scholarly journals Spinoza’s Philosophy: The Role of Ontology in Justification the Ethics Of Ends

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Sedychenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
The Core ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Ontological Foundation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Ethical Component

The paper shows the characteristic features of Spinoza's ethics are revealed in accordance with the specifics of his ontology, namely, it is shown that Spinoza's ethical goals are to achieve a person's understanding of the essence of virtues and affects, which entails disclosing the morality inherent in human nature and liberation from passions. It is shown that human freedom is understood by Spinoza as the realization by man of one's own aspirations and goals. It is established that Spinoza's ontology serves as the theoretical foundation of his ethics: Spinoza's goal in constructing such an ontology is to give a different idea of the essence and content of traditional ethical positions. It is substantiated that epistemology is the core of the entire philosophical system, namely, an ontological foundation and further ethical positions are built on the assessment of the adequacy and inadequacy of cognition. It is estimated to what extent the ethical component of Spinoza's teachings determines the content and character of the rest of his philosophy.

scholarly journals Eupsychian Theory: Reclaiming Maslow and Rejecting The Pyramid - The Seven Essential Needs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Sosteric ◽  
Gina Ratkovic
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Abraham Maslow ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Core ◽  
Integrative View

In 1943, Abraham Maslow presented a now widely accepted theory of human motivation. This theory was shortly represented by a now iconic Pyramid of Needs. Building upon the work of Abraham Maslow, this article rejects the pyramid of needs as an ideologically rooted, sanitized, and stripped-down version of Maslow’s nascent Eupsychian Theory. Instead, the article proposes a Circle of Seven Essential needs as the core of a sophisticated and integrative humanistic/transpersonal Euspychian theory of human development and human potential, a theory that Maslow was in the process of developing before his untimely death. As argued in the article, the Circle of Seven Essential Needs encourages us to develop a broad, holistic, and integrative view of human nature, human development and the role of human society more in line with Maslow’s thinking on human development and human potential.

scholarly journals REFLEXÕES CRÍTICO-ONTOLÓGICAS SOBRE INDIVÍDUO E EDUCAÇÃO NA PERSPECTIVA DA EMANCIPAÇÃO HUMANA

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Betânea Moreira de Moraes ◽  
Frederico Jorge Ferreira Costa ◽  
Ruth Maria de Paula Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Core Business ◽  
The Core ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Full Life ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Education

O artigo trata de três questões centrais: 1) o que é indivíduo; 2) o que é educação; 3) as relações entreindivíduo e educação. Nesse sentido, buscamos inicialmente trazer para o debate a concepção naturalizada emnossas consciências de que os indivíduos são essencialmente egoístas, competidores, ou seja, que o egoísmo e oato de competir são inerentes à essência humana – Homo homini lupus –, daí a impossibilidade de superação daexploração do homem pelo homem. No segundo momento, intentamos discutir a atividade essencial da educaçãoe o seu real papel na formação do indivíduo. Por fim, problematizamos a concepção de atividade pedagógica comoprática redentora geral, isto é, questionamos a concepção de educação como a verdadeira tábua de salvação,capaz de sanar todas as formas de miséria vigentes em nossos dias. É, pois, no entendimento da contradição quemarca a determinação onto-histórica da educação: em seu sentido universal e instituída e historicamente determinada,que apanhamos o lugar e o papel efetivo da educação no processo de constituição do indivíduo livre e deuma vida plena de sentido, qual seja: uma formação assente na luta pela superação da exploração do homem pelohomem.Palavras-chave: Indivíduo. Educação. Ontologia do ser social. REFLECTIONS CRITICAL-ONTOLOGICAL ON INDIVIDUAL AND EDUCATION INVIEW OF HUMAN EMANCIPATIOAbstract: The article deals with three central questions: 1) what is individual; 2) What is education; 3) the relationshipbetween the individual and education. In this sense, we seek to initially bring to the debate the naturalizedconception in our consciousness that individuals are essentially selfish, competitors, or that selfishness and theact of competing are inherent in human nature – Homo homini lupus – there the impossibility of overcoming the exploitationof man by man. In the second phase, intend to discuss the core business of education and its role in theformation of the individual; finally, we question the design of pedagogical activity as general redemptive practice,that is, question the concept of education as the true lifeline, able to resolve all existing forms of poverty today. It istherefore, according to the contradiction that marks the onto-historical determination of education: in its universaland established and historically determined sense that caught the place and the effective role of education in thefree individual constitution process and a full life of meaning, namely, training based on the struggle to overcome theexploitation of man by man.Keywords: Individual. Education. Ontology marxian. REFLEXIONES CRÍTICO-ONTOLÓGICA SOBRE EL INDIVIDUO Y LA EDUCACIÓNEN LA PERSPECTIVA DE EMANCIPACIÓN HUMANAResumen: El artículo se ocupa de tres cuestiones centrales: 1) ¿Qué es individuo?; 2) ¿Qué es la educación?;3) las relaciones entre el individuo y la educación. En este sentido, buscamos, inicialmente, traer para el debate laconcepción naturalizada en nuestras conciencias de que los individuos son esencialmente egoístas, competidores,o sea, que el egoísmo y el acto de competir son inherentes a la esencia humana – Homo homini lupus – esta esla concepción de la imposibilidad de superación de la explotación del hombre por el hombre. En el segundo momento,intentamos discutir la actividad esencial de la educación y su real papel en la formación del individuo. Porfin, cuestionamos la concepción de educación como la verdadera línea de salvación, capaz de resolver todas lasformas de pobreza existentes en nuestros días. Es, por lo tanto, en el entendimiento de la contradicción que marcala determinación histórica onto-histórica de la educación: en su sentido universal y establecido y históricamentedeterminada, que cogimos el lugar y el papel efectivo de la educación en el proceso de constitución del individuolibre y de una vida plena de sentido, cual sea: una formación basada en la lucha por la superación de la exploracióndel hombre por lo hombre.Palabras clave: Individuo. Educación. Ontología del ser social.

