Causes of Structural Failures with Steel Structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Alpsten
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Collapse Mode ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Structural Failures

This paper is based on the experience from investigating over 400 structural collapses, incidents and serious structural damage cases with steel structures which have occurred over the past four centuries. The cause of the failures is most often a gross human error rather than a combination of “normal” variations in parameters affecting the load-carrying capacity, as considered in normal design procedures and structural reliability analyses. Human errors in execution are more prevalent as cause for the failures than errors in the design process, and the construction phase appears particularly prone to human errors. For normal steel structures with quasi-static (non-fatigue) loading, various structural instability phenomena have been observed to be the main collapse mode. An important observation is that welds are not as critical a cause of structural steel failures for statically loaded steel structures as implicitly understood in current regulations and rules for design and execution criteria.

Uncertainties and Human Errors in the Design and Execution of Steel Structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Alpsten
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Steel Specimen ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Rolled Steel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Steel Members ◽  
Numerical Integration Procedure

This paper contains a compilation of results from some 50 000 steel specimen tests and close to 5 000 measurements of the cross-sectional properties of rolled steel members. Based on the statistical distribution of these properties the statistical distribution of the sectional capacity of such steel members is evaluated using a numerical integration procedure. For standard structural steel members the variations of the strength properties are reasonably well-known and may be used in reliability assessment methods for the design of structures. However, it has been observed in many actual failures with steel structures that the cause of such failures normally is one gross human error, rather than a combination of “normal” variations in parameters affecting the actions and response of the structures. Another observation from failures experienced with steel structures is that gross human errors in execution are more critical than gross errors in the design process.

Review on Experimental Study on Effect of Corrosion In Reinforced Concrete Fly-Ash Beam

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Shubham N. Dadgal ◽  
Shrikant Solanke
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Pullout Test ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Structural Failures

In modern days for structures in coastal areas it has been observed that the premature structural failures are occurs due to corrosion of the reinforcements of the designed structural member. The corrosion causes the structural damage which in turn leads to reduction in the bearing capacity of the concerned structural members. The aim of this study was to study the effect of partial replacement of fly ash to minimize the corrosion effect. Beams were designed and corroded by using artificial method known accelerated corrosion method. The beams were then tested for flexural and bond strength. Also the weight loss of the reinforced bars was been determined using electrical resistivity method. The fly ash will replace by 10% and 15%.The strength will calculate at varying percentage of corrosion at 10% and 15%. Beams will cast at M25 grade concrete. The flexural strength will test by using UTM and the bond strength will calculate using pullout test.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Mathematical Relation Model of Structural Reliability and Structural Robustness

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Qi-Wen Jin ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Shuan-Hai He
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Variation Trend ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
Structural Robustness ◽  
Mathematical Relation ◽  
Relation Model ◽  
Random Variation

Structural reliability and structural robustness, from different research fields, are usually employed for the evaluative analysis of building and civil engineering structures. Structural reliability has been widely used for structural analysis and optimization design, while structural robustness is still in rapid development. Several dimensionless evaluation indexes have been defined for structural robustness so far, such as the structural reliability-based redundancy index. However, these different evaluation indexes are usually based on subjective definitions, and they are also difficult to put into engineering practice. The mathematical relational model between structural reliability and structural robustness has not been established yet. This paper is a quantitative study, focusing on the mathematical relation between structural reliability and structural robustness so as to further develop the theory of structural robustness. A strain energy evaluation index for structural robustness is introduced firstly by considering the energy principle. The mathematical relation model of structural reliability and structural robustness is then derived followed by a further comparative study on sensitivity, structural damage, and random variation factor. A cantilever beam and a truss beam are also presented as two case studies. In this study, a parabolic curve mathematical model between structural reliability and structural robustness is established. A significant variation trend for their sensitivities is also observed. The complex interaction mechanism of the joint effect of structural damage and random variation factor is also reflected. With consideration of the variation trend of the structural reliability index that is affected by different degrees of structural damage (mild impairment, moderate impairment, and severe impairment), a three-stage framework for structural life-cycle maintenance management is also proposed. This study can help us gain a better understanding of structural robustness and structural reliability. Some practical references are also provided for the better decision-making of maintenance and management departments.

