scholarly journals Is stored expressed breast milk an alternative for working Egyptian mothers?

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-821
Author(s):  
Z. M. Ezz El Din ◽  
S. Abdel Ghaffar ◽  
E. K. El Gabry ◽  
W. A. Fahmi ◽  
R. F. Bedair
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
And Storage

Expression and storage of breast milk is way to maintain breastfeeding when mother and infant are separated, if the nutritional value can be conserved. Three expressed breast milk samples were collected from 61 healthy lactating mothers in Cairo, Egypt, for determination of total protein, fat, lactose and zinc content, as well as vitamins C, A and E concentrations. One sample was analysed immediately without storage, 1 after storage for 24 hours in a refrigerator [4 degrees C] and 1 after storage for 1 week in a home freezer [-4 degrees C to -8 degrees C]. Refrigeration and freezing of breast milk caused a statistically significant decline in levels of vitamins C, A and E. Nevertheless, the values of all nutrients were still within the international reference ranges for mature breast milk

scholarly journals Bacterial load in expressed and stored breast milk of lactating mothers in Abia state, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (59) ◽  
pp. 8139-8154
Author(s):  
PO Ukegbu ◽  
◽  
AC Uwaegbute ◽  
II Ijeh ◽  
AU Ukegbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Considerable Period

The use of expressed breast milk has been advocated as an effective way of encouraging and maintaining lactation when the mother is separated from the baby for a while. However, prospects of storage of expressed breast milk for any considerable period of time is hindered by the possibility of bacterial contamination and growth of infectious pathogens in the stored milk. Previous research worldwide has focused on optimal conditions for storing expressed breast milk. This study investigated bacterial growth in expressed breast milk stored at two different conditions and time periods. A total of 240 randomly selected lactating mothers participated in a survey used to elicit information on their practices concerning expressed and stored breast milk. Out of this, 20 lactating mothers were willing to donate their breast milk , which was used for microbial studies. Using antiseptic procedures, breast milk samples were collected from these 20 lactating mothers by manual expression and put into sterile containers. One half was stored at room temperature (30 o C), while the other half was immersed in a container of water (26 o C) for 0, 3, 6 and 9hrs. The samples at different time periods in both storage conditions were plated on three different culture media (Nutrient agar , MacConkey agar and Chocolate agar) and incubated for 24hrs. Bacterial load was enumerated and isolates were characterized and identified. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and presented as frequencies, percentages means and standard deviations. Results showed that in all the culture media, bacteria l load was higher in breast milk samples stored at room temperature for up to 9hrs compared to that immersed in water (p<0 .05). However, the average colony counts were within acceptable limits (<10 4 CFU/ml). Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant bacteria isolated in the breast milk samples under both storage conditions. The findings from this study revealed that storage of breast milk either at room temperature or immersed in a container of water appeared to be safe for up to 9 hours of storage in a tropical environment . Generally, the number of microbes was within levels considered acceptable in expressed breast milk .

scholarly journals Determining the Actual Zinc and Iron Intakes in Breastfed Infants: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Study

10.2196/19119 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e19119
Author(s):  
Oraporn Dumrongwongsiri ◽  
Pattanee Winichagoon ◽  
Nalinee Chongviriyaphan ◽  
Umaporn Suthutvoravut ◽  
Veit Grote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Longitudinal Observational Study

Background Zinc and iron deficiencies among breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life have been reported in previous studies. The amounts of zinc and iron intakes from breast milk are factors that contribute to the zinc and iron status of breastfed infants. Objective This study aims to quantitatively determine zinc and iron intakes by breastfed infants during the first 4 months of life and to investigate the factors that predict zinc and iron status in breastfed infants. Methods Pregnant women at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Zinc and iron status during pregnancy was assessed. At delivery, cord blood was analyzed for zinc and iron levels. Participants and their babies were followed at 2 and 4 months postpartum. Maternal dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements were performed. The amount of breast milk intake was assessed using the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique. Breast milk samples were collected for determination of zinc and iron levels. The amount of zinc and iron consumed by infants was calculated. Zinc and iron status was determined in mothers and infants at 4 months postpartum. Results A total of 120 pregnant women were enrolled, and 80 mother-infant pairs completed the study (56 provided full breastfeeding, and 24 provided breast milk with infant formula). All data are being managed and cleaned. Statistical analysis will be done. Conclusions This study will provide information on zinc and iron intakes in exclusively breastfed infants during the first 4 months of life and explore predictive factors and the possible association of zinc and iron intakes with infant growth and nutrient status. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/19119

scholarly journals Menaquinone-4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. W. Thijssen ◽  
M.-J. Drittij ◽  
C. Vermeer ◽  
E. Schoffelen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers

