scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI BERBASIS POWTOON PADA MATERI SEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Aswar Akbar ◽  
Ahmad Ali ◽  
Salahuddin Salahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Style ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Biology Learning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student Test ◽  
Biological Learning

AbstrakPendidikan pada bangku persekolahan terkadang tidak bisa diterima secara totalitas oleh semua peserta didik, dikarenakan peserta didik mempunyai gaya belajar masing-masing sehingga memunculkan sebuah permasalahan dalam proses pembelajarannya, khususnya seorang guru kadang dalam proses mengajar di kelas masih sering menggunakan media papan tulis dan metode ceramah hingga membuat peserta didik merasa bosan dan tidak mampu memahami materi yang disampaikan oleh gurunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran biologi berbasis PowToon yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Penelitian ini mengadaptasi model pengembangan 4-D yang meliputi empat tahap yakni define (pendefenisian), design (perancangan), develop (pengembangan), dan disseminate (penyebaran). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui tingkat kevalidan media pembelajaran biologi berbasis PowToon berada pada kategori sangat valid dengan nilai rerata sebesar 3,66. Tingkat kepraktisan media pembelajaran biologi berbasis PowToon berada pada kategori sangat praktis dengan nilai rerata sebesar 3,53. Hasil tes peserta didik dikategorikan sangat efektif karena mencapai rata-rata hasil belajar 83,54 dengan interval >80). Sehingga media pembelajaran biologi berbasis PowToon layak digunakan karena memenuhi tiga kriteria yakni kevalidan, kepraktisan serta keefektifan. Media pembelajaran biologi berbasis PowToon diharapkan dapat diimplementasikan pada kegiatan pembelajaran di kelas. AbstractEducation in school is sometimes not acceptable in totality by all learners, because learners have their own learning style so that it raises a problem in the learning process, especially a teacher sometimes in the process of teaching in the classroom still often uses whiteboard media and lecture methods to make learners feel bored and unable to capture the material delivered by their teachers. This research aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective PowToon-based biological learning medium. This research adapts the 4-D development model which includes four stages namely define (defining), design (design), develop dessiminate. Based on the results of the study, it is known the the level of validity of the PowToon based biology learning media is in the valid category and the mean value is 3.66. The level of practicality of the PowToon based biology learning media is in the very practical category with an average value of 3.53 student test results are categorized as very effective because they achieve an average learning outcome of 83.54 with intervals (>80). So that the PowToon based biology learning media is feasible to use because it meets three criteria, namely validity, practicality and effectiveness. PowToon based biology learning media is expected to be implemented in classroom learning activities.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Blended Learning Implementation in Ecological Chapters Judging from the Understanding of Students' Concepts

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Elok Dyah Pitaloka ◽  
Slamet Suyanto
Keyword(s):  
Blended Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Biology Learning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

The use of technology in the process of learning activities can create a new atmosphere in biology learning, namely direct learning and learning using quipper school online. Learning like this is known as blended learning. The class used for the study was taken through cluster random sampling technique namely X MIPA 2 (experimental class) which implements blended learning and X MIPA 3 (control class) which implements a scientific approach. The implementation of blended learning on the topic of ecology is expected to be effective towards understanding concepts. Blended learning is effective on understanding concepts in ecological discussion because they fulfill three indicators, namely: (1) the average posttest of the experimental class 74.95> the mean posttest of the control class is 64.98, (2) The value of understanding the concepts to the two classes shows a significant difference with the values significance of 0,000<0,05, (3) Mean value of N-Gain experimental class 0.52> N-Gain mean value of control class 0.32. Thus, the implementation of blended learning in the ecology chapter in terms of understanding the concept is said to be effective.

