Neuroprotective effects of Huperzine-A in aluminum induced neurotoxicity in hippocampus of mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2366-2373
Author(s):  
Nilesh Kumar Mitra ◽  
Aathi Selvanayagam
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Hippocampal Area ◽  
Induced Changes

Exposure to aluminum has been correlated with the epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Huperzine A (HupA), derived from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its use in aluminum induced neurotoxicity has not been reported. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of HupA on aluminum-induced changes in AChE activity and hippocampal neurotoxicity. Aged female swiss albino mice were divided into five groups (n=10). Aluminum treated group (Al-S) received 30 mg/Kg of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) intraperitoneally (IP) for two weeks followed by IP normal saline. Three HupA treated groups received similar IP dosage of AlCl3 for two weeks followed by HupA 0.1 mg/Kg, HupA 0.2 mg/Kg and HupA 0.5 mg/kg. Control group received IP normal saline. At the end of week 4, AChE was estimated, and pyramidal neurons of hippocampus were counted. Al-S group showed an increase in mean brain AChE and Al-HupA 0.1 reduced it significantly (p<0.05). Reduction in mean neuronal density in Al-S group, was comparatively more in CA3 hippocampal area (p<0.001). Quantitative study found that 0.2mg/Kg of synthetic Huperzine A given intraperitoneally, was able to increase neuronal count significantly compared to 0.1mg/Kg and 0.5mg/Kg of Huperzine A.

Neuroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and relationship to promotion of angiogenesis after spinal cord injury in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Kawabe ◽  
Masao Koda ◽  
Masayuki Hashimoto ◽  
Takayuki Fujiyoshi ◽  
Takeo Furuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Stimulating Factor ◽  
Angiogenic Cytokines

Object Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has neuroprotective effects on the CNS. The authors have previously demonstrated that G-CSF also exerts neuroprotective effects in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) by enhancing migration of bone marrow–derived cells into the damaged spinal cord, increasing glial differentiation of bone marrow–derived cells, enhancing antiapoptotic effects on both neurons and oligodendrocytes, and by reducing demyelination and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Because the degree of angiogenesis in the subacute phase after SCI correlates with regenerative responses, it is possible that G-CSF's neuroprotective effects after SCI are due to enhancement of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of G-CSF on the vascular system after SCI. Methods A contusive SCI rat model was used and the animals were randomly allocated to either a G-CSF–treated group or a control group. Integrity of the blood–spinal cord barrier was evaluated by measuring the degree of edema in the cord and the volume of extravasation. For histological evaluation, cryosections were immunostained with anti–von Willebrand factor and the number of vessels was counted to assess revascularization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess expression of angiogenic cytokines, and recovery of motor function was assessed with function tests. Results In the G-CSF–treated rats, the total number of vessels with a diameter > 20 μm was significantly larger and expression of angiogenic cytokines was significantly higher than those in the control group. The G-CSF–treated group showed significantly greater recovery of hindlimb function than the control group. Conclusions These results suggest that G-CSF exerts neuroprotective effects via promotion of angiogenesis after SCI.

scholarly journals Peripheral Administration of RF9 Does Not Affect Hypothalamic-PituitaryGonadal Axis in Normal Fed Adult Male Macaque

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Aalia Batool ◽  
Madiha Wazir ◽  
Rahim Ullah ◽  
Aalia Batool ◽  
Rabia Naz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Short Time

Stress represses hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis) but RF9, a synthetic peptide, rescues such repression. To assess the role of RF9 in regulating HPG-axis under normal physiological conditions in higher primates, RF9 was administered to intact adult male rhesus monkeys and response of the HPG-axis was examined by measuring plasma testosterone as an end parameter of the axis. Control group (n=4) received normal saline whereas the treated group (n=4) received RF9. On the first day of experiment, four bolus injections of normal saline (1ml/animal) were administered intravenously at 2-hr interval to the control monkeys. Similarly, on the second day of experiment, treated group received four iv bolus injections of RF9 (0.1mg/kg BW) at 2-hr interval. Serial blood samples were collected at 20 min interval during a 6-hr period which started just after first saline/RF9 injection. Plasma testosterone levels were measured by using a specific EIA. Overall means of plasma testosterone levels and plasma testosterone area under curve (AUC) and overall mean testosterone and mean testosterone AUC in short time windows following each injection of RF9 and saline were comparable between the groups. Our results demonstrate that RF9 has no role in regulating HPG-axis under normal physiological conditions in adult male monkeys.

