scholarly journals The Influence of Transport Infrastructure Development on Bird Diversity and Abundance

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Rashidi ◽  
Atefeh Chamani ◽  
Minoo Moshtaghi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dead Trees

AbstractIn recent decades, detrimental effects of roads have been the focus of numerous studies. Roadways have various negative effects, such as habitat fragmentation, noise and air pollution, on bird communities. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of traffic noise on the bird’s abundance during autumn period. Field operations were performed in a forest located parallel to a main high-traffic highway. The bird’s abundance was recorded using a point counting method at 27 points along three transects (65, 335 and 605 m from the road). The counting at each point was conducted every five minutes and repeated once every week (12 times during autumn). Environmental indices including the number of trees with DBH of over 20 cm, the number of standing dead trees, canopy cover percentage and Leq 30 were also measured. A total of 2950 bird belonging to 30 species were observed. The number of dominant species (more than 10) in the area considerably changed as the distance from the road increased. Leq 30 had the greatest correlation coefficient with bird abundance. Therefore, traffic noise has negative effects on the bird’s abundance in this area.

scholarly journals An experimental investigation into the effects of traffic noise on distributions of birds: avoiding the phantom road

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1773) ◽  
pp. 20132290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. W. McClure ◽  
Heidi E. Ware ◽  
Jay Carlisle ◽  
Gregory Kaltenecker ◽  
Jesse R. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Control Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Migratory Period

Many authors have suggested that the negative effects of roads on animals are largely owing to traffic noise. Although suggestive, most past studies of the effects of road noise on wildlife were conducted in the presence of the other confounding effects of roads, such as visual disturbance, collisions and chemical pollution among others. We present, to our knowledge, the first study to experimentally apply traffic noise to a roadless area at a landscape scale—thus avoiding the other confounding aspects of roads present in past studies. We replicated the sound of a roadway at intervals—alternating 4 days of noise on with 4 days off—during the autumn migratory period using a 0.5 km array of speakers within an established stopover site in southern Idaho. We conducted daily bird surveys along our ‘Phantom Road’ and in a nearby control site. We document over a one-quarter decline in bird abundance and almost complete avoidance by some species between noise-on and noise-off periods along the phantom road and no such effects at control sites—suggesting that traffic noise is a major driver of effects of roads on populations of animals.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BANGUNAN PEREDAM BISING UNTUK MENGURANGI KEBISINGAN LALU LINTAS (STUDI KASUS JALAN ULUWATU II JIMBARAN)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Wayan Suastawa ◽  
D.M Priyantha Wedagama ◽  
IP. Alit Suthanaya
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Noise Threshold ◽  
The Government ◽  
Object Of Study

The present transport activities cause negative effects in the form of various kinds of diseases in the community. The government in this case, it makes use of the guidelines Noise Reduction Building (BPB) to reduce traffic noise. BPB in the design of Highways made ??of konblok ALWA (Artificial Low Weight aggregate) with a height of 2.75 meters was built along the road at a distance of 5 meters from the edge of the pavement. In this study, the noise level will be analyzed without and with unobstructed BPB. This study began from site selection studies, problem identification, goal setting research, development BPB, measuring noise levels without and with BPB analysis of the data and draw conclusions. From the analysis of the results obtained by calculation that the path chosen as the object of study, namely Jalan Uluwatu II Jimbaran without BPB has a noise value of 73.23 dB (A). While the values ??obtained BPB 61.85 decibels A, the value of this noise then most of the raw noise threshold has been exceeded so that some kind of designation of the area should be kept lying on the edge of the pavement. From the calculation of the distance from the edge of pavement to reduce noise levels in order to be secure appropriate noise threshold obtained for the allotment of residential, hospitals, schools and places of worship should be within 24.29 meters from the edge of the pavement. For government offices, public facilities should be located at a distance of 6.79 meters, while for offices, commerce, industry, services and stations could be placed as close as possible but still within the protection of BPB.

