scholarly journals FUNCTIONING OF ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Hederym ◽  
◽  
Nataliya Hlinka ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Characteristic Features

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important issues in modern linguistics – the problem of elliptical sentences, namely their definition, classification, different approaches to the study of this phenomenon and functioning in English-language scientific and technical texts. One of the tasks of scientific text is the ability to convey a large amount of new information in a sufficiently limited amount of text. It is this that leads to syntactic compression (the use of an ellipse) in such texts. Syntactic compression, as we have mentioned, is one of the characteristics of the modern scientific style. Authors of scientific texts seek to reduce the amount of text by compression, while increasing its content. Ellipse is a multidimensional phenomenon in language that allows authors to make the communication process more productive by using language savings. The ellipse has an extremely large pragmatic potential in achieving an extralinguistic effect. The use of the ellipse as a means of linguistic economy in scientific and technical texts is especially appropriate because the characteristic features of scientific and technical style are its informativeness (content), logic (strict sequence, clear connection between the main idea and details), accuracy and objectivity. It is an effective way of unloading sentence matter and exempting it from meaningfully redundant or structurally redundant components that carry repetitive information, it is based on the principle of compactification of predicative units. From a stylistic point of view, the desire to save language means leads to the emergence of new constructions that enrich the language, make speech dynamic, expressive. The article considers pragmatic and linguistic features of the ellipse, its structural and functional features. The article traces an attempt to review and structure the main theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "ellipse", the study of functions that perform elliptical structures in sentence structure and analysis of functional features of elliptical structures in English scientific and technical texts.

scholarly journals DISCOURSE AND LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RMA INTRODUCTION SECTIONS – A BULGARIAN-ENGLISH COMPARATIVE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1697-1700
Author(s):  
Ivaylo Dagnev ◽  
Mariya Saykova ◽  
Maya Yaneva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Reflexive Verbs ◽  
General Topic

The article seeks to explore the discourse and linguistic means through which the Introduction section of Research Medical Articles (RMA) achieve their goals. For that purpose, we have analyzed 207 original RMA in Bulgarian and 129 in English. The articles have been excerpted from prestigious Bulgarian and high-ranking impact factor English language journals. Four major rhetorical moves have been found to guide the discourse flow in the Introduction sections in both corpora – Bulgarian Corps (BC) and English-language Corps (EC). These are: Move 1 - Introducing the general topic; Move 2: Move 2 – Transition to specific topic; Move 3: Move 3 – Identifying a gap and Move 4 – Aim of research. In connection with the realization of the rhetorical objectives of the Introduction section, basic lexical means have been identified and presented. We used the concept metaterm introduced by Mavrodieva and Tisheva (Mavrodieva and Tisheva 2014). We divided the metaterms into general and specific. It has been proven that a certain type of polysemous nouns are of particular importance in the medical context and can therefore be considered as specific metaterms. In both corpora, a number of variable and unchangeable parts of speech have been discovered that are typical of the RMA. Essential to the cohesion and coherence of texts are the so-called high-frequency words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, collocations and colligations. Regarding Tense and Voice, it has been pointed out that in line with the tradition of the Bulgarian scientific discourse community, the main tense is the so-called Generalized Present Tense (Uslozhneno segashno vreme), whereas in the English-language Corps these are Present Simple and Present Perfect. As for Voice, the BC articles make use mostly of Active Voice, while Passive Voice is used to refer to problems in focus and with impersonal constructions. A peculiar feature of scientific texts in Bulgarian is the use of reflexive verbs with the particle se. The specificity of the sentence structure in the Introduction includes the so-called in Bulgarian linguistics “complicated simple sentences”, including many pre and post modifiers, heavy complementation, as well as compound and complex sentences. Some of the most important discursive elements of this section of RMA are also analyzed. The comparison is direct between the two corpora, and the elements under scrutiny cover such aspects of discourse as hedging and, discourse markers (DM). With regard to the first element, hedging, from a theoretical point of view, it is important to emphasize that hedge structures are a form of the author's Ethos and identity, its degree of presence in the text. We have noted the role of DM as linking devices in the text, marking the boundaries of Steps and Moves in the RMA and indicating a change in the information flow and in the authors’ stance.

