Kwestia wolnego wyboru i zdeterminowania decyzji w wybranych koncepcjach nauk społecznych

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (301) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Wiktor Szewczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Marxist Approach ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the article concerns the determinations of choices made by a person and their sources. Upon analysing the concepts that have appeared in social sciences to date, three model approaches were distinguished: (1) voluntarism, which assumed a lack of determination and pure volition of the source of the decision; (2) internal determinism, which searches for the source of the decision in factors within the human being itself, but not controlled by it; (3) fatalism, seeing the decisions made by persons as products of the environment in which they function. Next, the article presents the manner of approaching this issue as displayed by the most typical, in this respect, concepts in modern social sciences: sociological symbolic interactionism, sociologism with the idea of homo sociologicus, psychological behaviourism and psychoanalysis, sociobiology with evolutionary inclinations, the theory of rational choice and the Marxist approach.

Kwestia wolnego wyboru i zdeterminowania decyzji w wybranych koncepcjach nauk społecznych

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (301) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Wiktor Szewczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Marxist Approach ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the article concerns the determinations of choices made by a person and their sources. Upon analysing the concepts that have appeared in social sciences to date, three model approaches were distinguished: (1) voluntarism, which assumed a lack of determination and pure volition of the source of the decision; (2) internal determinism, which searches for the source of the decision in factors within the human being itself, but not controlled by it; (3) fatalism, seeing the decisions made by persons as products of the environment in which they function. Next, the article presents the manner of approaching this issue as displayed by the most typical, in this respect, concepts in modern social sciences: sociological symbolic interactionism, sociologism with the idea of homo sociologicus, psychological behaviourism and psychoanalysis, sociobiology with evolutionary inclinations, the theory of rational choice and the Marxist approach.

scholarly journals Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social Sciences

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Sociology Of Sport ◽  
Descriptive Knowledge ◽  
Sociobiological Theory ◽  
Sports Sciences

Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social SciencesIn the presented study we assume, after Piotr Sztompka that a sociological theory is every set of ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions, abstract notions and general propositions concerning social reality which is to provide with explanation of existing descriptive knowledge about it and orient future research (Sztompka 1985, p. 12). In the discussed theory there have developed hitherto the following orientations: the systemic-functional one, the ethnomethodological one, symbolic interactionism, theory of conflict, socio-historical theory and positivist theory. They have together shaped theoretical conceptions in sociology of sport and — indirectly — in other social physical culture sciences.Interpreting the issue in a prospective way, it can be assumed that in the future there will appear other theories, such as the theory of behaviour, the theory of rational choice, the sociobiological theory, the theory of power, the theory of neo-institutionalism and others.Sociology, however, need not to be the only source of inspiration for sociohumane sports sciences. An equally important role can be played there by philosophy and psychology. Moreover, that thesis can be referred to other humanities, especially to history and pedagogy, as well as to philosophical, sociological and pedagogical versions of theory of physical culture — or to multidisciplinary theories, as e.g. postmodernist and globalist ones.

scholarly journals Znaczenie empirii jako podstawy wyjaśniania, prognozowania i praktyki w naukach społecznych

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kozłowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Scientific Dispute ◽  
The Subject

The considerations presented in the article are to be an impulse to reflect on the foundations on which modern scientific discoveries are based. The aim of the analysis is to present a number of doubts as to the accuracy and perfection of contemporary research results in social sciences, in particular in the discipline of political science. In social reality there are still many limitations both on the part of the human being as the subject examining reality and the imperfections of the tools he uses. The article discusses attitudes towards scientific dispute consisting in the clash of the scientific paradigm based on empiricism and positivism with postmodern interpretivism within the hermeneutic paradigm will soon end.

scholarly journals The Ontology of Symbolic Reality in the Philosophy of F.T. Mikhailov

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
K.V. Sorvin ◽  
A. Mert
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Multiple Selves ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Symbolic Reality ◽  
Material Form ◽  
The Ideal

