Zur maschinenunterstützten Übersetzung von Patentschriften: Der Stellenwert der internen Rekurrenz

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
Heribert Härtinger
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Translation Memory ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The empirical study presented in this paper explores the relationship between the linguistic features of patent specifications as a text genre and the benefits to be gained from usingCAT tools for their translation. The database is a corpus of 60 complete original (i.e. non-translated) texts selected in accordance with the requirements of the task at hand. The study focuses on analysing patterns of intratextual recurrence that are typical of this genre with a view to examining their impact on the retrieval performance of commercial translation memory (TM) systems. Using the model developed by Reinke (2004) for comparing sentence content, it also looks at genre characteristics that may affect the usability of the search results. The test software was the Translator's Workbench by SDL/Trados (version 7.0.0). The results confirm that it makes sense from a linguistic point of view to use TM systems for patent translations for two reasons: first, because the corpus was found to contain a broad spectrum of recurring sentences, clauses and complex phrases, which is characteristic of this text genre, and second, because the analysis showed that the structural, argumentative and functional features of patent documents have a positive effecton the usability of the search results. The study is also of practical interest because patents are a frequently translated LSP genre, which, despite its high degree of linguistic standardisation, has so far not been one of the areas where memory-based translation tools are routinely used.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONING OF ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Hederym ◽  
◽  
Nataliya Hlinka ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Characteristic Features

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important issues in modern linguistics – the problem of elliptical sentences, namely their definition, classification, different approaches to the study of this phenomenon and functioning in English-language scientific and technical texts. One of the tasks of scientific text is the ability to convey a large amount of new information in a sufficiently limited amount of text. It is this that leads to syntactic compression (the use of an ellipse) in such texts. Syntactic compression, as we have mentioned, is one of the characteristics of the modern scientific style. Authors of scientific texts seek to reduce the amount of text by compression, while increasing its content. Ellipse is a multidimensional phenomenon in language that allows authors to make the communication process more productive by using language savings. The ellipse has an extremely large pragmatic potential in achieving an extralinguistic effect. The use of the ellipse as a means of linguistic economy in scientific and technical texts is especially appropriate because the characteristic features of scientific and technical style are its informativeness (content), logic (strict sequence, clear connection between the main idea and details), accuracy and objectivity. It is an effective way of unloading sentence matter and exempting it from meaningfully redundant or structurally redundant components that carry repetitive information, it is based on the principle of compactification of predicative units. From a stylistic point of view, the desire to save language means leads to the emergence of new constructions that enrich the language, make speech dynamic, expressive. The article considers pragmatic and linguistic features of the ellipse, its structural and functional features. The article traces an attempt to review and structure the main theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "ellipse", the study of functions that perform elliptical structures in sentence structure and analysis of functional features of elliptical structures in English scientific and technical texts.

scholarly journals The degree at which the first three basic grades pupils practice the ethical values from the point of view of their teachers in the Southern Ghors District: مدى ممارسة طلبة الصفوف الثلاثة الأولى من المرحلة الأساسية للقيم الأخلاقية من وجهة نظر معلماتهم في لواء الأغوار الجنوبية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Eisa Salmeh Al-Khleifat, Ali Salmeh Daowd Al-khleifat
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed at identifying the degree at which the first three basic grades pupils practice the ethical values from the point of view of their teachers in the Southern Ghor District، as well as، the relationship of that with some variables. The researchers developed the study tool that consisted of، ( 27 ) items divided into three domains; the validity and reliability of the study tool were verified. The study sample consisted of (50) female teachers from those who teach the first three basic grades. The study results showed that، the degree at which the first three basic grades pupils practice the ethical values from the point of view of their teachers in the Southern Ghor، District، was high. The domain relating to (the relationship between the pupil and the teaching staff) was in the first place، followed by (the relationship between the pupil and his teacher)، and finally (the relationship between the pupil and his peers). The results showed that there are no statistically significant differences at ( α≤ 0.05 )، regarding the degree at which the first three basic grades pupils practice the ethical values from the point of view of their teachers in the Southern Ghor District attributed to the variables of the years of experience as well as educational qualification. In the light of the results، the study recommended that، the students should practice the ethical values in a high degree with their peers by educating the pupils regarding the brotherhood in our Islamic religion as well as practicing these behaviors in front of the students to reinforce them. The study also recommended about conducting a study that reveals the degree at which the secondary stage students practice the ethical values from the point of view of their teachers in the Southern Ghor District.