scholarly journals PREPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR WRITING ESSAYS AT INTERNATIONAL EXAMS IN ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
E.V. Bessonova ◽  
◽  
I.K. Kirillova ◽  
YU.A. Tarabarina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
English Language ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Essay Writing ◽  
High Level ◽  
International English

Today experts with a high level of proficiency in a foreign language are considered in demand in the labour market. The level of foreign language proficiency is confirmed by a high test result of international exams in a foreign language. The essay is a mandatory part of international English language exams such as TOEFL, IELTS, and Cambridge Advanced English. We examined the requirements and assessment criteria for the essay writing exam task. The task assesses the level of speech skills formation necessary to create your own pieces of writing in a foreign language. As part of the research, we developed a technology for teaching writing based on a product-oriented approach. According to the technology we have identified the following stages of text production: task orientation, text planning, text writing, and text self-editing. We have also proposed a set of exercises aimed at developing following skills: task understanding, formulating the author’s point of view and its proving with relevant examples, planning a cohesive and coherent text, text division into paragraphs, highlighting of the paragraph’s main idea, development of the idea in the text, expressing ideas in the text logically in accordance with the rhetorical structure of English essay, usage of lexical cohesive means, text self-editing. This technology was tested during experimental training; its results prove the effectiveness of the proposed technology for teaching essay writing according to international English language exams requirements.

SYNTACTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATING A SCIENCE ARTICLE

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
O. O. Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Science Article

Publishing the research results in a science article with an international professional journal is an optimal way of sharing the information about newest discoveries in the world of science and technology. Not all scientists have a command of English sufficient for writing a science article, in compliance with high language requirements of leading scientific journals. So, the services of highly-qualified translators of scientific texts into English are in great request, and Ukraine is not an exception. Apart from the basic components of translator’s professional competence, especially important is the knowledge of norms of the modern English language scientific discourse. A translator of scientific texts is to have solid knowledge of grammar of source and target languages, regularities in rendering grammar forms and constructions, translation transformations. The largest number of grammar problems in translation is related to understanding the syntactic structure of sentences and a translator’s ability to make necessary transformations. Our research was aimed at analyzing the role of syntactic transformations in reaching the adequacy in English translation of Ukrainian language articles from scientometric journals. The analysis proved that the majority of syntactic transformations were used to bring the source text in conformity with the target language norms. The measure of translation transformations was generally adequate, though there were cases of non-use of syntactic transformations where they were necessary. Grammar literalism was also observed, due to translator’s insufficient understanding of the sentence structure, lack of knowledge of grammar peculiarities of the target language and translation solutions available for solving a particular translation problem. A translator of scientific texts should be particularly attentive to the syntax of the original sentence, analyse it properly, identify grammar phenomena that may cause translation problems and may need syntactic transformations, and build a translated sentence in accordance with the science language norms.

scholarly journals The bewildering complexity of the biology register

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Natalia Borza
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
English Language ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Biology Textbook ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Reference Corpus ◽  
Register Analysis ◽  
Simple Sentences

While considerable research has been conducted on the register analysis of English language tertiary textbooks, relatively little is explored about the register analytical features of secondary textbooks. The purpose of the present pedagogically-driven study is to analyse the register of biology textbooks for secondary students from the point of view of English as a Second Language (ESL) teaching by describing the register of the biology corpus (BIOCOR) that 10th grade students need to process during their studies at a bilingual secondary school. The research reports on the characteristic linguistic features of the BIOCOR with regard to the complexity of the texts syntactic structure. The BIOCOR (consisting of 7,021 words) is compared to a reference corpus (REFCOR) of general English texts at a CEFR B2 level (comprising 7,098 words) by exploring the frequency of ten types of syntactic structures (simple, compound and complex sentences of various number of dependent and independent clauses). The results of the investigation disclose that syntactic simplicity is prevalent in the BIOCOR: simple sentences abound, complex sentences are used in a modest manner, while complex-compound sentences are hardly present in the corpus. The syntactic simplicity of the biology textbook can be regarded as one of the linguistic features revealing the non-academic but popularizing nature of the secondary textbook register.