The effect of maternal phylloquinone supplementation on vitamin K in breast milk was studied to establish: (1) if phylloquinone is the source of menaquinone-4 in breast milk; (2) the dose–effect relationship between intake and obtainable levels. Four groups of lactating mothers with a full-term healthy infant participated and took oral phylloquinone supplements of 0·0 (n8), 0·8 (n8), 2·0 (n8), and 4·0 (n7) mg/d for 12 d, starting at day 4 post-partum. Milk samples were collected on days 4, 8, 16, and 19. Blood samples were collected on days 4 and 16. Vitamin K and vitamin E concentrations, the latter for reason of comparison, were assayed. Phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 were present in all milk samples: 5·84 (SD 2·31) AND 2·98 (sd 1·51) nmol/l (n31) respectively, in colostrum (day 4 sample). A strong correlation between the vitamers was found (r0·78,P<0·001). Breast-milk phylloquinone levels were raised in a dose-dependent manner: 4-, 12-, and 30-fold on day 16 for the 0·8, 2·0, and 4·0 mg group respectively. In addition, menaquinone-4 levels were higher: 2·5- (P<0·05) and 7-fold (P<0·001) in the 2·0 and 4·0 mg groups respectively. Plasma of supplemented subjects contained 3-, 5-, and 10-fold higher phylloquinone levels on day 16. Detectable menaquinone-4 was found in ten of thirty-one day 4 plasma samples. All day 16 plasma samples of the 4 mg supplemented group contained the vitamin. There was no correlation between the K-vitamers in plasma. Vitamin E and phylloquinone appear to differ in their distribution in breast milk, milk:plasma concentration ratios were ≤1 and 3–5 for vitamin E and phylloquinone respectively. The milk:plasma concentration ratio of menaquinone-4 was >10. In conclusion, dietary phylloquinone is a source of menaquinone-4 in breast milk. Phylloquinone supplementation to lactating mothers may be of benefit to the newborn infant, since both phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 are raised by supplementation.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

scholarly journals Work and breast milk feeding: a qualitative exploration of the experience of lactating mothers working in ready made garments factories in urban Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Rumayan Hasan ◽  
George Smith ◽  
Mohammad Abdus Selim ◽  
Shahinoor Akter ◽  
Nazib Uz Zaman Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Low Income Women ◽  
Qualitative Exploration

Abstract Background In Bangladesh 65% of children under 6 months of age were exclusively breastfed with maternal employment being a risk factor that has jeopardized exclusive breastfeeding. As Ready Made Garment (RMG) factories have been the largest employer of low income women in Bangladesh, the objective of our study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding and perceptions about use of expressed breast milk among mothers who worked in the RMG sector. Methods This formative research was conducted during July–September 2015 in two slums of Dhaka among RMG workers who were mothers and the caregivers of 0–12 month old infants. Qualitative data was obtained from purposively selected participants of 8 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions (mothers and caregivers), and 2 key informant (RMG factory official) interviews. Mothers were from multiple RMG factories while factory officials were from a single factory. Thematic analysis was conducted. Results The main themes of qualitative exploration were knowledge and experience of breastfeeding; structural barriers (home and workplace); consequences of inadequate breastfeeding; and perception and experience of using expressed breast milk. Despite knowledge both of the benefits of breast milk and of the importance of breastfeeding for 6 months, most mothers introduced formula as early as 2 months to prepare for their return to work. Barriers such as excessive workload, inadequate crèche facilities at work, and lack of adequate caregivers at home impeded exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers and caregivers had very little knowledge about the use of expressed breast milk and were concerned about contamination. Conclusion As RMG factories are the largest employer of low-income women in Bangladesh, facilitating RMG factory working mothers’ ability to use breast milk could help to promote infant health and help women remain in the workforce.

scholarly journals Fluoride Levels of Human Plasma and Breast Milk

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 021-024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yağmur Şener ◽  
Gül Tosun ◽  
Firdevs Kahvecioğlu ◽  
Alparslan Gökalp ◽  
Hasan Koç
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Primary Selection ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fluoride Electrode