scholarly journals Chemical septoplasty using papain enzyme—a feasibility study

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Angelo Patil ◽  
Amelia Simmons ◽  
Thomas Nilles-Melchert ◽  
Deepak Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Septal Cartilage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nasal Cartilage ◽  
Surgical Options ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Abstract Background Though surgery can correct nasal septal defects through a procedure called septoplasty, many people seek non-surgical options. Papain enzyme has been used in the past to lyse intervertebral disc and has shown to have a lytic effect on cartilage. Therefore, in this paper, the feasibility to use papain for septoplasty was studied. First, an in vitro study on chicken cartilage was done. Cartilage pieces were emerged in papain solution (5 mg/ml of papain in normal saline) and plain normal saline solution (as control) for 2 weeks at room and refrigeration temperatures. Then, the papain solution was injected in a formalin-fixed cadaver in the submucosal space around the nasal septal cartilage. The control group was injected with normal saline. Results The treated group showed significant lysis with the disintegration of the cartilage, both in the in vitro and cadaver study. Conclusion This study shows that papain can lyse cartilage. It also shows that submucosal injection of papain around nasal cartilage will lyse the septal cartilage. Based on prior experience with papain for disc herniation and the present study, it is worthwhile to further investigate this procedure using live animals.

scholarly journals Modulation of gene transcription promoted by mesenchymal stem cells on cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1 in experimental epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Zocche Junior ◽  
Isadora Ghilardi ◽  
Laura Provenzi ◽  
Gabriel Leal ◽  
Giulia Pinzetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Invasive Approach

Introduction: temporal lobe epilepsy is a disorder in which synchronized and rhythmic neural firing causes spontaneous recurrent seizures (1). Refractoriness due to this condition reaches 30% of its carriers (2,3). The search for therapeutic alternatives to help cope with this disease are extremely important. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear as a plausible treatment option, as they present a less invasive approach and due to their niche modulating character (4,5). Objectives: this study aimed to quantify the gene expression of cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1 encoded by the SLC12A2 gene in the encephalic tissue of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats (6,7). Design: experimental study, brain institute of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of Wistar rats, cultured, and transplanted through intravenous injection into control and epileptic Wistar rats. The rats were divided between control group, MSCs treated group, and pilocarpine group, containing 8 individuals each (8). Expression analysis was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: for both 1 day and 7 days post-transplantation, an increase in the NKCC1 expression in both control and epileptic treated groups as compared to its expression in untreated epileptic and control groups with special attention to the amygdala, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: MSCs stimulated expression of NKCC1 in brain structures of rats induced by pilocarpine to epilepsy. This corroborates the hypothesis of neuroprotective effects and modulating properties of stem cells and may point to more mechanisms for investigating the functioning and collaboration of these cells as a treatment for epilepsy.

scholarly journals Icaritin Improves Memory and Learning Ability by Decreasing BACE-1 Expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yuan-Yuan Li ◽  
Nan-Qu Huang ◽  
Fei Feng ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Xiu-Mei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Samp8 Mice ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mouse ◽  
Bace 1

Icaritin (ICT) is the main component in the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium, and it has been shown to have anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) effects, but its neuroprotective effects and the pharmacological mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were randomly divided into a model group and an ICT-treated group. Learning and memory abilities were detected by the Morris water maze assay, and the expression of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) was determined by Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histological changes in CA1 and CA3 were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E staining), and the immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression and localization of Bax and Bcl-2. The results showed that compared with the SAMP8 mice, the ICT-treated SAMP8 mice showed improvements in spatial learning and memory retention. In addition, the number of necrotic cells and the morphological changes in CA1 and CA3 areas were significantly alleviated in the group of ICT-treated SAMP8 mice, and the expression of BACE1, Aβ1-42 levels, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the hippocampus was obviously decreased in the ICT-treated group compared with the control group. The results demonstrated that ICT reduced BACE-1 levels, the contents of Aβ1-42, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, suggesting that ICT might have potential therapeutic benefits by delaying or modifying the progression of AD.