National Learning

2015 ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Peter Flueckiger
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Japanese Poetry ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ancient Texts

Followers of the Tokugawa intellectual and literary movement known as “National Learning” (kokugaku 国学) sought to recover native forms of Japanese culture free from the influence of Confucianism and other foreign ideologies, which they claimed had corrupted the original harmony of ancient Japan. Ancient Japanese poetry played a central role for them because they believed it to be a repository of purely Japanese values and language. This chapter explores the role of poetry in National Learning scholars’ philosophical conceptions of human nature and interpersonal relations, arguing that these figures put emotional connections at the core of their conception of community and saw poetry as uniting people through its capacity to express and communicate emotions. It discusses how these scholars used Japanese poetry in their philology, seeing it as a means for learning both the ancient Japanese language and the underlying mindset from which ancient texts were produced.

scholarly journals Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Perspektif Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) (Analisis Filosofis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Masbur Masbur
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Abraham Maslow ◽  
Peak Experience ◽  
Building Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
Psychological Behavior

Value for Maslow is the value of existence (being values), which includes among others: truth, goodness, beauty, full of energy, unique, perfection, fullness, justice, order, simplicity, rich nature, the full nature of the game and the nature of self- sufficient. These values will behave as needs and fulfillment will bear the psychological health and leads to the possibility of a peak experience. Moreover, according to Maslow value focus is on the role of human beings, human nature, and moral values. At the first show that the award of the inner potential and the human role in determining his choices. In the second explains that human nature lies in the nature that fosters inner porensi independence and responsibility on humanitarian grounds. The latter showed that moral values are values that are very important for people to develop themselves. The implication of all it is the first, the realization of development opportunities and the role of human psychological behavior-based humanistic and religious. Second, the realization of psychological behavior improvement opportunities based on the transcendental spiritual and scientific aspects. Third, the realization of development opportunities of building science concerned with the aspect of morality. Because for him, the peak experience is becoming more of yourself, realizing his ability to perfect, closer to the core of its existence, and more fully as a human being and experience the peak is at the core of religion. Nilai bagi Maslow adalah nilai keberadaan (being values), yang mencakup diantaranya adalah: kebenaran, kebaikan, keindahan, penuh energi, unik, kesempurnaan, kepenuhan, keadilan, ketertiban, kesederhanaan, sifat kaya, sifat penuh permainan dan sifat mencukupi diri. Nilai-nilai tersebut akan berprilaku seperti kebutuhan dan pemenuhannya akan melahirkan kesehatan psikologis dan membawa ke arah kemungkinan pengalaman puncak. Selain itu, fokus nilai menurut Maslow adalah pada peran manusia, hakikat manusia, dan nilai moral. Pada yang pertama menunjukkan bahwa pemberian penghargaan terhadap potensi batin dan peran manusia dalam menentukan pilihan-pilihannya. Pada yang kedua menerangkan bahwa hakikat manusia terletak pada porensi batin yang menumbuhkan sifat kemandirian dan tanggung jawab atas dasar kemanusiaan. Sedangkann yang terakhir menunjukkan bahwa nilai moral adalah nilai yang sangat penting bagi manusia untuk mengembangkan dirinya. Implikasi dari semua itu adalah pertama, terwujudnya peluang pengembangan peran manusia dan tingkah laku psikologisnya yang berbasis humanistik dan religious. Kedua, terwujudnya peluang penyempurnaan tingkahlaku psikologis yang berlandaskan pada aspek spiritual transendental dan ilmiah. Ketiga, terwujudnya peluang pengembangan bangunan ilmu yang menaruh perhatian pada aspek moralitas. Karna baginya, pengalaman puncak adalah menjadi lebih dari diri sendiri, lebih mewujudkan kemampuannya dengan sempurna, lebih dekat inti keberadaannya, dan lebih penuh sebagai manusia dan pengalaman puncak itu ada pada inti agama. Kata Kunci : Internalisasi. Nilai Pendidikan Abraham Maslow

