scholarly journals Lexicography of New Words with the Semantics of Unity and Enmity

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
A. V. Shchetinina
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
New Words ◽  
Evaluative Attitude ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Illustrative Material ◽  
Different Parts

The question of the lexicographic description of new words that appeared in the Russian in the period from 2000 to 2020, the thematic groups “Unity” and “Enmity” is considered. A prospectus of an explanatory dictionary of neologisms is presented, namely: the principles of selecting nominations for registration, the structure of a dictionary entry, the rules for describing a lexical unit. It is noted that linguistic facts are registered, in the meanings of which the semes of unity and enmity are contained in the denotative part of the meaning, and words, the semantics of which is determined by the evaluative attitude of the speakers, are not recorded. The inclusion of new linguistic units in the dictionary is substantiated due to their absence in other lexicographic sources or a description in a smaller volume than is planned in the source being created. It is pointed out that the leading principles of registering new words in the dictionary being created are the activity of their use, the integrity of the description and the attitude towards the reflection of the linguistic worldview. Using the example of neologisms of different parts of speech, the structure of a dictionary entry is described, which includes, in addition to the heading word and meaning, grammatical and stylistic characteristics, information about the origin and valence, illustrative material demonstrating variants of use in speech, equivalent lexical units, antonyms and derivatives.

scholarly journals Linguistic Means of Evaluation of Quantity in Texts Containing Numerical Lexemes

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01115
Author(s):  
Natalia Kim ◽  
Andrey Narushevich
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Combine Evaluation ◽  
Primary Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Linguistic Means

This article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means of explicating evaluation in utterances containing numerals. The evaluation of certain amounts and numbers can be encountered at all levels of linguistic expression. It is shown that both quantitative and axiological evaluation of a certain number or amount, expressed by a numeral, can be verbalized at the surface level of the semantic structure of the utterance with either stylistically colored or neutral lexemes that belong to different parts of speech. Stylistically colored lexemes often combine evaluation semes (such as “a lot” and “bad”). The evaluation of a certain number expressed by a numeral with the primary meaning can be detected as a hidden presupposition and / or communicative meaning of a statement including a numerical lexeme. Pragmatic factors that determine the evaluation are considered. It is noted that in speech, explicit and implicit ways of expressing evaluation can be combined, which leads to an “amplification” of the evaluation and is manifested in the simultaneous use of linguistic units of different levels.

Adult offer, word-class, and child uptake in early lexical acquisition

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 250-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve V. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Different Parts

How do adults offer new words from different parts of speech? This study examined the offers in book-reading interactions for 48 dyads (parents and children aged 2- to 5-years-old). The parents relied on fixed syntactic frames, final position, and emphatic stress to highlight unfamiliar words. As they talked to their children about the referent objects, events, or scenes, they also linked new words to other terms in the pertinent semantic domain, thereby presenting further information about possible meanings. Children attended to new words, often repeating them in the next turn, and, as they got older, they too related new words to familiar terms as they talked about their referents with their parents. These data add further evidence that interaction in conversation supports the process of language acquisition.

Conversion in Albanian

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-600
Author(s):  
Rrahman Paçarizi
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Approach ◽  
Lexical Approach

Abstract Conversion is a unique way of forming new words, when derived word has the same shape as the original word. In traditional grammars, quite dominant is the definition that during conversions there is a change in the belonging of the part of speech or at least the change of the syntactic category of the word, without any change in the shape. The morpho-syntactic approach is based solely on changing the part of speech, while the lexical approach relies on the creation of the new lexical unit. This paper is an effort to expanded approach and perspective, because conversion in Albanian occurs also within the same parts of speech, or without changing it. While in English and German conversion is one of the most productive ways of word formation, in French, Spanish and Slavic languages it hardly exists. Italian applies conversion in a slightly different way. Albanian, on the other hand, is extremely advanced in this respect, since we have identified more than 500 cases of undoubted conversion as well as hundreds of cases of polysemy with a tendency of dissolution with high chances of differentiation of meaning, making those words new lexical units.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF A DIALECT DICTIONARY OF GENDER-SPECIFIC LEXIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Татьяна Алексеевна Демешкина ◽  
Мария Анатольевна Толстова
Keyword(s):  
Male And Female ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
Source Study ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sociocultural Interaction ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Illustrative Material

