scholarly journals Flame Retardant and Antimicrobial Jute Textile Using Sodium Metasilicate Nonahydrate

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Basak ◽  
Kartick K. Samanta ◽  
S.K. Chattopadhyay ◽  
S. Das ◽  
R. Narkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Jute Fabric ◽  
Jute Fabrics ◽  
Char Length

Abstract Flame retardant and antimicrobial functionalities were imparted in jute textile using sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMSN), commonly known as “water glass”. Sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMSN) was applied in jute fabric in different concentration by padding method followed by drying. Flame retardancy of the fabric was evaluated by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and burning behaviour under vertical flammability tester including the char length. Burning rate was found to decrease by almost 10 times after an application of 2% SMSN compared to the control sample. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of both the control and treated jute fabrics were utilized to understand the mechanism of developed flame retardance in jute fabric. It was observed that the SMSN treated samples showed excellent antimicrobial property against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Antimicrobial properties of both the control and treated jute fabrics were also measured quantitatively.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of azomethine-based halogen-free flame-retardant polyphosphonates

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Vini ◽  
S Thenmozhi ◽  
SC Murugavel
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Ul 94

In this study, azomethine polyphosphonates were synthesized by solution polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various azomethine diols such as [4-(4-hydroxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol, [(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) iminomethyl)] phenol and [4-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol using triethylamine catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-, 13C- and 31P- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA data showed that the synthesized polyphosphonates produce high char yield at 600°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. One of the synthesized polyphosphonate was blended with commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin in various weight percentage and cured with commercial curing agent triethylene tetramine (TETA). The polyphosphonates-blended epoxy thermosets have tensile strength in the range of 5–41 MPa and the percentage of elongation at breaks was 4–18. It was found that the incorporation of polyphosphonates into epoxy thermoset decreased the tensile strength from 41 MPa to 5 MPa, whereas the elongation at break value increased with increase in the weight percentage of polyphosphonate. The influence of polyphosphonates on the flame retardancy of blended thermosets was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests and found that the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 24–26. Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide 66

2020 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Yu Lei Zheng ◽  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Jia Hui Wang ◽  
Ru Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

Polyamide 66 (PA66) benefits from excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance, which enabled wide application of this material in various industrial fields; however, it suffers from high flammability. Generally, preparation of a flame retardant PA from a reactive flame retardant involves a two-step process. In this study, the flame retardant PA66s (FRPA66s) are synthesized via a one-pot melt copolycondensation route by using a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR-B). Then, molecular weight, some mechanical and thermal properties along with flame retardant properties of FRPA66s were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), instron material testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, vertical burning test (UL 94), and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) techniques. The experimental results confirmed that FRPA66s synthesized by the one-pot method have very similar properties compared to those obtained via the two-step process. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good non-flammability behavior with limiting oxygen index value of over 30% and a vertical burning test result of V-0 rating.

scholarly journals Development of Bioepoxy Resin Microencapsulated Ammonium-Polyphosphate for Flame Retardancy of Polylactic Acid

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kata Decsov ◽  
Katalin Bocz ◽  
Beáta Szolnoki ◽  
Serge Bourbigot ◽  
Gaëlle Fontaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate

Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a bio-based sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE)-type epoxy resin and used as a flame retardant additive in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The bioresin-encapsulated APP (MCAPP) particles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman mapping, particle size distribution was determined by processing of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Interaction between the APP core and the bioresin shell was revealed by combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)‑FTIR spectroscopy. The APP to SPE mass ratio of 10 to 2 was found to be optimal in terms of thermal, flammability, and mechanical properties of 15 wt% additive containing biocomposites. The bioresin shell effectively promotes the charring of the APP-loaded PLA composites, as found using TGA and cone calorimetry, and eliminates the flammable dripping of the specimens during the UL-94 vertical burning tests. Thus, the V-0 rating, the increased limiting oxygen index, and the 20% reduced peak of the heat release rate was reached compared to the effects of neat APP. Furthermore, better interfacial interaction of the MCAPP with PLA was indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and SEM observation. The stiff interphase resulted in increased modulus of these composites. Besides, microencapsulation provided improved water resistance to the flame retardant biopolymer system.