Improving state policy in the field of safety and road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
NIKITA OSOKIN ◽  
◽  
NIKITA POPOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Road Work ◽  
Performance Based Contracts

The level of transport infrastructure development directly affects the rate of economic growth. In 2018, in Russia, 67.1 % of the total volume of transported goods were delivered by road transport. However, we cannot talk about the full realization of the road transportation system since 57.6 % of public roads do not meet regulatory requirements. The available statistics indicate that, first of all, attention should be paid to the condition of the roads. The article analyzes the system for road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers the main regulatory documents governing the activities of road work suppliers and executive authorities in the field of road maintenance. The article examines and analyzes the advanced foreign experience in the field of technologies for servicing roads in the winter. As the result of analysis, the authors propose introducing performance-based contracts into the field of the road sector. The creation of an economically feasible form of performance-based contracts can lead to a decrease in the cost of road maintenance by 10-40 %.

scholarly journals IMPROVING ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
N. A. Popov ◽  
N. A. Osokin
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Work ◽  
Determinants Of Economic Growth

The level of transport infrastructure development is one of the key determinants of economic growth. In 2018, 67.1% of all transported goods in Russia were delivered via road transport. However, Russia’s motor transport system has yet to come close to fulfilling its full potential – 57.6% of public roads do not meet regulatory maintenance requirements. The prevailing statistics highlights the task of ensuring the safety of roads. This issue is especially relevant during winter months, when the roads experience maximum climatic and physico-chemical effects. This article analyzes the road safety system of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers the main regulatory documents governing the activities of road work suppliers and executive authorities in the field of road maintenance. The authors analyzed the best foreign practices in road maintenance policy. The main result of the study is the proposal to introduce a mechanism for servicing roads using a performance based contract to replace to cost based road maintenance contracts, which are the most widely applied in Russia.

scholarly journals Response of Reeves’s Pheasants Distribution to Human Infrastructure in the Dabie Mountains over the Last 20 Years

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2037
Author(s):  
Shan Tian ◽  
Jiliang Xu ◽  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
Mingxiang Zhang ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Dabie Mountains ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Line Transects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Human infrastructure development drives habitat loss and fragmentation worldwide. In China, over the last 20 years, rapid infrastructure development impacted the habitats of endangered species. To facilitate conservation efforts, studies of how human infrastructure affects the distribution of Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii), an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and a nationally protected species in China, are critically needed. We assessed how the distribution of Reeves’s pheasant was impacted by human infrastructure development over the past 20 years in the Dabie Mountains, the main distribution range of the species. We surveyed Reeves’s pheasants by direct sightings and indirect evidence through line transects which were randomly distributed in the Dabie Mountains from 2001 to 2002 and 2018 to 2019. We evaluated the variation of the roads and buildings in these areas in the last 20 years, and then modeled the relationship of the distribution of this pheasant with the road and building data from 2000 and 2017. Human infrastructure became more extensively distributed throughout the Dabie Mountains during the period, with all lands within 10 km of a road or a building. The distribution of Reeves’s pheasants became closer to the buildings and roads and there was a significantly positive relationship between the occurrence of Reeves’s pheasants and the distance to the nearest buildings and roads in 2018–2019. These results suggest that the increased density of buildings and roads in the Dabie Mountains may have caused negative effects on Reeves’s pheasants.

scholarly journals Acoustic indices applied to biodiversity monitoring in a Costa Rica dry tropical forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica I. Retamosa Izaguirre ◽  
Oscar Ramírez-Alán
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Bird Richness

Standardized methods for biodiversity monitoring are needed to evaluate conservation efforts. Acoustic indices are used in biodiversity assessments, but need to be compared to traditional wildlife methods. This work was conducted in the Santa Rosa National Park between June and November, 2015. We installed recorders and conducted bird point counts in twelve sampling sites. We compared acoustic indices (Acoustic Evenness Index [AEI], Acoustic Diversity Index [ADI], Acoustic Complexity Index [ACI], Bioacoustic Index [BIO], Normalized Difference Soundscape Index [NDSI], Total Entropy [TE], Median Amplitude Envelope [MAE], Number of peaks [NP]) with indices from bird point counts (Bird Abundance, Bird Richness, Bird Diversity and Bird Evenness), and discuss the utility of acoustic indices as indicators for biodiversity monitoring in tropical forests. ADI, ACI, BIO and TE presented a similar temporal pattern peaking between 5 am and 6 am; and an additional peak at 5 pm, except for ACI. These patterns were consistent with the daily biological rhythms. AEI, ACI, BIO and Bird Abundance were related to characteristics of younger forests (lower percentage of canopy cover) but NP, ADI, TE, Bird Diversity and Bird Evenness were related to characteristics of older forests (higher percentage of canopy cover and a lower number of patches). ACI was positively correlated to Bird Abundance and NP was positively correlated to Bird Diversity. ACI reflects biological activity, but not necessarily a more diverse bird community in this study area. This might be an indication of a strong acoustic competition, or several highly dominant bird species in younger forests. Furthermore, acoustic communities in tropical forests commonly include insects (cicadas) and frogs, which might affect resulting acoustic indices. A variety of methods are probably needed to thoroughly assess biodiversity. However, a combination of indices such as ACI and NP might be considered to monitor trends in abundance and diversity of birds in dry forests.