Evaluation the effect of Ginkgo Biloba and Coenzyme Q10 on Doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Tariq Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Acute Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin,an anthracycline antibiotic is a powerful antineoplastic drug,but its therapeutic usefulness is limited by its cardiotoxicity. The present study investigated the influence of pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba and Coenzyme Q10 alone or in combination on doxorubicin induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats regarding biochemical and histological approaches. 30 rats were divided randomly into five groups each contain six rats. The first group received normal saline (5ml/kg,ip) daily for ten days,which considered as control group. The second group received normal saline (5ml/kg,ip) daily for ten days and then doxorubicin single dose (20mg/kg,ip) on 8th day,which considered as doxorubicin group. The third group treated with Ginkgo Biloba (100mg/kg,po) daily for ten successive days,and on 8th day,one hour after drug administration,doxorubicin single dose (20mg/kg,ip) was given. The fourth group treated with Coenzyme Q10 (50mg/kg,po),daily for ten successive days,and on 8th day,doxorubicin single dose (20mg/kg,ip) was given. The fifth group treated with both Ginkgo Biloba (100mg/kg,po) and Coenzyme Q10 (50mg/kg,po), daily for ten successive days,and on 8th day,one hour after drug administration,doxorubicin single dose (20mg/kg,ip) was given. At 11th day of the study,blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis,then animals were sacrificed and hearts were taken for histopathological observations. Rats treated with doxorubicin showed cardiotoxicity as evidenced by significant elevation of serum cardiac troponin (cTn-I) level,serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level,brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) serum level,Caspase-3 serum level, (LPO) serum level,and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),and significant reduction in glutathione peroxide serum level associated with important histopathological alterationswhile pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba and Coenzyme Q10 elicited a significant decrease in the activities of all markers measured in comparison with doxorubicin treated group with pronounced resolution of doxoribicin-induced cardiac histopathological changes to a milder picture. These results suggest pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba and Coenzyme Q10 alone or in combination provide a significant protective effect against acute-doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats represented by biochemical markers and histological approaches.

The Clinical Analysis of Combined Effects of Huperzine A and Memantine for Alzheimer’s Disease

2011 ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Shouzi Zhang ◽  
Qinyun Li ◽  
Maolong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Activity Of Daily Living ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Target Activity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a combination of Huperzine A and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Sixty patients (aged 69 ± 4.5), treated in both outpatient and hospital settings, were divided into two groups, the treated group and the control group. Over 24 weeks of clinical therapy, 30 patients received treatment with Huperzine A (0.2 mg/d), and the other 30 patients received a combination of Huperzine A (0.2 mg/d) and memantine (20 mg/d). Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) was taken as the main value target. Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were secondary targets. Results: After 24 weeks, the scores from the MMSE, ADL, and NPI of the treatment group were more improved than those of the control group (P=0.05). Combination treatment with Huperzine A and memantine will be more effective for treating AD than treatment with Huperzine A alone.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HEPARIN IN TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bowel Loop

