Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ear and wound swabs in some selected hospital laboratories in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
A. I. Umar ◽  
I. Garba ◽  
M. L. Jidda ◽  
A. M. Ganau ◽  
A. S. Fana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Wide Range

Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a metabolically versatile bacterium that can cause a wide range of severe opportunistic infections in patients with serious underlying conditions and can be found in most communities in Nigeria. The study was to determine the prevalence, resistance pattern and distribution of multiple drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDR-PA) isolated from ear and wound specimens in patients attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto and Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital Sokoto. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 samples were analysed by standard bacteriological methods. Screening for MDR-PA was carried out by antibiotic sensitivity testing using disc diffusion method with ceftazidime (30 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), cloxacillin (30 µg), amoxicillin (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), gentamycin (10 µg) and colistin (10 µg) discs on Mueller Hinton agar. Results: Of a total of 55 (36.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa strains were obtained, 30 (54.5%) isolates were resistant to imipenem, 31 (56.3%) were resistant to ofloxacin, 44 (80.0%) to gentamycin, 53 (96.3%) to ceftazidime and cefuroxime, 50 (90.9%) to ceftrizone, 54 (98.1%) to cloxacillin and amoxycillin and lastly 15 (27.2%) to colistin. All the isolates were multi drug resistant, this probably due to improper use or over the counter purchase of antibiotics without professional oversight. Conclusion: Almost all the isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics used including colistin. There is need to improve on the public health awareness on the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents as it is one of the major ways microbes develop resistance to them.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, Alginate and Biofilm Production in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme DAVARZANI ◽  
Navid SAIDI ◽  
Saeed BESHARATI ◽  
Horieh SADERI ◽  
Iraj RASOOLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Alginate Production ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic bacteria causing nosocomial infections, which has significant resistance to antimicrobial agents. This bacterium is a biofilm and alginate producer. Biofilm increases the bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the immune system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the biofilm formation, alginate production and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methods: One hundred isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected during the study period (from Dec 2017 to Jul 2018) from different clinical samples of the patients admitted to Milad and Pars Hospitals at Tehran, Iran. Isolates were identified and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was specified by the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation and alginate production were measured by microtiter plate and carbazole assay, respectively. Results: Sixteen isolates were resistant to all the 12 studied antibiotics. Moreover, 31 isolates were MultidrugResistant (MDR). The highest resistance rate was related to ofloxacin (36 isolates) and the least resistance was related to piperacillin-tazobactam (21 isolates). All the isolates could produce the biofilm and alginate. The number of isolates producing strong, medium and weak biofilms was equal to 34, 52, and 14, respectively. Alginate production was more than 400 μg/ml in 39 isolates, 250-400 μg/ml in 51 isolates and less than 250 μg/ml in 10 isolates. Conclusion: High prevalence of MDR, biofilm formation, and alginate production were observed among the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The results also showed a significant relationship between the amount of alginate production and the level of biofilm formation.

Urinary tract infection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Grabe ◽  
Björn Wullt
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Tract Infections

Infections of the urinary tract are among the most frequent infections encountered in the community and hospital environments. They range from harmless self-curing cystitis to severe pyelonephritis with life-threatening sepsis. Urinary tract infections are often recurrent. Host defence is crucial to control the infection but can also be deleterious in terms of scar formation. Early diagnosis, determination of severity, evaluation of possible risk factors, and assumption of possible pathogen are essential aspects to initiate efficient treatment. Urine culture with antibiotic sensitivity testing is the most important tool to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and direct treatment. Patients with urological disease are particularly susceptible to urinary tract infections, and healthcare-associated urinary infections are observed in approximately 10% of hospitalized urological patients. In view of the worsening resistance pattern of common urinary pathogens against available antimicrobial agents, it is important to comply with recommended treatment regimens.

scholarly journals Vancomycin and High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance inEnterococcusspp. in a Tertiary Health Care Centre: A Therapeutic Concern

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Mittal ◽  
Pooja Singla ◽  
Antariksha Deep ◽  
Kiran Bala ◽  
Rama Sikka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
High Level

Aims. This study was aimed at knowing the prevalence of vancomycin and high level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococcal strains among clinical samples.Study Design. It was an investigational study.Place and Duration of Study. It was conducted on 100Enterococcusisolates, in the Department of Microbiology, Pt. BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, over a period of six months from July to December 2014.Methodology. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, semen, vaginal swab, and throat swab were processed andEnterococcusisolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of enterococci was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results. High level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) was more common in urine samples (41.5%) followed by blood (36%) samples. High level streptomycin resistance (HLSR) was more common in pus samples (52.6%) followed by blood samples (36%). Resistance to vancomycin was maximum in blood isolates.Conclusion. Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents have been recognized. Thus, it is crucial for laboratories to provide accurate antimicrobial resistance patterns for enterococci so that effective therapy and infection control measures can be initiated.

scholarly journals Correlation of biofilm production with antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from various clinical specimens