Введение. Новизна исследования определяется тем, что впервые в отечественной лексикографии создается словарь, отражающий мужскую и женскую сферу в их сложном социокультурном взаимодействии и региональной специфике. В словарь включены динамические параметры гендерной лексики, в результате чего расширяются его информативные возможности. Актуальность создания словаря гендерно маркированной лексики связана с необходимостью формирования источниковедческой базы для изучения Сибири как территории устойчивого развития. Вместе с тем он может быть использован диалектологами, этнографами, антропологами при выявлении факторов, способствующих сохранению и трансформации традиционной культуры Сибири. Целью исследования является разработка концепции словаря гендерно маркированной лексики, отражающей представления о мужчинах и женщинах в говорах Среднего Приобья. Материал и методы. В качестве источника использованы автобиографические тексты, записанные с 1946 по 2016 г. на территории распространения старожильческих говоров Среднего Приобья. Исследование осуществляется с применением лексикографического метода, достоинство которого заключается в том, что с помощью него можно детально изучить объекты лексикографирования, их особенности, функционирование в языке. Результаты и обсуждение. В состав словаря включены гендерно маркированные лексические единицы, входящие в гендерную концептосферу. В словарь входят как прямые номинации концептов (ядро номинативного поля), так и номинации отдельных когнитивных признаков концепта (периферия номинативного поля). Словник сформирован по тематическому принципу и содержит следующие группы гендерно маркированной лексики: общее наименование человека в зависимости от принадлежности к полу; номинации, указывающие на возраст и статус в браке; единицы, отражающие статус в семейной иерархии; номинации, репрезентирующие биологические признаки, характерные только для лиц определенного пола; номинации, отражающие черты характера, внешность; называющие мужчин и женщин по роду занятий, профессиональной деятельности, выполняемым трудовым процессам; обрядовые слова; наименования, характеризующие женскую и мужскую сферу. Заключение. Представляемый словарь дополняет многоаспектное описание говоров Среднего Приобья и в то же время способствует выявлению новых аспектов в анализе гендера. Концепция словаря базируется на теоретических положениях гендерной диалектологии и диалектной лексикографии. Все компоненты словарной статьи (заглавное слово, дефиниции, пометы, иллюстративный материал) отражают богатство народной речи, свидетельствуют о более дробном членении мира, проводимом на других основаниях, нежели в литературном языке, и отражающем специфику сельского социума и традиционной культуры. Introduction. The purpose of this research is to develop the concept of a dictionary of gender-marked vocabulary, which reflects the concepts of male and female in the Middle Ob region dialects. The study is novel in that it shows the creation of a dictionary that reflects the male and female spheres in their complex sociocultural interaction and regional specifics for the first time in Russian lexicography. The dictionary includes dynamic parameters of gender vocabulary, and as a result their informative capabilities are expanded. The applicabiliry of creating a dictionary of gender-marked vocabulary is coming from the nesessity to form a source study base for studying Siberia as a structure of steadfast development. At the same time, it can be used to identify factors contributing to the preservation of the traditional Siberian culture. Material and methods. Autobiographical texts recorded from 1946 to 2016 on the territory of century-old traditional dialects distribution in the Middle Ob region are used as the source. The study is carried out using the lexicographical method, the advantage of which is that one can study in detail the objects of lexicography, as well as their features and functioning in the language. Results and discussion. The dictionary includes gender lexical units that are part of the gender conceptual sphere. The dictionary includes both direct nominations of concepts (the core of the nominative field) and the nominations of individual cognitive features of a concept (periphery of the nominative field). The dictionary is formed according to the thematic principle and contains the following groups of gender-marked vocabulary: general denomination of a person depending on gender; nominations indicating age and marital status; units reflecting family hierarchy status; denominations representing biological features that are specific only to a certain gender individuals; nominations reflecting traits of character, appearance; ones that call men and women by professional activities, labor processes; ceremonial words; nominations, characterizing the female and male spheres. The structure of the dictionary entry consists of three main parts: headword part, interpretation part of the capital lexical unit, illustrative part. Conclusion. The dictionary supplements the multifaceted description of the Middle Ob dialects. At the same time, it contributes to the new aspects’ identification in gender analysis. The concept of the dictionary is based on the theoretical provisions of gender dialectology and dialect lexicography. All components of a dictionary entry (headword, definitions, notes, illustrative material) reflect the richness of folk speech, testify to a more fragmented division of the world, carried out on other grounds than in the literary language, and reflecting the specifics of rural society and traditional culture.

scholarly journals DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO CONVERSION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3(84)) ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
N. Guliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
English Language ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Structural Relationship ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Different Parts

The article investigates conversion as a means of forming new words without adding any derivative element, when the basic form of the original and the basic derived words are homonymous having the same morphological structure, but belonging to different parts of speech. It is said that In the course of the historical development grammatical forms in English were lost and there exists no inflexion to distinguish the form of the verb from a noun and this is considering as widespread word formation in English. It also studies conversion being a type of word-building – not a pattern of structural relationship. Synchronically both types – a noun and a verb must be treated together as cases of patterned homonymy, while studying diachronically, it is essential to differentiate the cases of conversion and treat them separately. It is emphasized that it is not easy to say definitely which of the members was derived, the results of synchronic and diachronic analysis may not coincide. That means that what is understood under conversion in Modern English does not fully and necessarily coincide with earlier periods of the development of the language.