The Ghost of the Nephew: Napoleon iii in “The Demons” by F. M. Dostoevsky

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-183
Author(s):  
I. A. Kravchuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Position ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mimetic Desire ◽  
General Design ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Political Tactics ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The article contains an analysis of one of the references to Emperor Napoleon iii in the preparatory materials of F. M. Dostoevsky for The Demons. In addition, the hypothesis of Louis Bonaparte as one of the prototypes of Peter Verkhovensky is considered. This assumption is based on the material of Dostoevsky’s notebooks and has already been expressed by V. A. Tunimanov and A. Pekurovskaya, although it has not yet received complete development. The article shows what are the details of Napoleon iii’s biography, what are the elements of his political tactics and individual myth that could be known to Dostoevsky and used by him in creating such a character as younger Verkhovensky. In line with the “black legend” about Louis Bonaparte, Verkhovensky relies on people who are deprived of a stable social position. He goes for a hoax willingly and hopes that demoralization and panic in society will allow him to come to power. Just as Napoleon iii stands hostage for the myth of his great uncle, Verkhovensky is slavishly dependent on his “idol,” his “Ivan Tsarevitch”—Stavrogin. Both pairs can be considered from the point of view of the phenomenon of mimetic desire as it was described by R. Girard. The article also shows how historical and literary prototypes of the same character interact with each other, revealing certain functional features of the new hero. In this case, the relationship between the figures of Napoleon iii and Gogol’s Khlestakov in the general design of the image of Verkhovensky is briefly addressed.

Human Factors Issues on the Design of Telepresence Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Deml
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Input Control ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The overall aim of this work is to provide some guidelines for the design of tele-presence systems from a human factors point of view. Developers of such human-machine systems face at least two major problems: There are hardly any standard input devices, and guiding design principles are almost missing. Further, most often telepresence systems should enable both a high degree of performance and a high sensation of presence, and yet the relationship between these two variables is still a subject of research. To cope with some of the problems, two experimental studies are presented. Each focuses on a different aspect of interface design, which is of widespread interest in the field of telepresence systems. The first is related to the control of multiple degrees of freedom and the second refers to bimanual input control. Beyond this work, a meta-analytical study is presented to describe the relationship between presence and performance more precisely. Certainly there are more issues that have to be studied (e.g., perceptual aspects) to guide the design of telepresence systems. To provide a framework for these and further human factor aspects, a computer based design guide is suggested at the end. This tool addresses system developers and assists in realizing new interfaces more effectively.

Design and Implement of Chinese Medicine System Based on Machine Translation

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 1708-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Team Management ◽  
Cloud Platform ◽  
Translation Memory ◽  
Input Method ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Detection And Recognition

This paper mainly studied how to inject the project team management into the collaborative translation tools based on the cloud platform, so as to better coordinate the relationship between different translators and translation project, and the aided translation input method will be introduced to collaborative translation platform, as a bridge between the translator and the collaborative translation platform, to effectively improve the efficiency of different translators. At the same time we realize the terms detection and recognition system and translation memory system, to not only improve the efficiency of different translators, but also can solve the problem that translation content repetition and lack of communication between different translators.

scholarly journals The association between doctors’ presenteeism and job burnout:a cross-sectional survey study in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
pei pei ◽  
Guohua Lin ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Yifan Zhu ◽  
Xiaoyu Xi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Job Burnout ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: It is necessary to examine doctors working with illness from a professional point of view, because it is not only related to their occupational health, but more importantly, will affect the treatment effect of patients and the overall medical level of the hospital. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between doctors’ presenteeism and job burnout, and to identify other factors that are associated with presenteeism.Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving doctors (except for primary doctors) was conducted in China. Using one item measure about presenteeism and a 15-item Chinese version of the BMI-GS questionnaire, this study investigated prevalence of doctors' presenteeism and job burnout, and determined the relationship between presenteeism and job burnout by logistical model.Results: Relationship between presenteeism and job burnout were explored, and the influence of work factors were evaluated. The survey was completed by 1376/1547 hospital doctors, with a response rate of 88.9%. Presenteeism was reported by 30.7% of participants. Using MBI-GS, 86.8% of all doctors had moderate job burnout and 6.0%(n=82) were severe job burnout. Logistic regression analysis showed that doctors with medium, high degree of emotional exhaustion and high degree of cynicism were more likely to practice presenteeism (all p < 0.05). In addition, two other work-related factors, including the doctors' department and position, were also likely to relate with presenteeism (all p < 0.05).Conclusions: By examining the relationship between presenteeism and job burnout, this study determined that there is indeed a significant correlation between the two. This result has a certain reference value for the development of work health, especially presenteeism and job burnout theory, and also makes a certain contribution to the relevant research literature.

scholarly journals Legal drafting in Islamic law

2019 ◽  
pp. 204-215
Author(s):  
A. A. Vaino
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Systematic Character ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The paper analyzes the features of legal drafting in Islamic law. Based on the study, the author concludes that Muslim law appears to be in many ways religious and legal comments. This is set by its religious sources that contain specific legal provisions. These sources lack structuring and systematic character, which is a source of rather a high degree of casuistry of Islamic law. The paper proves that Islamic law has shown a confusion of religious principles with legal norms since the moment of its appearance. The comments of legal scholars were actively used to justify illegal — from the point of view of European lawyers — behavior. With the help of legal drafting in Islamic law, legal postulates and opinions were legalized, which to this day largely determine the legal culture of the overwhelming majority of the population. This means that the problem of the relationship between secular and confessional law in countries where Islam is the state religion appeared in the Middle Ages and remains the main one to this day.