This paper addresses one of the main topics of the works of the famous Russian philosopher F.T. Mikhailov aimed at overcoming the oversimplified conception of the relation between the biological and the social origins of human being, in the context of the methodological problems in the social sciences that have characteristic representations of the transcendence of society over individual. It is shown that the solution proposed by the philosopher was related to the revision of the dominant notions about the ground of the subject-subject unity and the ontology of the symbolic objects that provide this unity. In particular, the disintegration of the ‘activity approach’ in psychology into the concepts of A.N. Leontyev and S.L. Rubinstein, that are called by Mikhailov ‘antinomical’, is associated with the limited reliance on the methodological traditions of Spinozism, in which there was no idea about the reflexive type of subject-subject relation as opposed to the methodology of "late Fichte", with his characteristic position on the initial identity based on multiple selves. It is argued that the most adequate categories for description of the ontological connections between the ideal content and the material form in symbolic objects that provide such an identity can be found in Hegel's aesthetic works.

scholarly journals Gościnność niejednoznaczna. Analiza wybranych przypadków na przykładzie powieści Lalka i filmu Green Book

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-148
Author(s):  
Paweł Ćwikła
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Sociology Of Art ◽  
Green Book ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Point Of Departure

The subject of this article falls within the sociology of art. By analyzing selected aspects of a novel (Bolesław Prus’s The Doll) and a film (the Oscar-winning Green Book directed by Peter Farrelly), the author raises the problem of what he calls “ambiguous hospitality.” His point of departure and theoretical basis are George Ritzer’s concept of “inhospitality” and Jacques Derrida’s idea of “hostipitality.”The author treats each artistic depiction of reality as a source of situations to be read in light of elements of Erving Goffman’s reflections. He uses the ideas of symbolic interactionism, the interactive ritual, and the metaphor of the performance as tools for interpreting a film or literary situation that illustrates cultural attitudes and practices. In conclusion, he states that hosting someone could result from something other than a sincere desire to react to another human being in a friendly manner. However, this does necessarily undermine the sincerity of openness toward strangers. Realization of the maxim to “have dignity and respect others,” even if enforced by social sanction, can be a way to maintain or build relationships between those who are “one’s own” and “other,” “one’s own” and “strangers,” and finally, between a guest and host.

Yogendra Singh: Remembering the Sociologist (1932–2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-413
Author(s):  
Amites Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Indian Tradition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

Yogendra Singh, the sociologist and the Professor emeritus of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) passed away in May this year. Professor Singh’s demise is not only a loss to the sociology fraternity, but also to the scholarship on and more importantly, to the tradition of critical studies in India. The article remembers Yogendra Singh and reflects on his career as a teacher, an academic and institution builder. Yogendra Singh was not simply a professor of JNU, but he collaborated with his colleagues in the late sixties in making possible the school of social sciences of JNU. The paper remembers him as a fine human being careful with his words and committed to the society he made the subject of his study. His sociology taught him to be critical about his ascriptive ancestry. In spite of being born in a zamindar family in Uttar Pradesh, Singh made caste, hierarchy and privileges an object of his critical analysis. The paper looks at Professor Singh’s contribution to different domains of sociology and Indian society, particularly modernizing India, Indian tradition, caste, class and hierarchies. He is also remembered for his works on historical roots of Indian sociology and institutions of science and critical learning.

scholarly journals Rational Preference in Habitual Interactions

Humaniora ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Yustinus Suhardi Ruman
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Rational Selection ◽  
Fourth Condition ◽  
The Subject

Article focused on human being as a rational creature. Therefore, every undertaken preference could be interpreted as a rational selection. The issue emerged will clarify whether every human action can be categorized as a rational act. This article aimed to clarify the conditions that could be considered as the fundamental for appraising a choice as a rational choice. The method utilized to explicate the subject was literature review. There are several conditions that were discussed in this article, they were the principle of rationality, preferences, interests, and beliefs. The research finds out that the fourth condition is the basis for a rational choice. 

Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öykülerinde Türk göçmen çocukları

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Efnan Dervişoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Home Life ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Life Education

Almanya’ya işçi göçü, neden ve sonuçları, sosyal boyutlarıyla ele alınmış; göç ve devamındaki süreçte yaşanan sorunlar, konunun uzmanlarınca dile getirilmiştir. Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öyküleri, sunduğu gerçekler açısından, sosyal bilimlerin ortaya koyduğu verilerle bağdaşan edebiyat ürünleri arasındadır. Yirmi yılını geçirdiği Almanya’da, göçmen işçilerle ve aileleriyle birlikte olup işçi çocuklarının eğitimine yönelik çalışmalarda bulunan yazarın gözlem ve deneyimlerinin ürünü olan bu öyküler, kaynağını yaşanmışlıktan alır; çalışmanın ilk kısmında, Fakir Baykurt’un yaşamına ve Almanya yıllarına dair bilgi verilmesi, bununla ilişkilidir. Öykülere yansıyan çocuk yaşamı ise çalışmanın asıl konusunu oluşturmaktadır. “Ev ve aile yaşamı”, “Eğitim yaşamı ve sorunları”, “Sosyal çevre, arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve Türk-Alman ayrılığı” ile “İki kültür arasında” alt başlıklarında, Türkiye’den göç eden işçi ailelerinde yetişen çocukların Almanya’daki yaşamları, karşılaştıkları sorunlar, öykülerin sunduğu veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiş; örneklemeye gidilmiştir. Bu öyküler, edebiyatın toplumsal gerçekleri en iyi yansıtan sanat olduğu görüşünü doğrular niteliktedir ve sosyolojik değerlendirmelere açıktır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTMigration and Children in Fakir Baykurt’s stories from GermanyThe migration of workers to Germany has been taken up with its causes, consequences and social dimensions; the migration and the problems encountered in subsequent phases have been stated by experts in the subject. Fakir Baykurt’s stories from Germany, regarding the reality they represent, are among the literary forms that coincide with the facts supplied by social sciences. These stories take their sources from true life experiences as the products of observations and experiences with migrant workers and their families in Germany where the writer has passed twenty years of his life and worked for the education of the worker’s children; therefore information related to Fakir Baykurt’s life and his years in Germany are provided in the first part of the study.  The life of children reflected in the stories constitutes the main theme of the study.  Under  the subtitles of “Family and Home Life”, “Education Life and related issues”, “Social environment, friendships and Turkish-German disparity” and “Amidst two cultures”, the lives in Germany of children who have been  raised in working class  families and  who have immigrated from Turkey are  evaluated under the light of facts provided by the stories and examples are given. These stories appear to confirm that literature is an art that reflects the social reality and is open to sociological assessments.KEYWORDS: Fakir Baykurt; Germany; labor migration; child; story

PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN GO TO YUOR POST UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA KELAS VI SDN 024 TARAI BANGUN KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Delfi Yendri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Activity ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Collection Activity

This research is motivated by the poor results of Study Social Sciences (IPS) Student Class VI SDN 024 Tarai Bangun Kecamatan Tambang. This study aims to determine the resulting increase studying social sciences (IPS) student class VI SDN 024 Tarai Bangun Kecamatan Tambang through the application of learning strategies go to yuor post, which carried out for 1 month. The subjects were VI SDN 024 Tarai Bangun Kecamatan Tambang by the number of students as many as 38 people. Form of research is classroom action research. The research instrument consists of instruments and instrument performance data collection activity observation sheet form teacher and student activity. Based on the research, the conclusion to this study is based on the analysis and discussion in chapter IV can be concluded that the application of learning strategies go to yuor post can improve learning outcomes in the subject of social sciences grade VI SDN 024 Tarai Bangun Kecamatan Tambang. Evidenced by the increase in learning outcomes before action to the first cycle, to cycle II. Before the act of student learning outcomes classified as unresolved with an average of 59%, an increase in the first cycle by an average of 69%. While the results of student learning in the second cycle must be increased by an average of 75% with the category completed.

Need of Human Rights as a Better Way of Life

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.

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