scholarly journals HISTORICAL EARTHEN WALLS: FROM KNOWLEDGE TO CONSCIOUS CONSERVATION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 1117-1124
Author(s):  
D. Pittaluga ◽  
A. Di Rocco ◽  
C. Casagrande ◽  
S. Guerinoni ◽  
G. Pellegri
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Results ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract. Centuries-old earthen masonry presenting various stages of degradation, earthen walls that have been restored several times: these are the archeological phases of the city walls of Mascarell, on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Founded in the first half of the 13th century, this town is the only complex in Castellon Province that preserves all its ancient walls, which were built entirely by means of the brick-faced rammed-earth technique (clay with bricks and lime). This article reports the first results of a research project conducted on the multiple information available on these artifacts: bibliographic, archival and iconographic sources and the results of direct material analysis, stratigraphic analysis and archeological analysis. The situation is complex, as these walls have undergone a long sequence of transformations, including interventions carried out since the 18th century and multiple restorations in the period 1942–2015. The research developed and refined architecture archeology tools in order to analyze the rammed-earth techniques adopted during restoration work (similar but not identical to the historical technique), to characterize the materials used in restoration, to evaluate their resistance to degradation over the years, to define a sort of ‘critical evolutionary line’ of rammed-earth restoration, and to conduct a cross-sectional study of this building technique from the Middle Ages to the present. Finally, we drafted some guidelines for future interventions for conservation and enhancement.

Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

CUIDADOS BUCAIS EM PACIENTES VENTILADOS MECANICAMENTE: CONHECIMENTO DE ENFERMEIROS DE UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérsica Sampaio Silva ◽  
Fernanda Alves Ferreira Gonçalves ◽  
Bárbara Ribeiro Miquelin Bueno ◽  
Georlucya Kátia Da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Ludmila Pinheiro Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated Patients ◽  
Complicating Factors ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ventilated Patients

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento acerca dos cuidados bucais realizados por enfermeiros a pacientes ventilados mecanicamente. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em um hospital escola de Goiânia/Goiás. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de questionário estruturado. Resultados: Os enfermeiros conhecem as medidas recomendadas sobre higiene bucal. Os fatores dificultadores encontrados foram a falta de pessoal (21,7%), falta de tempo (16,7%) e trabalhos burocráticos (15%). Contudo ainda existem lacunas no que se refere a produtos e materiais utilizados na higiene bucal. Conclusão: As Lacunas e os fatores dificultadores sinalizados nesse estudo merecem reflexão, como forma de avaliar a qualidade do cuidado oferecido.Descritores: Biofilme; Higiene Bucal; Cuidados de enfermagem.ORAL CARE IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS: KNOWLEDGE OF NURSES FROM A SCHOOL HOSPITALObjective: To evaluate the knowledge about oral care performed by nurses in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: a cross-sectional study, conducted in a teaching hospital of Goiania/Goias. The data collection was performed by means of a structured questionnaire. Results: The nurses know the measures recommended on oral hygiene. The complicating factors found were the lack of personnel (21.7%), lack of time (16.7%) and work on tape (15%). However there are still gaps in relation to products and materials used in oral hygiene. Conclusion: The gaps and the factors complicating factors indicated in this study deserve consideration, as a means of evaluating the quality of care offered.Keywords: Biofilm; Oral hygiene; Nursing care.CUIDADO ORAL EN PACIENTES CON VENTILACIÓN MECÁNICA: EL CONOCIMIENTO DE LAS ENFERMERAS DEL HOSPITAL ESCUELAObjetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento sobre el cuidado bucal realizadas por enfermeras en pacientes ventilados mecánicamente. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en un hospital de Goiania y Goias. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de un cuestionario estructurado. Resultados: Las enfermeras saben las medidas recomendadas en la higiene bucal. Los factores encontrados fueron la falta de personal (21,7%), la falta de tiempo (16,7%) y trabajar en la cinta (15%). Sin embargo todavía hay lagunas en relación con los productos y los materiales utilizados en la higiene bucal. Conclusión: Las brechas y los factores factores indicados en este estudio merecen consideración, como medio de evaluar la calidad de la atención ofrecida.Palabras clave: Biofilme; Higiene Bucal; Atención de Enfermería.

scholarly journals Elevated Serum Thyroglobulin and Low Iodine Intake Are Associated with Nontoxic Nodular Goiter among Adults Living near the Eastern Mediterranean Coast

