Селекция огурца для открытого грунта

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Vysochin ◽  
V.I. Leunov ◽  
Yu.V. Bortsova

В России значительную долю культуры огурца традиционно выращивают в открытом грунте, откуда продукцию используют для потребления как в свежем, так и консервированном виде. Расширение сортимента огурца открытого грунта актуально в силу существенно различающихся по природно-климатическим условиям регионов страны, а также вкусов потребителей, технологий производства и переработки. В последние десятилетия большое значение приобретают сорта и гибриды интенсивного типа плодоношения, универсального назначения, устойчивые к основным болезням, с высокой товарностью и качеством плодов, обеспечивающие конкурентоспособность на рынке. Для регионов Сибири и сходных с ними по природно-климатическим условиям регионов большое значение имеет использование скороспелых сортов и гибридов. Цель исследований – создание новых сортов и гибридов огурца для открытого грунта с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков и свойств, способных стабильно плодоносить в регионах с неустойчивыми природно-климатическими условиями – в стрессовых условиях: с резкими перепадами температуры и влажности воздуха и почвы. Задачи: изучить и выявить перспективный исходный материал для селекции новых сортов и гибридов различного направления (универсального назначения, консервных, для механизированного возделывания и уборки, пригодных к относительно длительному хранению и транспортировке плодов). На Западно-Сибирской овощной опытной станции с 1968 года по настоящее время с использованием выделившихся из коллекции образцов огурца созданы новые исходные формы и на их основе – ряд новых сортов и гибридов различного морфобиологического типа с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков. Выведенные в последние 20 лет скороспелые сорта и гибриды обладают высокой стабильной урожайностью 35,1–46,2 т/га, а среднеранние – урожайностью 30,8–32,7 т/га. Специально созданные сорта и гибриды при одноразовой уборке позволяют получать урожайность 17,4–22,9 т/га. Новые сорта и гибриды отличаются относительно высокой устойчивостью к основным болезням и хорошим качеством плодов. В Кировской области получены новые женские линии, на базе которых выведены перспективные гетерозисные гибриды F1 наиболее приспособленные для условий региона.In Russia a significant proportion of cucumber crop is traditionally cultivated in the open ground, where the products are used for consumption both in fresh and canned form. The expansion of the assortment of cucumbers open ground is important due to significantly different climatic conditions of the regions of the country and tastes of consumers, technology of production and processing. In recent decades, great importance attaches to the varieties and hybrids of intensive type of fruiting, multi-purpose, resistant to the main diseases, with high marketability and quality of fruits to ensure competitiveness on the market. For the regions of Siberia and similar natural and climatic conditions of the regions the great value has use of early-maturing varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the research is the creation of new varieties and hybrids of cucumber for open ground with a complex of economic valuable traits and properties that are able to consistently bear fruit in regions with unstable climatic conditions in a stressful environment: with the rapid changes in temperature and humidity of the air and soil. Objectives: to examine and identify promising source material for breeding new varieties and hybrids of different directions (multi-purpose, can, for mechanized cultivation and harvesting suitable for relatively long-term storage and transportation of fruit). On the West-Siberian vegetable experimental station from 1968 to the present, using the evolved from the collection of the samples of cucumber created new original forms and on the basis of a number of new varieties and hybrids of different morphological type with the complex of economically valuable traits. Bred in past 20 years, early maturing varieties and hybrids possess high stable yield of 35.1–46.2 t/ha and mid – yield of 30.8–32.7 t/ha. a specially created varieties and hybrids with disposable cleaning allow to 17,4 yield of 22.9 t/ha. New varieties and hybrids feature a relatively high resistance to main diseases and good quality fruit. In Kirov region received a new women's line, on the basis of which display promising heterotic hybrids F1 the most adapted for conditions of the region.