scholarly journals Flame-Retardant Mechanism of Layered Double Hydroxides in Asphalt Binder

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhu ◽  
Yunhe Wang ◽  
Daquan Tang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Haihang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Double Hydroxides

The flame retardancy of asphalt binders with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter tests. The flame-retardant mechanism of the LDHs was also studied with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cone calorimeter testing results indicated that 2 wt.% of the LDHs can decease the peak heat and smoke release rate of asphalt binders. Because a low dose of LDHs can be well dispersed in asphalt binder and favor the formation of polyaromatic structures during combustion, the thermal oxidation resistance and compactness of the char layer can be improved. The LOI of asphalt binder can be increased and the heat and smoke release during combustion can be decreased with 25 wt.% LDHs. The decomposition of LDHs can absorb the heat release of the initial two stages of asphalt combustion and reduce the burning rate of asphalt. Due to the loss of loosely bound water in the LDHs during the blending process and the decrease of dispersibility at a high LDH dose, the improvement of thermal stability is limited.

Analysis of electrical, thermal and compressive properties of alkali-treated jute fabric reinforced composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1407-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sudha ◽  
G Thilagavathi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Jute Fabric ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Jute Fabrics ◽  
Optimized Treatment

The effect of alkali treatment on thermal, electrical and compressive behaviour of jute composite has been studied. The plain woven jute fabrics were manufactured using handloom. The manufactured fabrics were treated with alkali at the optimized treatment conditions of 5% NaOH for 4 h at 30℃ made into a composite of [0°]4 lay-up sequence by means of compression moulding technique using vinyl ester resin. The improvement in the crystallization of the alkali-treated jute fabric was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction technique. The composites were characterized for compression strength, thermal conductivity and electrical resistance properties. It is observed from the results that the alkali-treated jute composites showed increased compression strength, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of the composites. This may be due to the better adhesion of the fabric–matrix interface with the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses that impart hydrophobicity on the fabric.

scholarly journals Application of modified phytic acid as flame retardant in cellulosic paper

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7953-7965
Author(s):  
Qijie Chen ◽  
Zhi Rong ◽  
Zhuo Liu ◽  
Na You ◽  
Guangyang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Char Length ◽  
Cellulosic Paper ◽  
Scanning Electron

A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized using phytic acid and dicyandiamide, and it was subsequently used to prepare flame-retardant cellulosic paper via an impregnation method. Vertical flame and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were used to evaluate the flame retardancy of the paper. The paper containing modified phytic acid was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When the concentration of modified phytic acid was 20%, the char length of the treated paper decreased from 12.5 cm to 4.1 cm, the LOI value increased from 19.6% to 41.5%, and the tensile index was only 3.66% lower than that of the control paper. The modified phytic acid was judged to have good flame-retardant effects on the paper.

The influence of various/different ratios synthetic fiber mixture on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and flammability properties of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832096353
Author(s):  
Seda Hazer ◽  
Ayse Aytac
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Polycarbonate (PC) blend has gained much attention as a bio-based polymeric material in various industrial fields. This study aims to improve the properties of PLA/PC blend reinforced with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) mixture to be produced for industrial use. For this purpose, 50PLA/50PC blend was prepared and used as a control sample. Then, 30% by weight CF and 30% GF were added to the matrix separately. To examine the effect of the use of CF and GF together, the composites were prepared as a mixture form of fibers by adding 5-10-15% CF and 5-10-15% GF, respectively, to the control blend in pairs. All composites compounded with the laboratory-scale twin-screw mini extruder and molded by injection molding. The effects of using synthetic fiber mixture were evaluated in terms of the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR) test were carried for the characterization of composites. The highest tensile strength values ​​and maximum % crystallinity values were obtained for the 15CF/15GF fiber mixture containing PLA/PC composite as 113.7 MPa and 21.4, respectively. CO yield (COY), HRR, and total heat release rate were reduced significantly by using synthetic fibers and fiber mixture.