Background: To produce peritonitis experimentally in albino rats by creation of a necrotic loop of terminal Ileum. Study of peritonitis and gross changes in peritoniteal cavity and to study the effect of single dose heparin (Anticoagulant) in experimentally produced peritonitis. Also to study and compare the effect of repeated small dosage of heparin in peritonitis. Material and Methods The rats were divided into 6 groups, under the 2 experiments. So each group comprised of 8 rats. The peritonitis was proceduced by Rasto's method, in which the peritonitis was caused by a gangrenous loop of small intestine . two types of experiment were carried out: 1. Experiment 1 : The gangrenous loop which produced peritonitis was excised after 24 hours, normal saline was given in control group,whereas heparin as a single dose and heparin in small repeated dose were given by sub-cutaneous or intraperitoneal route for 3 days. No abdominal toilet or antibiotics were given during the time. The surviving as well as the dead rats during observation period were subjected to laparotomy and detailed pathology of peritoneum was studied. 2. Experiment 2 : In this group the gangrenous loop was not resected after 24 hours and normal saline was given in control group 0.2 ml., or heparin in a single dose 50 I.U. or heparin in small repeated dose 20 I.U. twice a day for three days.All the rats were continuously observed during the post-operative period for evidence of any complications. Results: The peritonitis produced by a necrotic bowel loop was severe & brino-purulent.The formation of inter-mesentric abscess in control group was much more evident than the heparinised rats. The size of inter-mesentric abscess was smaller in treated group of albino rats than in control.The incidence of adhesion formation was much more in control group, than in the heparin group, the adhesion were very less friable and easily breakable. The survival rate in heparin treatment group was 75% to 87.5% as compared to the control group, where the survival rate was 50% only.The mortality in the control group, where the necrotic loop, was not resected was as high as 87.5% and rats died within 8 days after operation whereas the mortality rate in treatment group was low that is, from 50% to 60% only. Conclusion: By comparison and contrast of the results of the difference treatment group, it become evident that survival in the treated group was signicantly better than control group. About the evidence of intra-peritoneal infection, it shows that in treated group clearance of peritonitis was much faster than the control group of albino rats:The number and size of intramesentric abscesses were also smaller in treated group. There was also a little benecial effect on adhesion in heparinised albino rats as compared to control group.So heparin in small repeated doses has denitely a signicant effect on secondary bacterial peritonitis and its subsequent results.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of Aloe vera Gel on Cerebellum Istomorphometrical Changes in Diabetic Male Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady ◽  
Naeem Erfani Majd ◽  
Mohammad Bahrami Tapebur ◽  
Yazdan Mazaheri
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus can lead to histomorphometrical changes in the brain. Recent studies have shown that Aloe vera gel has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, which is independent of glucose-lowering effects. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of A. vera gel on histomorphometrical changes of cerebellum following streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: A total of 25 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups as follows: (1) the control group received normal saline; (2) A. vera gel group; (3) diabetic group (normal saline); (4) treatment group diabetic rats, which received A. vera; and (5) diabetic rats which received insulin. A single dose of STZ [60 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (IP)] was used for the induction of diabetes in rats. All the treatments were administered daily for eight weeks. Subsequently, histomorphometrical changes were evaluated in the cerebellum of the rats. Results: The results showed that the number of granular and purkinje cells reduced in the cerebellum granulosa region, while the number of glial cells increased in the molecular region of the cerebellum in diabetic rats compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These changes were improved in treated rats by insulin or A. vera. Also, the thickness of molecular, purkinje, granular, and white matter layers at the apex of lobules and depth of sulcus in the diabetic group had a significant reduction compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirmed that improvement of the cerebellar tissue changes in diabetic rats following the use of A. vera gel is comparable to insulin. However, more investigations are required to determine the protective effects of A. vera gel against diabetes-induced cerebellum histomorphometrical changes.

scholarly journals The Modulatory Effects of Pentoxifylline in Biochemical Changes Induced By 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol in the Rat Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Aysen Kor ◽  
◽  
Ebrahim Shahroozian ◽  
Ahmadi-Hamedani Mahmood ◽  
Saeideh Naeimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Tissue Samples

Background: Ethinylestradiol (EE) has induced cholestasis and hepatotoxicity in animal studies through reducing bile acid uptake by hepatocytes and induce of oxidative stress. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a drug that by inhibition of release or transcription of proinflammatory cytokine cause prevents oxidative stress of liver cell and reduction of damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline on liver injury induced by Ethinylestradiol in rats. Methods: Twenty-four female Wistar rats (300±20 gr) were divided into four groups, equally. Duration of treatment was 5 consecutive days for each group. The control group Simultaneously received orally and subcutaneously normal saline. PTX group Simultaneously received Pentoxifylline orally and normal saline subcutaneously, EE Group Simultaneously received EE subcutaneously and normal saline orally. In the EE+PTX group, rats Simultaneously received EE subcutaneously and PTX orally. Rats were anesthetized and blood and tissue samples were collected for measurement of hematological and biochemical parameters. Results: The EE administration increased the serum levels of ALP and MDA significantly. The EE administration also decreased albumin and GPX levels were significant. These aberrations were improved by PTX treatment in EE + PTX group. Most of hematological parameters were not significant by the EE. The plasma level of TNF- in the PTX+ES treated group showed a significant decrease in comparison to that in the ethinyl estradiol group. Conclusion: PTX has partial capacity to protect against liver changes induced by Ethinyl Estradiol.

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