Budget as an Instrument of Reproduction of Bureaucracy in Russia

2006 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Yu. Shvetsov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Characteristic Features

The article considers the problem of bureaucratisation of the state and the most important social and economic consequences of this phenomenon. The essence of bureaucracy has been revealed, characteristic features of its functioning in Russia have been analyzed; the material base of bureaucracy and its dominating status in the society have been substantiated. The conclusion has been made that the process of changing the role of the budget to serve the interests of bureaucracy is being accomplished.

Kropotkin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kinna
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Revolutionary Politics

This book is designed to remove Peter Kropotkin from the framework of classical anarchism. By focusing attention on his theory of mutual aid, it argues that the classical framing distorts Kropotkin's political theory by associating it with a narrowly positivistic conception of science, a naively optimistic idea of human nature and a millenarian idea of revolution. Kropotkin's abiding concern with Russian revolutionary politics is the lens for this analysis. The argument is that his engagement with nihilism shaped his conception of science and that his expeditions in Siberia underpinned an approach to social analysis that was rooted in geography. Looking at Kropotkin's relationship with Elisée Reclus and Erico Malatesta and examining his critical appreciation of P-J. Proudhon, Michael Bakunin and Max Stirner, the study shows how he understood anarchist traditions and reveals the special character of his anarchist communism. His idea of the state as a colonising process and his contention that exploitation and oppression operate in global contexts is a key feature of this. Kropotkin's views about the role of theory in revolutionary practice show how he developed this critique of the state and capitalism to advance an idea of political change that combined the building of non-state alternatives through direct action and wilful disobedience. Against critics who argue that Kropotkin betrayed these principles in 1914, the book suggests that this controversial decision was consistent with his anarchism and that it reflected his judgment about the prospects of anarchistic revolution in Russia.

Thomas More's “rule” of pleasure before, after, and inUtopia

Moreana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (Number 207) (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Gerard Wegemer
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biblical Allusions ◽  
De Officiis

After establishing a context of More's lifelong engagement with the “calculus” of pleasure, this essay shows how the section devoted to the Utopians' pleasure philosophy is structured around five formulations of a “rule” to calculate “true and honest [honesta]” pleasure in ways that playfully imitate and echo the “rule” Cicero formulates several times in De officiis to discern one's duty when there seems to be a conflict between honestas et utilitas. When followed, the Utopian pleasure calculus shows the necessary role of societas, officii, iustitia, caritas, and the other aspects of human nature, most importantly friendship, that Cicero stresses in his rule and that he argued Epicurus ignored. Much of the irony and humor of this section depends on seeing the predominance of Ciceronian vocabulary in Raphael's unusual defense [patrocinium] of pleasure, rather than a Ciceronian defense of duty rooted in honestas. Throughout, however, this essay also shows how More goes beyond Cicero by including Augustinian and biblical allusions to suggest ways that our final end is not as Epicurus or the Stoics or Cicero claim; the language and allusions of this section point to a level of good cheer and care for neighbors and for God in ways quite different from any classical thinker.