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv S. Ovadia ◽  
Dov Gefel ◽  
Svetlana Turkot ◽  
Dorit Aharoni ◽  
Shlomo Fytlovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background.Information about iodine intake is crucial for preventing thyroid diseases. Inadequate iodine intake can lead to thyroid diseases, including nontoxic nodular goiter (NNG).Objective.To estimate iodine intake and explore its correlation with thyroid diseases among Israeli adults living near the Mediterranean coast, where iodine-depleted desalinated water has become a major source of drinking water.Methods.Cross-sectional study of patients attending Barzilai Medical Center Ashkelon. Participants, who were classified as either NNG (n=17), hypothyroidism (n=14), or control (n=31), provided serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and completed a semiquantitative iodine food frequency questionnaire.Results.Elevated serum Tg values (Tg > 60 ng/mL) were significantly more prevalent in the NNG group than in the other groups (29% versus 7% and 0% for hypothyroidism and controls, resp.,P<0.05). Mean estimated iodine intake was significantly lower in the NNG group (65±30 μg/d) than in controls (115±60 μg/d) (P<0.05) with intermediate intake in the hypothyroid group (73±38 μg/d).Conclusions.Elevated serum Tg values and low dietary iodine intake are associated with NNG among adult patients in Ashkelon District, Israel. Larger studies are needed in order to expand on these important initial findings.

scholarly journals Practice of wound closure techniques among emergency physicians and surgeons in Makkah City Hospitals in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeehad Felemban ◽  
Kenan A Binyaseen ◽  
Waleed S Almalki ◽  
Fahad S Altowairqi ◽  
Amer O Sakhakhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Polyglycolic Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wound Closure Techniques ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Makkah City

Background: Wound suturing is a procedure performed by medical and surgical specialists. While there are many different suturing techniques and materials used to treat patients, the choice of which to employ depends on different variables that affect the outcome of the procedure.Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted to provide descriptive data regarding the practice of wound closure techniques, and to develop an awareness of scar formation factors. A total of 172 general surgery (GS) surgeons and emergency (EM) physicians in Makkah city hospitals in Saudi Arabia participated in the study.Results: More than 50% of the practitioners favored the simple interrupted technique for the treatment of all types of studied wounds. The other most common techniques among participants were the subcuticular and vertical mattress methods, respectively, while the use of a stapler was limited to certain wound types. Regarding suturing material, polyglycolic acid was the most frequent material used by 50.1% of participants, whereas only 22% of the participants selected nylon material for wound suturing. However, this study showed a good level of awareness among participants, with significant p-values (p<0.05) of strongly agree and agree regarding the essential factors affecting wound healing and scar formation.Conclusions: The result provides insight into the most common suture techniques and materials used in wound closure. There are wide variations in selecting these techniques and materials among the participants. Also, we found that there is good awareness among participants about factors that lead to scar formation.

Aristotle

Classics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Natali ◽  
Gaia Bagnati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Main Part ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Aristotle (384–322 bce) was a younger disciple and colleague of Plato. They are the two most famous and important ancient philosophers, and Aristotle is the only Platonic disciple whose works have been transmitted to us. The relationship between the two thinkers is complex: they share some basic ideas but the disciple is a strong critic of some aspects of his master’s thought, a fact not unusual in the relationships between master and disciple. He agrees with Plato on a rejection of materialism in favor of the idea that our world is the result of a formal structure that can be formulated in rational and scientific definitions. On the other hand, he thinks that sensible moving entities contain in themselves their forms and because of that they can be the object of scientific knowledge, i.e., a universal and deductible knowledge and not only of a true unstable opinion as Plato maintained. They also are the real substances. From this basic difference many oppositions between Aristotle and his master derive. In the history of philosophy Aristotle suffered a complex destiny, different from Plato’s continuous success. In some periods he was neglected, for instance in the Hellenistic period and from the 18th century until the main part of 19th century. In other periods he achieved great fame, for instance in later Antiquity, in the Middle Ages from the 13th century, and also in our own time. The authors would like to thank warmly Professor Iain MacPherson for revising their far-from-perfect English.

scholarly journals Suicidal Death due to Hanging

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Begum ◽  
Nashid Tabasum Khan ◽  
AKM Shafiuzzaman ◽  
Farhana Shahid ◽  
AM Ashraful Anam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Materials Used