scholarly journals Analysis of the provision of transport infrastructure in rural areas Republic of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
A. T. Tleuberdinova ◽  
V. B. Kulik ◽  
X. V. Kulik
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
State Infrastructure

The purpose of the study is to determine the role and importance of transport infrastructure for the accelerated development of rural areas, the growth of agro-industrial production and improving the quality of life of the population of villages. In the study was used a structural-functional approach, a review of scientific publications by foreign and domestic scientists devoted to the study of transport problems in rural areas, interregional logistics, the state program for infrastructure development «Nurly Zhol», as well as data from the Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the main trends in the development of the road infrastructure of rural areas of the country, providing economic communication with other territories, the mobility of the rural population. According to the indicators of the density of roads and railways, the coefficients of the provision of transport infrastructure in rural areas of the country's regions are calculated. The regions were grouped into three categories of equipment (high, medium, low), which, according to the authors, allows determining the priority of measures of programs for the construction and reconstruction of roads, as well as the importance of their implementation for the economic recovery of rural areas. Based on the analysis, recommendations on improving the transport infrastructure of rural areas are given, which are of interest to regional and local authorities, state infrastructure development management structures, as well as scientists, doctoral students whose research interests correspond to this topic.

Experimental Evaluation of Turbo-Matching Appropriateness of B60J67, B60J68, A58N70 and A58N72 Turbo-Chargers for a Commercial Vehicle Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Badal Dev Roy ◽  
R. Saravanan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Perfect Match ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Road Test ◽  
The Road ◽  
A Charge ◽  
All Speeds

The Turbocharger is a charge booster for internal combustion engines to ensure best engine performance at all speeds and road conditions especially at the higher load.  Random selection of turbocharger may lead to negative effects like surge and choke in the breathing of the engine. Appropriate selection or match of the turbocharger (Turbomatching) is a tedious task and expensive. But perfect match gives many distinguished advantages and it is a one time task per the engine kind. This study focuses to match the turbocharger to desired engine by simulation and on road test. The objective of work is to find the appropriateness of matching of turbochargers with trim 67 (B60J67), trim 68 (B60J68),  trim 70 (A58N70) and trim 72 (A58N72) for the TATA 497 TCIC -BS III engine. In the road-test (data-logger method) the road routes like highway and slope up were considered for evaluation. The operating conditions with respect various speeds, routes and simulated outputs were compared with the help of compressor map.

Light Railways as the Basic for Transport Infrastructure Development in Northern Territories of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
P.I. Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Research objective: studies of economic and transport infrastructure development in the Arctic and Northern Territories of Russia. Research methodology: analysis of transport infrastructure in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the types of railways used in Russia. Results: economic development of any region is proportional to the development of the road transport infrastructure and logistics. When a conventional railway is operated in the Arctic conditions, it is not always possible to maintain a cargo turnover that would ensure its efficient use, and transshipment from one mode of transport to another is very problematic. A new type of railway is proposed, i.e. a light railway. Conclusions: the proposed new type of transport offers all the main advantages of narrow gauge railroads (high speed of construction, efficiency, etc.) and helps to eliminate their main disadvantage, i.e. the need for transloading when moving from a narrow gauge to the conventional one with the width of 1520 mm, along with a significant reduction in capital costs.

Problems of Development of Small and Medium Russian Towns

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
V V. Kafidov ◽  
V. N. Filippov ◽  
I. P. Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
New Buildings

The presented study addresses the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. Aim. The study aims to examine a town as a socio-economic environment where its residents exist and as the fundamental factor for the development of society.Tasks. The authors identify key problems in the development of small and medium Russian towns, which interferes with the historical appearance and has a negative impact on the living environment.Methods. Problems in the development of small and medium towns in Russia are examined using theoretical methods: systematic approach, statistical analysis, social and philosophical analysis.Results. The study identifies the main negative effects of the existing model of development of small and medium Russian towns, such as destruction of their historical and cultural appearance, distortion of the overall architectural motif, increased load on communications, and congestion of the transport infrastructure.Conclusions. At the current stage, efficient development of small and medium towns in Russia is impossible within the framework of the existing infill development. This chaotic process cannot be stopped without a new conceptual approach and changes in the legislative and normative framework of urban development. The only factor that determines the boundaries of the existing approach to urban development is the lack of physical space for new buildings in urban areas. The authors formulate proposals that would help to solve the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. 

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