VALIDITY OF PLANT TISSUE ATLAS FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Yudi Agustira Rahmatullah ◽  
Helendra Helendra ◽  
Ganda Hijrah Selaras ◽  
Ardi Ardi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Biology Learning ◽  
Biological Learning

Biological learning requires students to carry out observations in practical activities as a form of understanding concepts. Based on observations of researchers in class XI of SMAN 3 and SMAN 7 Padang, it was found that the school had carried out practical activities well on biology learning, but students had difficulty in practicing plant tissue. Students do not find clear observations, students are less skilled in using microscopes and making plant preparations, some microscopes have moldy lenses, and the availability of valid practicum media is not available and contains photos of observations of plant tissue, so observing plant tissues what was done did not run smoothly. This research is a development research. The research subjects were 28 students, one teacher, and three lecturers. The instruments used in this study were interview guides and validity questionnaires. Based on the research conducted, products have been produced in the form of Atlas of Plant Networks for SMA / MA. Validity test results with an average value of 3.73. with very valid criteria in terms of the feasibility of content, language and readability, and presentation. So that the Atlas of the Body Network can be said to be a valid media.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI SISWA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE GROUP INVESTIGATION (GI)

PeTeKa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Fitra Halimah Nasution ◽  
Iskandar Safri Hasibuan ◽  
Jalilah Azizah Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Cycle ◽  
Model Type ◽  
Type Group ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Biology Learning

The results can be seen from the test results of student learning on Ecosystem materials are characterized by the level of student learning mastery. In cycle I with an average value of 78.10 and in cycle II with an average value of 84.48. From the average value ofcycleIandcycle II there is an average increase of 13.25. The percentage value in cycle I is 72,41% with enough qualification. And the percentage in cycle II equal to 86,20% with very good qualification. From the results of the test cycle I and cycle II has been an increase in percentage of 13.79%. Student learning activities increase by using the GI learning model. The value of activity percentage in cycle I is 69,4% with enough qualification. In the second cycle of 80.9% with very good qualifications. From the results of student learning activities in cycle I and in cycle II has been an increase in thepercentage of 11.5%. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is an increase in student biology learning outcomes through cooperative learning model type Group Investigation (GI) on Ecosystem material in class X MA. Muhammadiyah 06 Kotanopan as prescribed in the action hypothesis in Chapter II so that the hypothesis of this action is acceptable. Keywords:Learning Outcomes, Application of Cooperative Learning Model Type Group Investigation (GI), Ecosystem.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS SELF-REGULATED LEARNING PADA MATERI KESEIMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN DAN PERUBAHANNYA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF SISWA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1123
Author(s):  
Rindah Permatasari ◽  
Muslimin Ibrahim ◽  
Wahono Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Assessment Scores ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Biology Learning ◽  
Learning Journal ◽  
Environmental Balance

This  research’s aim is  to  produce biology learning devices based  on  Self-Regulated Learning in  subject of environmental balance and change to increase cognitive learning outcome of students. The devices consist of a syllabus, lesson plans, worksheets, handouts contained of student learning journal,  and assessment sheets of learning outcomes. Self-regulated learning aspect are trained is the planning, monitoring and evaluation. The feasibility aspects of this study are based on validity, practicality and effectiveness of the learning devices. This research is developed by using 4D model with one group pretest-posttest design that were tested in 21 students at Senopati senior high school Sidoarjo. The result  showed learning devices is  very  valid  with interval of an assessment scores between 3,3-4 and reliability between 92.9%-99%. Accomplished learning is very well categorized with an interval of assessment scores between 3.5-4  with average reliability by 96%, the average of legibility learning by Gunning fox index was 11 with a moderate criteria and the readability percentage of the learning devices based on readability sheets is 97%, and the students responded positively to the learning devices by 96%. Cognitive learning outcome of students can be seen with the average value of the N-gain of all students by 0.68 with a moderate criteria, classical completeness of 100%, and learning indicators completeness between 2,7-3,6. Based on these research,  it can be concluded that the biology learning devices based Self-Regulated Learning in subject of environmental balance and change is eligible to be used to increase students cognitive learning outcome. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis Self-Regulated Learning pada materi keseimbangan lingkungan dan perubahannya untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan  terdiri dari Silabus, RPP, LKS, Handsout yang terdapat Jurnal belajar siswa, dan Lembar penilaian hasil belajar. Aspek Self-regulated learning yang dilatihkan adalah perencanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi. Kelayakan perangkat pembelajaran dilihat berdasarkan aspek kevalidan, kepraktisan dan keefektifan perangkat pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan model 4D dengan menggunakan One Group Pretest-Posttest Design yang diimplementasikan pada 21 siswa kelas X MIA 1 SMA Senopati Sidoarjo. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perangkat pembelajaran sangat valid dengan interval skor penilaian antara 3,3-4 dan reliabilitas antara 92,9%-99%. Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran berkategori sangat baik dengan interval skor penilaian antara 3,5-4 dengan rerata reliabilitas 96%, rerata tingkat keterbacaan perangkat berdasarkan gunning fox indeks adalah 11 dengan kriteria  sedang, persentase keterbacaan perangkat pembelajaran berdasarkan lembar keterbacaan perangkat pembelajaran sebesar 97% dan siswa  memberikan respon positif terhadap perangkat pembelajaran sebesar 96%. Peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif siswa dilihat dari rerata nilai N-gain seluruh siswa yaitu 0,68 dengan kriteria sedang, ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100%, serta ketuntasan indikator dengan interval 2,7-3,6. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa   perangkat pembelajaran berbasis  Self- Regulated   Learning   pada   materi   keseimbangan   lingkungan   dan   perubahannya   layak   digunakan   untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PORTOFOLIO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA FKIP UNRAM MATA KULIAH REVIEW CURRICULUM AND CONTENT OF MATHEMATICS