An Author’s Contrastive Dictionary as an Experimental Lexicographical Form

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Mariya A. Bobunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Text ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Cluster Approach ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Group Words ◽  
Comparative Description ◽  
Different Parts

At the turn of the 21st century, a new trend appeared in lexicographic practice. It was named contrastive lexicography. Contrastive dictionaries proved useful first of all as necessary reference books in learning and teaching foreign languages, and translating. In another domain, folklore lexicography, contrastive dictionaries became dictionary projects of linguafolklorists from Kursk, Russia. The method of comparative description tested on the folk material was applied to the literary text. This led to the idea of creating an author’s contrastive dictionary. The poetry by Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet was chosen as the material of the tentative dictionary. The article describes the stages of the dictionary compilation and its original micro- and macro-structure. An essential macrostructural issue of the dictionary is the choice of words and the order of entries. It is accentuated that the topical, not alphabetic, structure of the dictionary enables to reveal the consistency and the inner hierarchy of single fragments of the poetic world picture and helps to identify their place in the poets’ idiolects. The authors of the dictionary employed the cluster approach. The cluster is understood as a group words which belong to different parts of speech and are linked semantically, functionally and derivationally. The dictionary comprises eight clusters which represent three massive fragments: World of Nature, World of Human and World’s Characteristics. Special attention is paid to dictionary entries of a double unit type. If an entry contains no comparative part, the unit turns into a left- or right-sided “lacuna” type entry. For poetic language description, the authors of the dictionary used the parameter structure of a dictionary entry; this structure comprises compulsory and optional components. The syntagmatic zone of a dictionary entry, which reflects all textual word links within the poetic line and the neighboring lines, was thoroughly analyzed. The research potential of an author’s contrastive dictionary is illustrated by several examples. It is noted that this dictionary is experimental and there are prospects for contrastive dictionaries of different genres, in line with the trends of modern author’s lexicography. Contrastive dictionaries are concluded to be of use in studying the author’s idiolect and in revealing the compared writers’ language uniqueness.

The dynamic processes in the parts of speech in the contemporary Russian language

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
N. A. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Parts

This article examines dynamic morphological processes – the transformation of the parts of speech (namely, attributive verbal forms and verbal nouns), as well as the syncretic cases of zero derivation on the example of young people’s speech. The author has employed the traditional complex method of analyzing the language material, which in turn has used the system of instrumental operations (synonymous rephrasing, downsizing, and opposition method; the latter allows examining the system connections of a word and their influence on the semantics of a word form), oriented towards developing the categorial value; the logico-syntactic and syntagmatic methods aided in determining the grammatical signs of language units. Using as an example the youth jargon, represented in the Dictionary of Colloquial Speech of the City of Arkhangelsk, this article shows the mechanism for transpositioning different word groups into interjections, where several lexem subgroups of the syncretic type function; in addition, the author identifies the basic directions for the different parts of speech transitioning turning into the evaluative vocabulary.

Quintilian on “grammatical homonymy”: The linguistic sensibility of a Roman lawyer

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Uría
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractAfter defining grammatical (as opposed to lexical) homonymy as concerning either inflection or the conflict between different parts of speech, attention is paid to those contexts in which Varro and Quintilian dealt with processes falling under that concept. The paper remarks on the acute distinction Quintilian seems to make between lexical and grammatical homonymy by dealing with the former in relation to rhetoric and the latter within the grammatical chapters of book I. The similarity of Quintilian’s approach to homonymy is then shown with the use Apollonius Dyscolus would later make of the term

Corpus planning and codification in the Hebrew Revival

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-298
Author(s):  
Moshe Nahir
Keyword(s):  
Scholarly Activity ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Communication Needs

The study of the unprecedented revival of Hebrew in (pre-Israel) Palestine (approx. 1890–1914) has focused on the status of the language, because the revival has been rightly viewed as resulting from status planning. However, corpus planning, or codification, also served as a critical component of the Revival. Though Hebrew had been used for almost two millennia in written form, mainly as a language of religion, codification was needed in several areas — selection and harmonization of pronunciation, unification of spelling, etc. Still, the greatest task was adapting the language lexically to the modern world. Codification went on in Hebrew, in fact, for over a millennium by generations of writers and translators of various types of texts, culminating in the formation of a modern literature, probably the most instrumental factor enabling the Revival. Lexicalization in the Revival itself was partly done by the Hebrew Language Committee, but mostly by individuals. Ben-Yehuda drew words from old texts and created his own as a scholarly activity and to meet his lexical needs as a newspaper publisher and the first Hebrew dictionary compiler. Others included the writer and journalist Ben-Avi and the national poet Bialik, who drew words from earlier texts or created their own only when they needed them. Other individuals coined countless words to meet their communication needs — writers, journalists, educators, translators, publishers, editors, and language-conscious political leaders. Apart from drawing words from old texts with their original or new meanings, methods included: coining new words from old roots; using old, dormant words as different parts of speech; reducing expressions into single words; borrowing; loan translation; popular etymology; adding prefixes, suffixes or infixes to existing words; and merging pairs of words into single ones.

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