Does a Ribosome Really Read? On the Cognitive Roots and Heuristic Value of Linguistic Metaphors in Molecular Genetics. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Suren T. Zolyan
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The Core ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Frame ◽  
Effective Instrument

We discuss the role of linguistic metaphors as a cognitive frame for the understanding of genetic information processing. The essential similarity between language and genetic information processing has been recognized since the very beginning, and many prominent scholars have noted the possibility of considering genes and genomes as texts or languages. Most of the core terms in molecular biology are based on linguistic metaphors. The processing of genetic information is understood as some operations on text – writing, reading and editing and their specification (encoding/decoding, proofreading, transcription, translation, reading frame). The concept of gene reading can be traced from the archaic idea of the equation of Life and Nature with the Book. Thus, the genetics itself can be metaphorically represented as some operations on text (deciphering, understanding, code-breaking, transcribing, editing, etc.), which are performed by scientists. At the same time linguistic metaphors portrayed gene entities also as having the ability of reading. In the case of such “bio-reading” some essential features similar to the processes of human reading can be revealed: this is an ability to identify the biochemical sequences based on their function in an abstract system and distinguish between type and its contextual tokens of the same type. Metaphors seem to be an effective instrument for representation, as they make possible a two-dimensional description: biochemical by its experimental empirical results and textual based on the cognitive models of comprehension. In addition to their heuristic value, linguistic metaphors are based on the essential characteristics of genetic information derived from its dual nature: biochemical by its substance, textual (or quasi-textual) by its formal organization. It can be concluded that linguistic metaphors denoting biochemical objects and processes seem to be a method of description and explanation of these heterogeneous properties.

The Nature of Degrowth: Theorising the Core of Nature for the Degrowth Movement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasi Heikkurinen
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Culturally Sensitive ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
Nature Experience ◽  
Matter Energy

This article investigates human–nature relations in the light of the recent call for degrowth, a radical reduction of matter–energy throughput in over-producing and over-consuming cultures. It outlines a culturally sensitive response to a (conceived) paradox where humans embedded in nature experience alienation and estrangement from it. The article finds that if nature has a core, then the experienced distance makes sense. To describe the core of nature, three temporal lenses are employed: the core of nature as ‘the past’, ‘the future’, and ‘the present’. It is proposed that while the degrowth movement should be inclusive of temporal perspectives, the lens of the present should be emphasised to balance out the prevailing romanticism and futurism in the theory and practice of degrowth.

Exploring the Mechanism of Lingzhu San in Treating Febrile Seizures by Using Network Pharmacology

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Fei Zhang ◽  
Dong-Yan Guo ◽  
Yan-Jun Yang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
R Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism

Objective: Lingzhu San (LZS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription which can be effective in treating febrile seizures (FS) and has few researches on the mechanisms. In order to better guide the clinical use of LZS, we used the research ideas and methods of network pharmacology to find the potential core compounds, targets and pathways of LZS in the complex TCM system for the treatment of FS, and predict the mechanism. Materials and Methods: Databases such as BATMAN, TCMSP, TCMID, and SWISS TARGET are used to mine the active compounds and targets of LZS, and the target information of FS was obtained through GENECARDS and OMIM. Using Venny2.1.0 and Cytoscape software to locked the potential core compounds and targets of FS. The R language and ClusterProfiler software package were adopt to enrich and analyze the KEGG and GO pathways of the core targets and the biological processes and potential mechanisms of the core targets were revealed. Results: 187 active compounds and 2113 target proteins of LZS were collected. And 38 potential core compounds, 35 core targets and 775 metabolic and functional pathways were screened which involved in mediating FS. Finally, the role of the core compounds, targets and pivotal pathways of LZS regulated FS in the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanism of FS was discussed and clarified. Conclusions: In this paper, the multi-compounds, multi-targets and multi-pathways mechanism of LZS in the treatment of FS was preliminarily revealed through the analysis of network pharmacology data, which is consistent with the principle of multi-compounds compatibility of TCM prescriptions and unified treatment of diseases from multiple angles, and it provides a new way for TCM to treat complex diseases caused by multiple factors.

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