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Hayati ◽  
M. Turmuzi ◽  
Syahrul Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Curriculum Review ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Study ◽  
Academic Year

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan  model pembelajaran berbasis portofolio yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV pada mata kuliah Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics  di program studi pendidikan matematika FKIP Universitas Mataram tahun akademik 2011/2012. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan dalam pembelajaran berbasis portofolio adalah: mengidentifikasi masalah, memilih masalah untuk kajian  kelas, mengumpulkan informasi, membuat portofolio kelas, penyajian portofolio dan refleksi pada pengalaman belajar dengan mengambil kesimpulan dan penilaian. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilakukan sebanyak 3 siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan nilai rata-rata dari siklus 1  ke siklus 3, yaitu 68,46; 78,65; dan 77,5. Ketuntasan belajar  dari siklus 1 sampai siklus 3 secara berturut-turut 87,5%; 100%; dan 95,83%. Skor rata-rata aktivitas belajar adalah 3,29 dan 3,42 dengan kategori aktif pada siklus 1,  3,94 dan 3,82 dengan kategori sangat aktif pada siklus 2 , dan pada siklus 3 skor rata-ratanya 4 dengan kategori sangat aktif. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran berbasis portofolio dengan optimal dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV pada mata kuliah Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran berbasis portofolio, aktivitas belajar, dan hasil belajar.      Abstract: This study aims to implement a portfolio-based learning model that can improve the activity and student learning achievements on Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics courses of the fourth semester mathematics education in FKIP Mataram University academic year 2011/2012. The steps taken in the portfolio-based learning are: identifying the problem, selecting issues for classroom study, gather information, create a class portfolio, portfolio presentation and reflection on learning experiences to draw conclusions and evaluation. Action research was carried out in 3 cycles. The results showed that an increase in the average value from cycle 1 to cycle 3, which is 68.46; 78.65, and 77.5. Mastery learning from cycle 1 to cycle 3 respectively are 87.5%, 100% and 95.83%. In cycle 1, the mean score of students' learning activities is 3.29 and 3.42 with active category,. in cycle 2, the mean score is 3.94 and 3.82 with a very active category, and the third cycle, the mean scor is 4 with very active category. From these results it can be concluded that by applying the portfolio based learning models can enhance the activity and student learning achievements of the fourth semester on Curriculum Review and Content of Mathematics course.Keywords: portfolio-based learning, learning activities, and learning achievements.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Menulis Puisi Melalui Media Gambar Berseri Siswa Kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Everhard Markiano Solissa ◽  
Lesly Chriselya Wattimury
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
Poetry Writing ◽  
Student Test ◽  
Classroom Action Research ◽  
Media Learning