Coconut shell extract imparting multifunction properties to ligno-cellulosic material

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangesh D Teli ◽  
Pintu Pandit ◽  
Santanu Basak
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Jute Fabric

Flame retardant textiles are increasingly in demand. There have been a number of approaches by which textile material is made flame retardant. The plant extracts imparting such properties to lingo-cellulosic material has been studied in this work. The paper reports the application of green coconut ( Cocosnucifera Linn) shell extract which is a natural waste source onto jute fabric. The acidic coconut shell extract was applied in neutral and alkaline conditions on jute fabric in different concentrations. The emerging fabric showed good flame retardant properties which were measured by different standard flammability tests. The limiting oxygen index value found to increase by 48% after application of alkaline coconut shell extract as such and on concentrating the coconut shell extract, it was found to increase 81%. The thermo gravimetric behaviour and degradation mechanism were studied by using thermo gravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere. The presence of different elements, chemical groups and the structural topography of the untreated and coconut shell extract-treated lingo-cellulosic fabric were analysed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and phytochemical analysis tests. In addition to the flame retardant property, the treated fabric showed natural colour (measured by colour strength value) and antibacterial property against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Synthesis of a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-based reactive flame-retardant curing agent

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1470-1476
Author(s):  
Liang Yi ◽  
Zhixiong Huang ◽  
Cao Yu ◽  
Yongli Peng ◽  
Xinglong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Carbon Residue ◽  
Flexural Property ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Reactive Flame Retardant

This paper aims to prepare a new curing agent, reactive flame retardant (DTF), through one-pot synthesis of 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), formaldehyde and triacetonediamine for Epoxy resin (EP). This new DTF was successful prepared through Fourier-transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The flame-retardant epoxy thermoset was prepared using the 4′4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a co-curing agent. The analysis results using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that DTF can cure EP and improve the carbon residue yield of epoxy thermoset after burning. It observed that if the content of phosphorus was 1.0 wt%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of EP/DDM/DPT-4 was 30.4%, and UL94 reached the V-0 rating. The highest tensile property of the epoxy thermoset reached 98.56 MPa (P content = 0.5%), whereas the highest flexural property reached 137.28 MPa (P content = 0.75%), and the highest impact property reached 24.1 KJ · m–2 (P content = 0.5%).

scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Linear α, ω-Di (Chloro Phosphoramide) Polydimethylsiloxane and Its Applications in Improving Flame-Retardant and Water-Repellent Properties of Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Ling Sun ◽  
Xingbo Ma ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Pengshuang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Washing Durability ◽  
Char Length

A novel linear α, ω-di (chloro phosphoramide)-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (CPN-PDMS) was successfully synthesized and utilized as a formaldehyde-free water-repellent and flame-retardant for cotton fabrics. The flame retardancy of treated cotton fabrics was estimated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical flammability test, and cone calorimetry test. The cotton fabrics treated with 350 g/L CPN-PDMS obtained excellent flame retardancy with an LOI value of 30.6% and the char length was only 4.3 cm. Combustion residues were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. Results show that CPN-PDMS can effectively enhance water repellency and fire resistance of cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the breaking strength test and the whiteness test strongly prove that the tensile strength and whiteness of the treated cotton fabrics were slightly lower than that of the pure cotton fabrics. The wash stability test showed that after 30 laundering cycles, the treated cotton fabrics still had an LOI value of 28.5% and a water-repellent effect of grade 80, indicating that CPN-PDMS was an excellent washing durability additive. In summary, these property enhancements of treated cotton fabrics were attributed to the synergistic effect of silicon-phosphorus-nitrogen elements in CPN-PDMS.

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