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
I. S. Mastyaev ◽  
A. F. Agafonov ◽  
L. V. Krivenkov

Relevance. The success of breeding work is largely determined by the source material, the search and creation of which for target breeding begins with the collection and study of collectible samples for the alignment of morphological features; for the precocity and amity of maturation; for the keeping quality and transportability of bulbs; for the quality of vegetable products (high content of biologically active substances and antioxidants); for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors of a specific growing zone.Materials and methods. On the basis of the North Caucasus branch FSBSI FSVC, 90 samples of spring onions from 26 countries of the world were evaluated in the number nursery for the period from 2017 to 2019, 71 of them were varieties and 19 were F1 hybrids. In a hybrid nursery, 25 hybrid combinations obtained from FSBSI FSVC (VNIISSOK) were evaluated. The laying and placement of experiments, agricultural techniques of cultivation, accounting and evaluation of economically valuable traits, biochemical analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The standards are the new Primo and Ampex varieties of the selection of the FSBSI FSVC and the Italian F1 hybrid Ranko, which were placed every 10 collection samples.Results.According to the results of the assessment, among the studied F1 varieties and hybrids, sources of economically valuable traits such as yield (20-27 t/ha), precocity (80-90 days), preservation (more than 85%) when laid for long-term storage up to 7 months, purple, white and pink color of bulbs, as well as sources of long-shaped bulbs were identified. The greatest interest for breeding for yield is represented by 9 promising varieties and 9 F1 hybrids of onions of various origins, as well as 4 hybrid combinations that were distinguished by high yields, the yield of marketable products and the mass of marketable bulbs. These samples are recommended for use in the breeding process as sources for the creation of new varieties and hybrids with high yields for the agro-climatic conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus.r breeding


2021 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
M. S. Kornilova ◽  
D. P. Kurunina ◽  
G. V. Varivoda

Relevance. The soil and climatic conditions of the Lower Trans-Volga region are considered favorable for melon growing and make it possible to obtain high-quality products. The purpose of the research was to create new competitive varieties and hybrids of melon and pumpkin.Materials and methods. The object of the research is new varieties of melon and butternut pumpkin created at the Bykovskaya melon breeding experimental station. Melon cultivar Osen and pumpkin cv. Zhemchuzhina were used as standards. The methods of creation are intervarietal hybridization, individual and mass selection. During the growing season, appropriate observations and counts were carried out.Results. As a result of many years of breeding work at the Bykovskaya cucurbits selection experimental station, a melon cultivar 251 and a pumpkin cultivar 509 have been created. both producers and consumers. Therefore, the obtained varieties were evaluated for taste, yield, resistance to biological and abiofactors of the environment, dry matter content, fruit size, fruit and pulp color. During the comparative assessment of the accessions, it was determined that the new varieties of melon and pumpkin exceed the standards in terms of the main economically valuable traits. The average yield during the study, in the melon cultivar 251, exceeded the standard by 47.8%. In the pumpkin cultivar, the average yield for three years of research exceeded the standard by 69.6%. In terms of taste, the new melon variety was at the level of the standard, the cv. Osen. A variety of butternut pumpkin exceeded the standard in all quality indicators. The susceptibility to powdery mildew in the melon cultivar varied depending on the year of research. The melon sample showed resistance to anthracnose higher than the standard by 16.4 and 18.6%, over the years of study. In the pumpkin cultivar, resistance to powdery mildew and anthracnose was higher than the standard, on average by 34.9% to powdery mildew and by 28.6% to anthracnose. Thus, new varieties of melon and pumpkin meet the modern requirements of the industrial melon industry, are resistant to environmental stress factors, common diseases, and have economically valuable traits.


2021 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
I. V. Smirnova ◽  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
E. A. Evseeva ◽  
N. A. Ratnikova ◽  
...  