Zur maschinenunterstützten Übersetzung von Patentschriften: Der Stellenwert der internen Rekurrenz

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
Heribert Härtinger
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Translation Memory ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The empirical study presented in this paper explores the relationship between the linguistic features of patent specifications as a text genre and the benefits to be gained from usingCAT tools for their translation. The database is a corpus of 60 complete original (i.e. non-translated) texts selected in accordance with the requirements of the task at hand. The study focuses on analysing patterns of intratextual recurrence that are typical of this genre with a view to examining their impact on the retrieval performance of commercial translation memory (TM) systems. Using the model developed by Reinke (2004) for comparing sentence content, it also looks at genre characteristics that may affect the usability of the search results. The test software was the Translator's Workbench by SDL/Trados (version 7.0.0). The results confirm that it makes sense from a linguistic point of view to use TM systems for patent translations for two reasons: first, because the corpus was found to contain a broad spectrum of recurring sentences, clauses and complex phrases, which is characteristic of this text genre, and second, because the analysis showed that the structural, argumentative and functional features of patent documents have a positive effecton the usability of the search results. The study is also of practical interest because patents are a frequently translated LSP genre, which, despite its high degree of linguistic standardisation, has so far not been one of the areas where memory-based translation tools are routinely used.

scholarly journals Semantic and Cognitive Communicative Aspects of Abbreviation in the Modern English Discourse Varieties

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Alla Petrovna Minyar-Beloroucheva ◽  
Polina Igorevna Sergienko ◽  
Elizaveta Alexandrovna Vishnyakova ◽  
Olga Dmitrievna Vishnyakova
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
English Language ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Propositional Structures ◽  
Linguistic Units

The paper focuses on the integrated approach to investigation of abbreviations that are referred to the units of secondary nomination. Abbreviations facilitate the communication process due to the principle of economy in language. Abbreviation that goes back to ancient times is one of the most actively performed and intensive processes in the English language. The use of abbreviations is connected with both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that to a great extent determine a variety of discourse under consideration and ways of decoding certain linguistic units of abbreviated form, where context plays the most important role. There exists a number of structural types or models, according to which abbreviations are created in order to function as separate linguistic units used in the communicative process, where in the course of time they tend to acquire new independent and sometimes unique semantic properties. In socially determined professional registers certain regularities of abbreviations constructing and functioning are observed. In this paper most of the examples refer to such discursive varieties as politics, public relations, business and to a less extent medicine. Interdiscursivity that in this particular context means actualisation of the same abbreviated form within different discursive varieties seems to be one of the basic features of the abbreviation process under analysis. From the cognitive point of view, the study of abbreviated forms is based on the theory of propositional structures in the human mind manifestation. The cognitive approach correlates with linguistic semiotic and general semiotic issues, as at the iconic level of representation an abbreviation can be considered a starting point for creation of new entities and images, based on the results of perception, and the object for subsequent interpretation. This involves operation with fragments of reality, subject to reflection in the domain of human consciousness. Cognitive communicative approach takes into account different formats of knowledge that present the foundation for abbreviations active use and distribution. The Internet as a new medium for the language existence, as well as application and formation of human thought, plays an important role in optimizing messages as well as the communication process as a whole due to abbreviation techniques.

scholarly journals The role of Martin Luther translations in modern German

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Language Characteristics

The article considers the peculiarities of the development of the German language in the Middle Upper German period of the 16th century during the Reformation on the example of Martin Luther's translations of the Bible from Latin into the national German language, which later became the basis of the main characteristics of the modern German language. This scholarly legacy has reviewed Martin Luther's translations of the Bible from Latin into its modern German language and formulated a list of the main features of Luther's translations. The work is done in line with historical linguistics, allows for comparison of facts and papers, considering real documents and works, in this case - the translation of the Bible, as well as to predict the further development of modern German language, based on the experience of linguists. The tasks in this work have been formulated in such a way as to examine and describe the object of research as accurately as possible, namely to get acquainted with the texts of Martin Luther's translations of the Bible, to analyze the main linguistic features of his translations (phonetic/spelling, grammatical, lexical) and to formulate conclusions and further prospects of research provided this opportunity. The theoretical method of research provides this article with a comprehensive and substantiated view of the facts in their diachronic study. With the help of the comparative method in the study of Martin Luther's translations, characteristic features of the modern German language were established and recorded. As you know, Luther has greatly simplified the language and systematized it in his translations to successfully convey the essence of the Bible and its laws to every resident of those times. Comparative historical research has found that the most important changes in Luther's language are fixed in the pronunciation, examples of lexical units from the Middle Upper German language and the language in translations. It was found that these simplifications and features tend to become more relevant in the future and will simplify the German language. Besides language characteristics, the article describes facts from the life of Martin Luther, which cannot be bypassed from the historical point of view.

