URBAN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF A DOLLARISED ECONOMY IN ZIMBABWE

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
Innocent Tonderai Mahiya
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Urban Unemployment ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration

The attainment of independence in Zimbabwe in 1980 was met with a mounting problem of rural to urban migration by people who had long been constrained by the colonial administration (Bond 2003). The influx of migrants into the urban areas quickly swallowed the available jobs that the urban areas could offer to the new urbanites. From the year 1980, urban unemployment has been on the increase and, notably, has been dominated by the youths because of the high mobility that characterises this age group against a shrinking economy and a productive base. Today, urban youth unemployment in Zimbabwe has reached 42 per cent among the urban unemployed, which is among the highest on the continent (Feresu, Chimhowu and Manjengwa 2010).

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Isaac B. Oluwatayo ◽  
Ayodeji O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
African Agriculture

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa.  The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africa’s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as ‘urbanisation of poverty’. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa. 

scholarly journals Rural-to-urban migration, discrimination experience, and health in China: Evidence from propensity score analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244441
Author(s):  
Zihong Deng ◽  
Yik Wa Law
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Propensity Score Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Score Analysis ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
Using Data

This research examines how rural-to-urban migration influences health through discrimination experience in China after considering migration selection bias. We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) to obtain a matched group of rural residents and rural-to-urban migrants with a similar probability of migrating from rural to urban areas using data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Regression and mediation analyses were performed after PSM. The results of regression analysis after PSM indicated that rural-to-urban migrants reported more discrimination experience than rural residents, and those of mediation analysis revealed discrimination experience to exert negative indirect effects on the associations between rural-to-urban migration and three measures of health: self-reported health, psychological distress, and physical discomfort. Sensitivity analysis using different calipers yielded similar results. Relevant policies and practices are required to respond to the unfair treatment and discrimination experienced by this migrant population.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ON RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN JAVA, INDONESIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Renata Fauzia ◽  
Soengwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates if the improvement of agricultural productivity will decrease rural to urban migration. Since rural to urban migration occurs due mainly to disparity between urban and agricultural wage, we assume that boosting agricultural income will reduce migration to urban areas. It is hypothesized that increase in agricultural productivity would result in a rise in agricultural wage, and hence income, ceteris paribus, reduces rural-urban migration. The data used in this study is the 2010 provincial statistics in West Java, Central Java, and East Java, Indonesia. The agricultural productivity and migration equations were estimated by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The research findings may offer the suggestion to reduce rural to urban migration by boosting rural income through focusing the policy on agricultural productivity. Enhancing investment in agricultural sector such as increasing the number of subsidized fertilizer, adding agricultural labor and livestock, increasing education of rural people, and utilizing agricultural land resource are expected to increase agricultural output.Thus, it would also minimize the wage differential between urban and rural area.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1(J)) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Isaac B. Oluwatayo ◽  
Ayodeji O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
African Agriculture

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa.  The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africa’s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as ‘urbanisation of poverty’. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa. 

Prescribing trends of antidiabetic drugs in diabetic and hypertensive diabetic patients in an urban tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Mohammad Didar Khan ◽  
Md. Ibrahim ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal ◽  
Dipti debnath ◽  
Asma Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present epidemiological study was conducted with the objectives of providing an insight into the current use of antidiabetic medications to diabetics and hypertensive diabetics in urban areas and determining how the patient factors influence the prescribing of antidiabetic medications. Methodology: Data of patients of past two years were collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The details were entered in the structured patient profile form. Data were statistically analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software. Result: A total of 958 patient’s data were collected and analyzed of which 632 (65.97 %) were males and 326 (34.03 %) were females. These patients were further categorized based on their age. 330 patients (34.45 %) belonged to the age group 20 – 44 years, 504 (52.61 %) to the age group 45 – 65 years and 124 (12.94 %) to the age group 65 – 80 years. 684 (71.4%) patients out of the 958 patients studied were suffering from coexisting hypertension. Co-existing hypertension was found to be more prevalent in the age group 45 – 65 years (67.69%) and was found more in females (84.04%). Conclusion: Metformin was the oral hypoglycemic which was the highest prescribed. In hypertensive diabetics Metformin and Pioglitazone were most frequently prescribed drugs. Biguanides and Insulin were the most commonly prescribed antidiabetics. A combination of two or more drugs of different classes was prescribed to hypertensive diabetics. It is necessary to have an improved understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes to focus on research efforts appropriately.

An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
Ziwei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Migrations ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
Employment Sectors

The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.

Influence of Urbanization on Teaching and Learning of Agriculture for Enhance Skill Acqusition in Ebonyi State.

2019 ◽  
pp. 263-269
Author(s):  
Nwakwengu S.A. ◽  
Aneke C.U.
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Public Secondary School ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Senior Secondary

The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of urbanization in teaching and learning of agriculture in Ebonyi State. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population was 397 which comprised 261 teachers of agricultural science in Ebonyi State and 136 senior secondary three students from 5 public secondary school in Abakiliki, Ebonyi State. No sampling was done due to the manageable size of the population. The instrument used for data collection was a 17 item questionnaire which was validated by three experts. The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha which yielded reliability index of 0.85 indicating that the instrument was suitable for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed by the researcher and three trained research assistants. Out of 397 copies distributed 383 were properly filled and returned representing 96.47 percent return rate. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and t-test statistics was used to test the null hypotheses. Based on the data analysis, it was found that urbanization affects the quality of teachers in rural schools due to rural urban migration, increases the rate of agricultural teacher‟s turnover in teaching and reduces government attention to agricultural science teaching facilities in urban areas. Recommendations were made among, others that Government should be make teaching of skill acquisition in urban settlement to be attractive to the students and teachers should make instruction facilities to meet the needed skills and contemporary issues in urban settlement to the students.

scholarly journals There Is No Place like Home! How Willing Are Young Adults to Move to Find a Job?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7494
Author(s):  
Julia Weiss ◽  
Livio Ferrante ◽  
Mariano Soler-Porta
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Job Opportunities

The European Union (EU) has undergone significant economic crises in recent years. Therein, young people were amongst the hardest hit groups, with youth unemployment rising as high as 50% in some member states. Particularly high rates of youth unemployment were often observed in rural areas, where labour market supply in relation to demand were notably divergent. One of the core pillars of the EU’s agenda is to tackle the persistent problem of youth unemployment. Since the recent crisis, this has been via the “Youth on the Move” initiative, which involves the promotion of intra- and international mobility of young adults in order to gain access to job opportunities. However, what has received little attention so far is the question of what the general willingness of young adults to move is like, and to what extent this varies, for example, depending upon the area they live in. This paper therefore asks if rural youth differ from youth in urban areas in relation to their willingness to move for a job within their country or to another country. Moreover, what influences the general willingness to be mobile? Based on the Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship (CUPESSE) Survey, which includes data on 18–35-year-olds in a sample of 11 European countries, it is shown that living in a rural area is strongly associated with the willingness to move. Furthermore, it shows that rural youth are more willing to move within the country but less willing to move to another country. Based on the presentation of the various factors, which promote or curb mobility readiness, the results make it clear that the success of EU initiatives depends on the preferences and willingness of the target group in question.

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