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the fluoride levels in breast milk and plasma of lactating mothers who regularly consumed drinking water with low levels of fluoride.Methods: One hundred twenty five healthy mothers aged between 20-30 years old who had given birth within 5-7 days were included in the study. Besides being otherwise healthy, the primary selection criteria stipulated the absence of fluoride supplement consumption one month before delivery. Approximately 5 ml breast milk and 5 ml blood samples were obtained from each participating mother at a hospital setting, where the mothers were scheduled for a regular hospital diet. The blood samples were centrifuged in fluoride-free heparinized polyethylene tubes and stored at -18oC until measurements were made. Breast milk samples were directly refrigerated as with blood samples until measurements. The fluoride concentrations of milk and blood samples were assessed using an ion-selective fluoride electrode combined with an ion analyzer.Results: The fluoride levels of the plasma and breast milk samples were measured as 0.017±0.011 ppm and 0.006±0.002 ppm, respectively. The fluoride concentration of plasma was significantly higher than that of breast milk (P<.01). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relation between the groups (P<.01).Conclusion: A limited level of fluoride transmission from plasma to breast milk was detected. Nevertheless, a significant correlation between the fluoride concentrations of breast milk and plasma was evident. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:21-24)

scholarly journals To Assess the Efficacy of Lactational Counseling for Prevention of Breast Engorgement

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Pradnya Gavhale ◽  
Shalini Moon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Study Researcher ◽  
Health Care Practices ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Main Factor

Background: Breast engorgement is a swollen, painful breast and overfilling with breast milk. In lactating mothers this condition is common during the puerperal period. Breast engorgement developed inside the breast due to expansion and pressure exerted by the synthesis and storage of breast milk. It is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and curvature of the nipple region by making the breast inflexible, flat, hard, and swollen. The nipples of an engorged breast are flat or inverted. Sometimes it may lead to striae on nipples, mainly a preceding symptom of mastitis. Objective: 1.To assess the effectiveness of lactational counseling on prevention of breast engorgement  among postnatal mother. 2.To find out association between lactational counselling of breast engorgement with selected  demographic variables. Methodology: A study will be conducted in AVBR Hospital Sawangi Meghe, Wardha. The 40 post-natal mothers will be selected as the study sample according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Sample size will calculated by using formula. In this study non probability purposive sampling technique will be used. In this study researcher will provide lactational counselling among postnatal mother after delivery. In lactational counselling researcher provide counselling regarding the importance of breastfeeding, Local breastfeeding situation, how breastfeeding works, breastfeed technique, learning exercises, health care practices, clinical practice after providing lactational counselling after that researcher will assess the breast engorgement for 4 days after the delivery of baby according to breast engorgement assessment scale. Its conclusion will made from the outcome & analysis of the study.

scholarly journals Comparison of DAD and FLD Detection for Identification of Selected Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples and Their Quantitative Analysis by LC-MS/MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042
Author(s):  
Tomasz Tuzimski ◽  
Szymon Szubartowski ◽  
Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch ◽  
Andrzej Miturski ◽  
Monika Wójtowicz-Marzec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Bisphenol S ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract Background Determination of bisphenols released from packaging material is undoubtedly a difficult and tricky task, requiring the chemical analyst to develop an individual approach to obtain reliable analytical information. Objective QuECHERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)/dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with modern detection techniques such as diode-array detector (DAD), fluorescence detector (FLD) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), 2-[[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2yl]phenoxy] methyl]oxirane (BADGE), 3-[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*H2O), 3-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*2H2O), 1-Chloro-3-[4-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl] propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propan-2-ol (BADGE*2HCl) in human breast milk samples have been performed. Methods For the analysis of total analytes, prior to the extraction with acetonitrile, a deconjugation step was implemented in a tube by adding 1 mL of the enzymatic solution with the β-Glucuronidase to 5 mL of sample. The mix was homogenized and incubated for 17 h at 37°C. Ten milliliters of acetonitrile, and a QuEChERS salt packet with 4 g anhydrous MgSO4 and 1 g NaCl were added. During the d-SPE step the extract was transferred into tube with 30 mg Z-Sep and 50 mg PSA (and also 150 mg MgSO4 for LC-MS/MS analysis). MeOH–water (20:80, v/v) were added to the dry residue and the extract was reconstituted in 150 µL (25-fold analytes pre-concentration is achieved). Next bisphenols were identified by HPLC-DAD-FLD and quantified by LC-MS/MS equipment. Conclusions During the bisphenols HPLC-DAD-FLD analysis, from 6 min a reinforcement of 15 was used, which allowed analytes to be identified at 750 pg/mL. Application of LC-MS/MS allowed quantification of bisphenols in the range from 2.12 to 116.22 ng/mL in a total 27 human breast milk samples. Highlights First QuEChERS/d-SPE coupled with HPLC-DAD-FLD or LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk Faster and cheaper alternative to traditional extraction methods The method was applied for the first biomonitoring of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk.