Hubungan Kemendagri dan Kemendes dalam Tata Desa dan Administrasi Desa

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Sarip Sarip ◽  
Nur Rahman ◽  
Rohadi Rohadi
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to explore the relationship between the Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) and the Ministry of Villages (Kemendes) from theconstitutional law and state administrative law point of view.The second concerns of this research is the disharmony and problem between the two ministries.From the constitutional law point of view, it turns out that what the Ministry of Home Affairs is doing, is closer to the object of its discussion. The method used in this research is normative legal research bycomparingthe constitutional law and state administrative law to obtain clarity regarding the Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Village. The result shows that the Ministry of Village approached the science of state administrative law, namely to revive or give spirits to the village. Disharmonization began to exist since the inception of the Ministry of Village. The root of disharmony itself was the improper application of constitutional foundations in the formation of the Village Law. It would be better if the government reassess the constitutional foundation for the village.

TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF IMMUNITY IN BLACK-AND-WHITE COWS DEPENDING ON AGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
М.В. ДОВЫДЕНКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Проведена статистическая обработка сформированной базы данных показателей неспецифической резистентности MS «Excel» с целью изучения динамики иммунитета по параметрам бактерицидной, лизоцимной и фагоцитарной активности у крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы разных возрастов. Было установлено, что средние значения показателей лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности у телят в 6 мес были ниже (47,89% и 49,09%, соответственно), чем у животных в 3—4 года (53,75% и 52,81%). Выведено уравнение регрессии, описывающее взаимосвязь между средними показателями фагоцитарной активности и возрастом при высокой степени достоверности (R2=0,90). Изменения лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности в зависимости от возраста были недостоверными (R2=0,58 и R2=0,49, соответственно). Установлена высокая корреляция между бактерицидной и лизоцимной активностью. Отмечена динамика изменения неспецифического иммунитета у коров различных возрастных групп. Создание баз данных и постоянный мониторинг основных показателей естественной резистентности в зависимости от различных факторов (породы, возраста, стадий лактации, кормления, способов содержания), которые влияют на данные показатели, необходимо для оценки физиологического состояния организма животных и их устойчивости к болезням. Statistical processing of the generated MS "Excel" on indicators of non-specific resistance database was carried out with the aim of studying the dynamics of the development of immunity in terms of bactericidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity in black-and-white cattle of different ages. It was found that the average values of indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity in calves at 6 months were lower (47.89% and 49.09%, respectively) than in animals at the age of 3—4 years (53.75% and 52.81%). The equation of regression was derived, it describes the relationship between the average indicators of phagocytic activity and the age with a high degree of reliability (R2=0.90). The changes in lysozyme and bactericidal activity depending on age were dubious (R2=0.58 and R2=0.49, respectively). The high correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity was established. It was noticed that the cows of different age groups experienced the dynamics of changes in nonspecific immunity. The creation of databases and constant monitoring of the main indicators of natural resistance, depending on various factors (breed, age, stages of lactation, feeding, methods of keeping) that affect these indicators, is necessary for assessing the physiological state of the animals’ body of and their resistance to diseases.

FORGOTTEN UNITY OF BODY AND SOUL AND THE NEED FOR A NEW PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2523-2529
Author(s):  
Slobodan Marković ◽  
Zoran Momčilović ◽  
Vladimir Momčilović
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Sport ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Present Text

This text is an attempt to see sport in different ways in the light of ancient philosophical themes. Philosophy of sports gets less attention than other areas of the discipline that examine the other major components of contemporary society: philosophy of religion, political philosophy, aesthetics, and philosophy of science. Talking about sports is often cheap, but it does not have to be that way. One of the reasons for this is insufficiently paid attention to the relation between sport and philosophy in Greek. That is it's important to talk about sports, just as important as we are talking about religion, politics, art and science. The argument of the present text is that we can try to get a handle philosophically on sports by examining it in light of several key idea from ancient Greek philosophy. The ancient Greeks, tended to be hylomorphists who gloried in both physical and mental achievement. Тhe key concepts from Greek philosophy that will provide the support to the present text are the following: arete, sophrosyne, dynamis and kalokagathia. These ideals never were parts of a realized utopia in the ancient world, but rather provided a horizon of meaning. We will claim that these ideals still provide worthy standards that can facilitate in us a better understanding of what sports is and what it could be. How can a constructive dialogue be developed which would discuss differences in understanding of sport in Ancient Greece and today? In this paper, the authors will try to answer this question from a historical and philosophical point of view. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section of the paper presents two principally different forms or models of focus in sport competitions – focus on physical excellence or focus on game. The dialectic discourse regarding these two approaches to physical activity is even more interesting due to the fact that these two models take precedence over one another depending on context. In the second section of the paper, the focus shifts to theendemic phenomenon of the Ancient Greek Olympic Games, where the topic is discussed from the perspective of philosophy with frequent historical reflections on the necessary specifics, which observeman as a physical-psychological-social-spiritual being. In the third section of this paper, the authors choose to use the thoughts and sayings of the great philosopher Plato to indicate how much this philosopher wasactually interested in the relationship between soul and body, mostly through physical exercise and sport, because it seems that philosophers who came after him have not seriously dealt with this topic in Plato’s way, although they could.

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