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kemampuan menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon. Data penelitian ini berupa hasil tes menulis puisi yang diambil dari setiap siklus. Sampel berjumlah 25 siswa. Data    tes dianalisis menggunakan rumus, yakni nilai siswa diperoleh dari hasil bagi jumlah skor yang diperoleh siswa dengan skor ideal. Hasil tes siswa kemudian dikualifikasi sesuai kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon dengan menggunakan media gambar berseri. Hal itu terlihat dari jumlah siswa yang mencapai KKM  pada siklus pertama yakni  3 orang dengan nilai rata-rata semua siswa 51,70 menjadi 19 orang pada siklus kedua dengan nilai rata-rata semua siswa 75.Kata kunci: Media Gambar Berseri, Peningkatan Hasil Belajar, Menulis Puisi, Penelitian Tindakan KelasABSTRACTThe aims of this research is to improve the ability to write poetry for VIII-1 grade students at SMP Negeri 17 Ambon. The data of this research are in the form of poetry writing test results taken from each cycle. The sample consisted of 25 students. Test data were analyzed using a formula that is the student scores obtained from the results for the total score obtained by students with an ideal score. Student test results are then qualified according to predetermined criteria. The results showed that there was an increase in the learning outcomes of writing poetry for VIII-1 grade students of SMP Negeri 17 Ambon by using serial media. This can be seen from the number of students who reached the KKM in the first cycle namely 3 people with an average value of all students 51.70. It becomes 19 people in the second cycle with an average value of all students 75.Keyword: Serial Image Media, Learning Outcomes Improvement, Writing Poetry, Classroom Action Research

scholarly journals Effects of the Dictogloss Method in Teaching Listening Skills to Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Muhaiminah Akib ◽  
Dian Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Listening Skills ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the dictogloss method in teaching listening to students' listening skills. This research was designed as a quasi-experimental. This study aims to investigate whether a material or treatment yields a different outcome for participants. There are two classes in this study, namely the experimental class (which is a sample to be treated with the dictogloss method) and the control class (using a method other than dictogloss). The results of this study are the results of data analysis showing that the results of learning skills in listening to the experimental group obtained the average value for the initial test of 60.33 and 71 for the final test score. While the control group using conventional methods has a mean value for the initial test of 60.1 and 70 for the final test. T test results also indicate that the significance value is 0,000. The significance value states smaller 0.05, it can be stated that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, which means that there is an influence of the dictogloss method in improving listening skills in students

scholarly journals TRUNK BALANCE EXERCISE LEBIH BAIK DARI PADA STRENGTHENING BACK EXERCISE DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEIMBANGAN KINERJA OTOT ERECTOR SPINE PADA PEMAIN FUTSAL PEMULA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Nasirudin ◽  
Dewa Putu Gde Purwa Samatra ◽  
Wahyuddin ◽  
Susy Purnawati ◽  
Ni Made Linawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Strengthening Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trunk Balance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Better Than

In the game of futsal, work of postural muscle balance needed to maintain the stability of the body for receiving the pass and put the ball into the other team's goal at the time of attack, changing the direction of movement quickly when returning to their respective positions and avoid of back disorder. This research is a form of experimental research that will test the effectiveness of the provision of trunk balance exercise is better than the strengthening of back exercises to improve muscle work balance of erector spine on futsal beginner players, in this study sample will be divided into two groups, the first group will be given trunk balance exercise to improve balance of erectorspine muscles work in futsal begginer players, the second group will be given back strengthening exercise to improve balance of erectorspine muscles work in futsal begginer players.This study was conducted for 6 weeks and the intervention performed 18 times during the study period. Samples measured by surface electromyography to measure work of right and left erector muscle by calculating the proportion of the work on the muscle, the measurement is performed at before the intervention and then intervention in accordance with the grouping which has been divided and then after completion of the intervention, the samples will be re-measured to obtain the value of the intervention.The results of the first group who has been given of trunk balance exercise shows the average value of the before treatment (83.82 ± 2.94) % and the mean value of the after treatment (96.74 ± 2.39) %, and in the second group who has been given strengthening back exercise shows the mean value of the before treatment (88.29 ± 1.89) % and the mean value after treatment (95.91 ± 1.75) %, with the probability value of both groups is 0.000 (p <0.05), and can be expressed there is a significant difference between both groups. In the fourth hypothesis test conducted comparative results of both groups, using independent samples t-test using mean value of the first and second groups, in the first group (12.92 ± 2.94) %, and the second group (7.61 ± 2.12) %, with a probability value 0.000 (p<0.05) and can be expressed in statistical analysis is no significant difference between both treatments were carried out and that means, giving trunk balance exercise is better than back strengthening exercise to improve balance of erector spine muscles work on futsal beginner players.