Background: Hanging is always suicidal unless otherwise proved. It is a form of violent asphyxial death. It produces painless death for the victims so that it is a widely practiced method of suicide. In Bangladesh hanging is one of the commonest methods of suicide.Objective: The objective of this study was to find out socio-demographic characteristics of victims, common ligature materials used by victims and post-mortem findings.Materials and method: A retrospective cross sectional study was done in Dhaka Medical College Mortuary during the period of January 2009 to January 2010. During this period data were collected from 2133 cases of medicolegal autopsies by purposive sampling.Results: A total of 2133 medicolegal autopsies were analyzed of which 78 (3.65%) were deaths due to hanging. Out of these 78 cases maximum 37 (47.44%) deaths due to hanging were in the age group of 21-30 years. Majority of the cases (48; 61.54%) were observed in females. Majority (32; 41.03%) of victims had used Dopatta (orna) as a ligature material. Cyanosis of fingertips and nail beds was the commonest (75; 96.15%) findings in cases of asphyxial death due to hanging.Conclusion: Suicidal hanging is observed in this study mostly within the young age group ranging from 21-30 yrs. So, awareness at the level of family and community should be raised to improve personal and social relation in every sphere. The factors provoking an individual for an attempt to suicide should also be investigated for its prevention.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2017 5(2): 89-93

scholarly journals AreIL18RAPgene polymorphisms associated with body mass regulation? A cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e017875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanesa Martínez-Barquero ◽  
Griselda de Marco ◽  
Sergio Martínez-Hervas ◽  
Victoria Adam-Felici ◽  
Cristina Pérez-Soriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Mass Regulation

ObjectivesTo investigate the association betweenIL18RAPand body mass index (BMI) and obesity and to verify the effect of a polymorphism in the microRNA136 (MIR136)IL18RAPbinding region.DesignWe analysed samples from two Spanish cross-sectional studies, VALCAR (Spanish Mediterranean coast) and Hortega (Spanish centre). These studies aimed at analysing cardiovascular risk and development of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Both populations correspond to regions with different characteristics.SettingFiveIL18RAPsingle nucleotide polymorphisms were selected using the SYSNPs web tool and analysed by oligonucleotide ligation assay (SNPlex). For the MIR136 functional study, cells were transfected with plasmids containing different rs7559479 polymorphism alleles and analysed by luciferase reporter assays.Participants1970 individuals (Caucasian, both genders): VALCAR (468) and Hortega (1502).Resultsrs2293225, rs2272127 and rs7559479 showed the following associations: rs7559479 G allele correlated with a higher obesity risk (P=0.01; OR=1.82; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.87 for the VALCAR group; P=0.033; OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.79 for the Hortega population) and higher body mass index (BMI) values (P=0.0045; P=0.1 for VALCAR and Hortega, respectively); a significant association with obesity (P=0.0024, OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.82) and increased BMI values (P=0.008) was found when considering both populations together. rs2293225 T allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.036; OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.96) and lower BMI values (P=0.0038; OR=1.41) while the rs2272127 G allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.028; OR=0.66; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.97) only in the VALCAR population. A reporter assay showed that the presence of the A allele in rs7559479 was associated with increased MIR136 binding toIL18RAP.ConclusionsOur results suggest that polymorphisms inIL18RAPinfluence susceptibility to obesity. We demonstrated that the A allele in rs7559479 increases MIR136 binding, which regulates IL-18 system activity.

scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Individuals of Different Categories of Cardiovascular Risk Using the Aterostop Calculator

Kardiologiia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
M. Y. Zubareva ◽  
P. P. Malyshev ◽  
A. A. Ansheles ◽  
I. V. Sergienko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Extreme Risk ◽  
First Results

Aim        To analyze first results of using the Aterostop calculator for a comprehensive evaluation of the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Material and methods        A cross-sectional study analyzed major and additional risk factors in 460 subjects without apparent disease and in patients with documented CVD of atherosclerotic origin using the application (calculator) Aterostop developed in the National Medical Research Center of Cardiology in Moscow, Russia.Results   45.4% of evaluated persons belonged to the categories of very high and extreme risk. Age and frequencies of smoking, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) increased with the increase in risk; the growth of DM was exponential. 129 (28%) individuals used lipid-lowering medications at the time of study. Their plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly lower than in those who did not received this treatment. However, achieving the target level was inversely proportional to the risk: the greatest proportion of individuals who reached the LDL-C target was in the category of low risk and the smallest proportion was in the category of extreme risk (75 % vs. 3.7 %, respectively).Conclusion            The results obtained with the calculator Aterostop were consistent with earlier reports of insufficient effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic CVDs, which requires more tight and fruitful cooperation of the physician and the patient.

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