EFFECT OF PASTEURISATION ON THE CONCENTRATIONS OF VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS IN DONOR BREAST MILK

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. e2.19-e2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Gomes ◽  
Nick Shaw ◽  
Karen Whitfield ◽  
Pieter Koorts ◽  
Helen McConachy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Vitamin D Analogues ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Signed Rank Test

AimBreastmilk is considered the most important nutrient and source of supplementation for both term and preterm infants.1 It is composed of many important nutrients, including vitamin D.2 The content of this vitamin in breast milk is usually low, even for lactating mothers with adequate vitamin D status.2 3 Preterm infants are at the great risk of vitamin D deficiency due to decreased transplacental transfer.4 Premature infants are the main recipients of pasteurised donor human milk (PDHM), when their mothers are unable to provide their own.This study aims to evaluate the effect of pasteurisation on the concentrations of vitamin D compounds in donor breast milk.MethodA total of 16 participants, who donated breast milk to the RBWH milk bank, were recruited in this study. Milk samples were obtained pre- and post-Holder pasteurisation. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyse the samples for vitamins D2 and D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3). The significance of differences in vitamin D concentrations between the two groups of milk samples was assessed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, in which P<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsPasteurisation resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the content of D2, D3, 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3, with P values of 0.0001 for all targeted analytes. The concentrations of the vitamin D analogues in non-pasteurised milk ranged from 3.6 to 5.0 pM (D2), 1.0 to 9.8 pM (D3), 1.4 to 2.1 pM (25(OH)D2) and 1.2 to 9.3 pM (25(OH)D3). The concentrations of the vitamin D analogues in post-pasteurised milk ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 pM (D2), 0.6 to 9.5 pM (D3), 1.2 to 1.7 pM (25(OH)D2) and 1.1 to 9.1 pM (25(OH)D3). Losses of vitamin D compounds resulting from the pasteurisation process ranged from 10% to 20%.ConclusionPasteurisation significantly affected the concentration of vitamin D compounds in pasteurised donor breast milk.

Breast Milk and Breastfeeding of Infants Born to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bgee Kunjumon ◽  
Elena V. Wachtel ◽  
Rishi Lumba ◽  
Michelle Quan ◽  
Juan Remon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Published Data ◽  
New York University ◽  
Positive Screen ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Objective There are limited published data on the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus from mothers to newborns through breastfeeding or from breast milk. The World Health Organization released guidelines encouraging mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to breastfeed as the benefits of breastfeeding outweighs the possible risk of transmission. The objective of this study was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 was present in the breast milk of lactating mothers who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab test prior to delivery, and the clinical outcomes for their newborns. Study Design This was a single-center, observational, prospective cohort study. Maternal–newborn dyads that delivered at New York University Langone Hospital Brooklyn with confirmed maternal SARS-CoV-2 positive screen test at the time of admission were recruited for the study. Breast milk samples were collected during postpartum hospitalization and tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genes N1 and N2 by two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the clinical characteristics of the maternal newborn dyad, results of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 testing, and neonatal follow-up data were collected. Results A total of 19 mothers were included in the study and their infants who were all fed breast milk. Breast milk samples from 18 mothers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, and 1 was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The infant who ingested the breast milk that tested positive had a negative nasopharyngeal test for SARS-CoV-2, and had a benign clinical course. There was no evidence of significant clinical infection during the hospital stay or from outpatient neonatal follow-up data for all the infants included in this study. Conclusion In a small cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive lactating mothers giving birth at our institution, most of their breast milk samples (95%) contained no detectable virus, and there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection in their breast milk-fed neonates. Key Points

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