Tinjauan Amalan Pembelajaran Koperatif Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tingkatan Dua Maktab Rendah Sains MARA

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizi Yahaya ◽  
Noordin Yahaya ◽  
Shahrin Hashim ◽  
Jamaludin Ramli ◽  
Intan Sapinas Bahuri
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Individual Factor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Practice Teacher

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk meninjau tentang faktor yang mempengaruhi amalan pembelajaran koperatif dalam kalangan pelajar Tingkatan Dua di sebuah Maktab Rendah Sains Mara. Responden kajian terdiri daripada 132 orang pelajar Tingkatan Dua di sebuah Maktab Rendah Sains Mara. Nilai kebolehpercayaan Alpha Cronbach untuk item dalam instrumen ini bagi keseluruhan soal selidik ini ialah 0.926. Min keseluruhan bagi faktor diri sendiri adalah 3.88 dengan sisihan piawai 0.52. Pada keseluruhannya, kajian didapati bahawa faktor rakan sebaya merupakan faktor yang paling dominan terhadap amalan pembelajaran koperatif dalam kalangan pelajar Tingkatan Dua di sebuah Maktab Rendah Sains Mara. Cadangan juga telah dikemukakan antaranya adalah responden kajian tidak dihadkan kepada pelajar peringkat sekolah sahaja tetapi boleh melibatkan pelajar dari institusi pengajian tinggi yang lain. Kajian juga diperluaskan kepada banyak sekolah dan menggunakan responden dari kawasan bandar dan luar Bandar. Kata kunci: Diri sendiri; rakan sebaya; amalan pembelajaran koperatif; guru dan suasana sekolah This study was carried out to investigate the influencing factors which affected the cooperative learning styles among form two students in a MRSM. 132 form two students were selected to be the respondents of the study. The reliability and suitability of the questionnaires Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaires was at 0.926. The findings indicated that the cumulative mean value for individual factor is 3.88 with 0.52 for the standard deviation. As for peers, the mean value is 4.18 and the standard deviation value is 0.47 followed by teachers factor with 4.17 for the mean value and 0.47 for the standard deviation value. The final factor is the environment with the mean 4.17 and 0.48 for the standard deviation. The findings demonstrate that the peers play the most important role in affecting the cooperative learning style among form two students in MRSM. From the findings, some suggestions are proposed for further research. Amongst the suggestions are to involve other group of respondents for example students in universities or other higher education institution and also students in urban and rural schools. Key words: Self, peer group; cooperatif learning practice; teacher and school enviroment

The analysis of temperature fluctuations by pulse-counting techniques

1959 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Time Derivative ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Better Than

To determine experimentally the mean value of a randomly fluctuating quantity, it may be necessary to measure the average value over a considerable interval of time. This problem arose in a recent study of the temperature fluctuations over a heated horizontal plate, and a system was used that depended on the counting of electrical pulses generated at a rate proportional to the quantity being measured. The advantage of this technique is that mean values may be measured over time intervals of almost unlimited length with little added difficulty for the experimenter. Circuits are described which measure: (a) the mean square of a fluctuating quantity and of its time-derivative, (b) the statistical distribution of the fluctuations, (c) the mean frequency of the fluctuation assuming a particular value, and (d) the mean product of two fluctuating quantities. Over the range of use, the stability and linearity of the calibrations is better than 1%, more than sufficient for work on natural convection. In its present form, the equipment responds uniformly to all frequencies below 100 c/s, but it would not be difficult to extend this range of response to higher frequencies.

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