Relevance. One of the significant problems in the technology of obtaining root chicory is the protection of root vegetables from the defeat of root rots. The most common lesions of root vegetables chicory various pathogenic species of fungi causing phomosis (Phoma rostrupii Sacc.), gray rot (Botrytis cinerea (R.) Fr.J), wet bacterial rot (Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Holt.). An important place in solving this problem is the breeding of new varieties that are resistant to major diseases and adapted to the conditions of cultivation in the soil-climatic conditions of the chicory-seeding zone. This requires, first of all, to determine the range of donor varieties of the sign of resistance to root rots, both during the growing of culture, and during long-term storage.Material and methods. In 2018-2020, studies were carried out to assess gene sources of different ecological and geographical origin (including against a provocative background) in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation and to isolate donors of resistance to root rot from them. Research on the Rostov Vegetable experimental station on chicory.Results. Studies have shown that the defeat of root vegetables chicory root rots genetic sources were very different from each other, so Harpachi, Luxor did not affect the. root rots neither on the usual nor on provocative backgrounds.


2019 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
I. A. Novikova

Relevance. One of the types of agricultural raw materials for the food industry is the root chicory, the product from the roots of which is produced in pure form, as well as is an important component in the production of tea and coffee drinks, confectionery. Its value is determined by the content in the roots of inulin, fructose, intibin and chicory. Despite the great economic importance and economic profitability of chicory cultivation, in recent years, the local processing industry is not provided with this type of raw material and is forced to buy the product from dried root crops in other countries, such as Ukraine, Italy and India. Modern agricultural production is in dire need of new varieties of root chicory, combining high yields and chemical and technological qualities, having the form of a root crop suitable for mechanized harvesting, and adapted to cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. Purpose of work: to assess the nature of the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the time mode on watermelon seeds using cytogenetic analysis.Material and methods. The article describes the results of the test in the control nursery of a new sample of chicory root with 0428 selection of Rostov OSC.Results. As a result of breeding work, a promising sample of root chicory. It was isolated early maturing, with high yields and economically valuable properties, root crop truncated, suitable for mechanized harvesting by commercially available machines. 


2019 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
I. A. Novikova

Relevance. One of the types of agricultural raw materials for the food industry is the root chicory, the product from the roots of which is produced in pure form, as well as is an important component in the production of tea and coffee drinks, confectionery. Its value is determined by the content in the roots of inulin, fructose, intibin and chicory. Despite the great economic importance and economic profitability of chicory cultivation, in recent years, the local processing industry is not provided with this type of raw material and is forced to buy the product from dried root crops in other countries, such as Ukraine, Italy and India. Modern agricultural production is in dire need of new varieties of root chicory, combining high yields and chemical and technological qualities, having the form of a root crop suitable for mechanized harvesting, and adapted to cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. Purpose of work: to assess the nature of the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the time mode on watermelon seeds using cytogenetic analysis.Material and methods. The article describes the results of the test in the control nursery of a new sample of chicory root with 0428 selection of Rostov OSC.Results. As a result of breeding work, a promising sample of root chicory. It was isolated early maturing, with high yields and economically valuable properties, root crop truncated, suitable for mechanized harvesting by commercially available machines. 


2021 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
I. V. Kozlova

Relevance. To meet the needs of the population and commodity producers in the south of Russia in tomatoes, it is necessary to develop varieties and hybrids of various directions that have high productivity, increased fruit quality and resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases, that meet modern production technologies and market requirements, as well as have an acceptable price for seeds.Aim of study – creation of new maternal tomato lines with functional male sterility for open ground for various purposes (for fresh consumption, whole-fruit canning,), which will make it possible to create highly productive hybrids that meet the agro-climatic conditions of the south of Russia in the future.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in a breeding film greenhouse and in field conditions on the territory of the experimental plot of FSBSI "Federal Scientific Rice Centre" of the central soil-climatic zone of Krasnodar region. The object of research were mid-ripening tomato varieties included in the competitive testing, sterile tomato lines, new F1 hybrids based on FMS, collection and breeding material. The types of crosses used in the work: analyzing, saturating, top-crosses. To speed up the process of developing new sterile tomato lines in winter, artificial climate chambers were used.Results. As a result of the research, promising new functionally sterile lines of tomato were identified, differing in the length of the vegetation period, weight, color, fruit shape, biochemical parameters, with a number of useful economically valuable traits.