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
M Swapna ◽  
G Sumathi ◽  
M Anitha
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent nosocomial pathogens that cause a life-threatening infection. One of the important characteristics of P. aeruginosa is biofilm formation which leads to antibiotic resistance. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the antibiotic resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates and correlation with their biofilm-production. Materials and Methods: A total of 87 P. aeruginosa isolates from different clinical specimens were processed and confirmed by conventional microbiological methods as per standard methodology. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done for all isolates. Biofilm producing isolates were identified by the microtiter plate method (MTPM). Results: Of 87 P. aeruginosa isolates, majority were from pus 33 (38%), followed by urine 26 (30%), sputum 19 (22%), body fluids 7 (8%), and blood 2 (2%). Biofilm producing isolates showed more resistance in comparison to non-biofilm producers. The observed difference between biofilm formation for multidrug resistant and susceptible isolates was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: MTPM method was an effective test for detection of biofilm formation and was also able to verify biofilm production by P. aeruginosa. This indicated a higher propensity among the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm and revealed a positive correlation between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. This indicates the need for testing of even susceptible isolates for virulence factors such as biofilm production.

Spectrum and resistance determinants of oral streptococci clinical isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Nataliia Valerievna Davidovich ◽  
A. S. Galieva ◽  
N. G. Davydova ◽  
O. G. Malygina ◽  
N. N. Kukalevskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clinically Significant

The profiles of oral streptococci sensitivity to antibacterial drugs may reflect information about the presence of macroorganism resistance determinants. The aim of the work was to isolate the spectrum of oral streptococci from the microbiota of the oral cavity of patients and to determine their sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics. A total of 342 microbial streptococcal isolates were isolated from saliva samples and a periodontal pocket and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Species identification of streptococci was carried out using biochemical API test systems. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance was performed using E-tests. Real-time PCR was used to identify the presence of tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes. The study identified six types of oral streptococci: S. oralis, S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. anginosus and S. mutans. All streptococci were sensitive to linezolid and meropenem. The proportion of penicillin-resistant streptococci in the subgroup S. oralis / mitis / mutans was 47,8% versus 23,5% in the subgroup S. salivarius / sanguinis / anginosus (p = 0.020). Significant levels of resistance were revealed to macrolides (erythromycin) - 47,9%, tetracyclines (tetracycline) - 44,4% and quinolones (ofloxacin) - 41%. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 31,9% of oral streptococcal isolates, a combination of erythromycin, tetracycline and ofloxacin resistance was prevalent in 79 isolates (23,1%). The most common genotypes of macrolides and tetracycline resistant oral streptococci (in 127 streptococcal isolates with combined resistance) were ermB-mefE + and tetM + tetQ-, respectively. Thus, S. oralis / mitis / mutans group streptococci predominated in the structure of antibiotic-resistant oral streptococci, including MDR. So, being in one of the most densely populated biotopes of a macroorganism, oral streptococci can mediate the transfer of resistance determinants to more pathogenic and clinically significant microorganisms, which requires careful monitoring of their level of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Khanal ◽  
S Manandhar ◽  
GP Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most common reasons for admission to neonatal units in developing countries. It is also a major cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries. This study was done to determine the bacterial profile causing neonatal sepsis and to assess their susceptibility pattern to various antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal among 340 neonates suspected of neonatal sepsis. Blood culture was performed and organisms were identified with Gram staining and conventional biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: The prevalence rate of neonatal sepsis was 20.3%. Among 340 neonates, 52.17% were males and 47.82% were females. Gram positive cocci were the most predominant isolates (88.40%). Among Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolates (72.46%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.24%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.34%) and Enterococcus fecalis (4.34%). Gram negative bacilli were found in 11.60% of the growth positive samples of which E.coli and Klebsiella spp were found in 10.14% and 1.44% respectively. Sensitivity to Amikacin was highest among all types of organisms isolated. Vancomycin and Gentamycin sensitivity was highest for Gram positive and Gram negative organisms respectively. Ampicillin resistance was highest among isolates. Among the 69 isolates 48 were Multiple drug resistant. Conclusion: The predominance of Gram positive cocci particularly Coagulase negative Staphylococci is shown. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be reviewed for Multiple drug resistant strains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.9183 J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):175-180

scholarly journals Bacterial Profile and their Antibiogram Isolated from Cell Phones

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Bikrant Gumanju ◽  
Roshna Shrestha ◽  
Poonam Lakhemaru ◽  
Rakysa Upadhyaya ◽  
Sushila Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tissue Paper