scholarly journals APOLITICAL APPROACH AND AESTHETIC EFFECT IN CONTEMPORARY KAZAKH PROSE

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
S. Yerzhanova ◽  
◽  
A. Zhutayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Relationship

This article deals with the relationship between the author`s view concerning the main idea and its impact on the reader in contemporary Kazakh prose. Features of postmodernism and its characteristic features are widely reflected in contemporary Kazakh prose. Particularly, an apolitical view and aesthetic effect establish strong connection between author and reader. The author`s apolitical point of view (approach) is directly related to the conveying themain points of idea in the process of writing. The personal opinion of the author is the main foundation for the theme and ideas of the work. The reader receives an aesthetic impression from the author’s worldview. Two categories, integrating, convey to us the relevance of a work. All these are postmodern features inherent in modern Kazakh prose. This article identifies the differences in the detailed and mental picture of the post-modernism of modern Kazakh literature and also describes their manifestations in prose scenes. The author analyzed the main problems of the writer's laboratory and discussed the idea of a postmodernist trend.

scholarly journals Parenthetical constructions in Ukrainian linguistics: structural and functional features

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 220-228
Author(s):  
Olga Novikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
The Future ◽  
Functional Features

The problems of syntax are constantly in the focus of attention of linguists, since the sentence structure in modern Ukrainian language is quite flexible and sensitive to target institutions of communication. As a result, new questions arise at every stage of scientific knowledge. These topical issues also include that of insertability. Modern studies connected with the parenthetical constructions do not fully solve the problem of their formation and development in modern linguistics. The purpose of the proposed scientific research is a comprehensive analysis of the parenthetical constructions in Ukrainian linguistics. The paper studies the problems associated with the formation of the parenthetical constructions category and analyzes the development of the doctrine of the parenthetical components in modern linguistics. The parenthetical constructions are considered as forms that are included in the sentence for expressing the emotional attitude of the speaker to the message. From the formal grammatical point of view the syntactical units are studied in isolation from the sentence. From the communicative point of view these units do not change the main modal meaning of the sentence but explain it, giving a special colour. The analysis shows that the attention of scholars was focused on the essence of parenthetically; on the functioning of the parenthetical units; on their analysis and semantics; on their correlation with the part of the sentence. The concept of «parenthetical» goes beyond the traditional syntax and it is the realization of expression which belongs to the specificity of not only a particular style, but also a particular author. The paper analyzes the works of Ukrainian linguists based on the study of the special status of parenthetical units; their facultative nature; the structural organization of sentences with the definite syntactic components; their position in the sentence; the semantics of parenthetical constructions; the communicative and textual potential of these units. Now the question of parenthetical words goes beyond the limits of the traditional syntax, since it represents an implementation of a statement plan related to the specifics of not only a certain style, but also of a certain author, therefore studying this phenomenon in linguistics remains relevant in the future.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN COOPERATIVE INTEGRATED READING AND COMPOSITION (CIRC) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENENTUKAN IDE POKOK PARAGRAF SISWA KELAS V SD NEGERI 003 PULAU KOPUNG KECAMATAN SENTAJO RAYA KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwanda Megri Santika ◽  
Otang Kurniaman ◽  
Zariul Antosa
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Main Ideas

Reading is one of the important aspects in the communication process. Reading can make someone better understand the contents of the reading. In learning to make it easier for students to understand the contents of the reading it will be easier if it begins with the ability to determine the main ideas of the paragraph. Based on this, the researcher conducted a study by applying the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) learning model to the ability to determine the main idea of the paragraph at the fifth grade students of SD 003 Pulau Kopung. This study aims to determine the effect of the CIRC learning model on the ability to determine the main ideas of paragraphs of fifth grade students of SD Negeri 003 Pulau Kopung. This research method is a quasi- experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This research was conducted in two classes, the VA class as the control class and VB class as the experimental class with 22 students in each class. The results of the study showed that the CIRC learning model influenced the ability to determine paragraph main ideas with the results of calculations derived from the gain index, the experimental class using the CIRC learning model got an increase in gain of 0.59 with the middle class and the control class with the normal learning model got an increase of 0.31 with medium class.

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