compares people from former socialist countries with those of non‐socialist countries according to their attitudes toward society, trade unions, work and the organisations they work for ‐ based on empirical data from 15 countries. Results indicate that intrinsic factors of job satisfaction in the traditional capitalist countries have a greater correlation with feelings toward the company and general job satisfaction than extrinsic factors. The opposite is true of former socialist countries. Countries with a socialist past have to deal with the satisfaction of needs at a lower level than traditional capitalist countries and this consequently influences attitudes and expectations toward society, trade unions, organisations and work.

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