Objectives: The present study aimed to identify bacteria profile of cell phones used by different people from different profession of Bhaktapur and to access their antimicrobial resistance. Methods: Forty-nine mobile swab samples were collected from 7 different profession category (7 samples each from student, butcher, cook, panipuri vendor, health workers, and dairy employee). Samples were cultured and processed by standard Microbiological procedures. All the isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as describe in CLSI guidelines. The rate of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria was also determined. Results: Out of 49 sample, Bacillus spp (20.4%) was the most predominant isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%) and Pseudomonas spp (10.6%). Higher variety of bacterial isolates was found in the cell phones swabs from butcher followed by cook, farmer and panipuri vendor group. The data from the questionnaire showed that handkerchief or tissue paper were mostly used by respondents to clean their mobile. All Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates were resistance to Cefoxitin (100%) except Micrococcus spp and Neisseria spp. Gram positive (18.2%) and Gram-negative (36.9%) isolates were identified as MDR. All S. aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococci were methicillin resistant Conclusion: The Cell phones of people from different profession were found to possess many different bacterial pathogens including multi drug resistant strains which could be the possible pathogens for food borne infections and opportunistic infections.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Pathogenic Genes (lasB and exoA) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Animal and Human Samples and Determination of Their Resistance Pattern

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciamak Ghazaei
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Pathogenicity ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Genes ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) has a wide range of virulence factors. These factors have the potential to increase bacterial pathogenicity and serious infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the virulence profiles and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates of P. aeruginosa originated from animal and human samples. The samples were cultured on selective media before being extracted for DNA and subjected to a PCR technique to detect virulence genes. There was a significant difference in the isolation of P. areuginosa isolated from human and animal sources. Where, in humans, the percentage of P. areuginosa was 52 (68.42%) while in animals the percentage of P.aeruginosa was 24 (31.57%). In humans, the percentage of P. aeruginosa in blood was 26.92% (14 isolates), in urine it was 25% (13 isolates), in wound it was 40.38%21 isolates), and in sputum it was 7.69% (4 isolates). We used a PCR technique that produced highly specific and accurate results for detecting virulence factor genes in P. aeruginosa isolates that cause disease in humans and animals. The percentage of exoA genes was (83.33%) and (81.66%) in the animal and human, and that of lasB was (58.33%) and (92.30%) in animal and human samples respectively. Furthermore, both the exoA and lasB genes are found in 26.31% of animal strains and 17.10% of human strains. The disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. In both animal and human isolates, P. aeruginosa showed the highest resistance to amikacin and the lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin. These findings could aid in the understanding of pathogenicity processes, treatment direction, and the development of strategies to control the spread of epidemic P. aeruginosa strains.

Drug of Choice in the Treatment of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonellae Isolated from Wildlife in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
O. O. Oludairo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are frequently encountered with increased rates in recent years. Many variants of the organism have developed MDR genes which they retain even when antimicrobial drugs are no more in use, limiting the choice of drugs for therapy of Salmonella infections resulting in morbidity and mortality in both man and animals and raising more public health questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Salmonella spp. to twelve antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Eight Salmonella spp. isolated from wildlife were tested. All the isolates exhibited MDR, showing resistance to at least four and up to nine antimicrobial agents. They were all highly resistant (100%) to ceftazidime, cephazoline, cefuroxidine and ampicillin but were susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Six resistant patterns were observed, with ampicillin-cefuroxime sodiumcephazolin-ceftazidime and streptomycin-ampicillin-cefuroxime sodium-cephazolin-ceftazidime resistant patterns exhibited by two isolates each. The substantial multiple resistance pointed to the fact that limitations could be faced in choosing drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections and that mortality and economic losses could be experienced especially if sensitivity tests are not carried out before antimicrobial choice is made for treatments in both man and animals.

scholarly journals Extended-spectrum and Metallo-beta lactamase enzymes mediated resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinically isolated specimens

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq Ali ◽  
◽  
Seema Kamal ◽  
Qismat Shakeela ◽  
Shehzad Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Wide Range

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading opportunistic pathogens, frequently highlighted for the production of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo-beta Lactamase (MBL) enzymes. This is believed to be the primary inhabitant of soil due to its adaptive nature and can survive in aquatic and even in a toxic environment. The current study aimed to screen ESBL, MBL producing, and Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) strains of P. aeruginosa. Clinical specimens collected from patients were screened for the presence of P. aeruginosa. After identification, all the isolates were tested for the sensitivity pattern following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of ESBL and MBL enzymes were detected following DDST and IMP-EDTA detection tests, respectively. The sample size used in the study was 1369, and colonies for P. aeruginosa were obtained from 126 (9.20%) samples of culture media. 54.76% (69/126) of the positive cases were detected in the female population, whereas 45.24% (57/126) in the male population. High-frequency rate (n=43/126) was detected in the age group ≥31 year, followed by 21-30 (n=35/126), and 11-20 (n=34/126) age group, the minimal frequency (n=14/126) was detected in age group 0-10. The sensitivity pattern showed that the majority of the isolates were resistant, but class carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin), and other antibiotics like sulbactam- Cefoperazone, tazobactam-piperacillin, tigecycline, and Fosfomycin exhibited the best efficacy against P. aeruginosa. It is concluded that the emergence of resistance due to ESBL and MBL enzymes in P. aeruginosa is directly linked with a public health concern because these strains are almost resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, and only limited antibiotics are potent against these organisms.

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