2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02045
Author(s):  
Irina Kozlova ◽  
Lyubov Esaulova

To meet the needs of the population and commodity producers in southern Russia for tomato fruits, it is necessary to develop hybrids of various purposes, taking into account their increased adaptability to abiotic environmental factors that meet modern production technologies and market requirements, as well as combine high economically valuable traits and an acceptable price for seeds. The use of lines with a sterility trait may reduce labor costs for the production of hybrids and improve their quality. The purpose of these studies was to develop sterile lines of tomato for open ground for various purposes (fresh consumption and processing) and to obtain high-yielding hybrids on their basis. As a result of the research carried out, promising functionally sterile lines of tomato with a number of economically valuable traits have been developed, including large fruit size, productivity, lack of stalk articulation, biochemical parameters and commercial attractiveness of fruits. According to the length of the growing season, all inbred lines were divided into 3 groups: mid-early, mid-season, and mid-late. Further involvement of new sterile lines in the hybridization process as parent components in development of heterotic tomato hybrids resistant to abiotic environmental factors will make it possible to develop hybrids of various purposes for growing in open ground in the soil and climatic conditions of southern Russia.


Author(s):  
Z.K. Yuldasheva ◽  
◽  
A.S. Bushnev ◽  
N.Kh. Ergasheva ◽  
◽  
...  

To obtain high yields of good quality of sunflower seeds, it is necessary to strictly observe scientifically justified cultivation technology, which combines techniques accounting both the biological features of the crop and the natural and climatic conditions of the region. But the role of varietal agricultural technology is also great, which takes into account the properties of a new variety and ensures the fullest realization of its productivity potential under these conditions. Research and development data are very important when introducing crops or varieties into new regions. In this regard, it became necessary to study and scientifically substantiate the optimal seed sowing rates of Russian sunflower varieties in irrigated conditions of the Uzbekistan Republic. The effect of seed sowing rates on the growth, development and yield of Russian oil sunflower varieties was studied in 2020– 2021 at the experimental station of the Tashkent State Agrarian University of Uzbekistan. The objects of the research were promising varieties Irtysh, Skormas (Russia) and the local variety Dilbar (Uzbekistan), which were cultivated at different seed sowing rates, providing a plant population of 40, 50, 60 and 70 thousand plants per ha. As a result of the studies, we found out, according to the complex of economically valuable traits, the best varieties of oil sunflower in the conditions of the Tashkent region are the middle maturing variety Dilbar of the local selection and the ultra-early maturing variety Skormas of the Russian selection, they formed the highest yield in the main crops on irrigation with a seed sowing rate of 50 thousand plant per ha – 4.35 and 4.09 t per ha, respectively. The Russian variety Irtysh is ultra-early maturing, the growing season is 86–88 days, it is less productive and can be considered as promising for repeated crops.


2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
R.A. Biktimirov ◽  
A.A. Nizaieva ◽  
A.Kh. Shakirzyanov ◽  
Z.M. Sharipkulova

This paper reports on a study of 62 collection cultivars of Sudangrass evaluated by economic traits for 4 years to create new source material for the Sudangrass selection of higher nutritional value adapted to the Cis-Ural steppe. The research revealed some highly productive and early-maturing Sudangrass cultivars for selecting new varieties highly adaptive to local agro-climatic conditions. Early ripening varieties Chishminskaia ranniaia, Yaktash, Demskaia, Smena, Novosibirskaia 84, Lira had 81-85 days of the interphase period from full sprouts to complete seed ripeness. Highly productive Anastasia, Aiusha, Zernogradskaia 576, and Alexandrina varieties had a fresh yield of more than 41.9 t/ha. Demskaia, Anastasia, Alexandrina, Aiusha had good nutritional qualities of fresh yield (with 10.04 – 10.51% protein and 7.80 – 10.01% sugar in dry matter): In 2017, the State Variety Testing of a new Sudangrass cultivar Demskaia started. The middle-early Sudangrass variety Demskaia has an average yield of 47.1 t/ha of green mass, 8.14 t/ha of absolutely dry matter, and 2.59 t/ha of seeds.


2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baronas ◽  
F. Ivanauskas ◽  
I. Juodeikienė ◽  
A. Kajalavičius

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.


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