Influence of Human Error on Structural Reliability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Brehm ◽  
Robert Hertle ◽  
Markus Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Limit States ◽  
The Impact

In common structural design, random variables, such as material strength or loads, are represented by fixed numbers defined in design codes. This is also referred to as deterministic design. Addressing the random character of these variables directly, the probabilistic design procedure allows the determination of the probability of exceeding a defined limit state. This probability is referred to as failure probability. From there, the structural reliability, representing the survival probability, can be determined. Structural reliability thus is a property of a structure or structural member, depending on the relevant limit states, failure modes and basic variables. This is the basis for the determination of partial safety factors which are, for sake of a simpler design, applied within deterministic design procedures. In addition to the basic variables in terms of material and loads, further basic variables representing the structural model have to be considered. These depend strongly on the experience of the design engineer and the level of detailing of the model. However, in the clear majority of cases [1] failure does not occur due to unexpectedly high or low values of loads or material strength. The most common reasons for failure are human errors in design and execution. This paper will provide practical examples of original designs affected by human error and will assess the impact on structural reliability.

Models of human error in structural reliability

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels C. Lind
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Structural Reliability

A Method for Marine Human Error Probability Estimate: APJE-SLIM

2011 ◽  
Vol 97-98 ◽  
pp. 825-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Tao Xi ◽  
Chong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Human Reliability ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Probability Estimate ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Performance Shaping Factors ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Human Error Probability

Safety is the eternal theme in shipping industry. Research shows that human error is the main reason of maritime accidents. Therefore, it is very necessary to research marine human errors, to discuss the contexts which caused human errors and how the contexts effect human behavior. Based on the detailed investigation of human errors in collision avoidance behavior which is the most key mission in navigation and the Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs), human reliability of mariners in collision avoidance was analyzed by using the integration of APJE and SLIM. Result shows that this combined method is effective and can be used for the research of maritime human reliability.

Identification of Human Errors During Early Design Stage Functional Failure Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Irshad ◽  
Salman Ahmed ◽  
Onan Demirel ◽  
Irem Y. Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Human Error ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Human Factors Engineering ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Functional Failure ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Early Design Stage ◽  
Early Design Stages

Detection of potential failures and human error and their propagation over time at an early design stage will help prevent system failures and adverse accidents. Hence, there is a need for a failure analysis technique that will assess potential functional/component failures, human errors, and how they propagate to affect the system overall. Prior work has introduced FFIP (Functional Failure Identification and Propagation), which considers both human error and mechanical failures and their propagation at a system level at early design stages. However, it fails to consider the specific human actions (expected or unexpected) that contributed towards the human error. In this paper, we propose a method to expand FFIP to include human action/error propagation during failure analysis so a designer can address the human errors using human factors engineering principals at early design stages. To explore the capabilities of the proposed method, it is applied to a hold-up tank example and the results are coupled with Digital Human Modeling to demonstrate how designers can use these tools to make better design decisions before any design commitments are made.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Safety Analysis of High Speed and Conventional Lines Using Bayesian Networks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacarias Grande Andrade ◽  
Enrique Castillo Ron ◽  
Alan O'Connor ◽  
Maria Nogal
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Network ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Probabilistic Safety

A Bayesian network approach is presented for probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) of railway lines. The idea consists of identifying and reproducing all the elements that the train encounters when circulating along a railway line, such as light and speed limit signals, tunnel or viaduct entries or exits, cuttings and embankments, acoustic sounds received in the cabin, curves, switches, etc. In addition, since the human error is very relevant for safety evaluation, the automatic train protection (ATP) systems and the driver behavior and its time evolution are modelled and taken into account to determine the probabilities of human errors. The nodes of the Bayesian network, their links and the associated probability tables are automatically constructed based on the line data that need to be carefully given. The conditional probability tables are reproduced by closed formulas, which facilitate the modelling and the sensitivity analysis. A sorted list of the most dangerous elements in the line is obtained, which permits making decisions about the line safety and programming maintenance operations in order to optimize them and reduce the maintenance costs substantially. The proposed methodology is illustrated by its application to several cases that include real lines such as the Palencia-Santander and the Dublin-Belfast lines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3428

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PENERIMAAN REMUNERASI DOSEN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RULE BASE REASONING

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Samsudin Samsudin
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Web Based System

<p><em>Remuneration is a term that relates to employee payroll which is set by certain regulations routinely based on work values, with the aim of creating better and cleaner governance and increasing motivation and work performance. Performance is determined by assessing the compilation oflecturer’swork files and then verified by the department that responsible to it. Rule Base Reasoning is an expert system based on a series of rules that represent human knowledge and experience in solving some complex cases. Expert system is a system whose capability to adopt human knowledge in solving problems so the system can solve problems as is usually done by experts. To implement this method a web-based system is used using the PHP programming language with the concept of Object Oriented Programming with ecpectation this system can be designed more easily and can be developed continuously so it can optimize the acceptance of lecturer remuneration andso far it can minimize the possibility of errors due to human errors. on institutions and lecturers.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Remuneration, Rule Base Reasoning, Performance, Lecturers, Expert Systems.</em><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Remunerasi merupakan sebuah istilah yang berhubungan dengan penggajian pegawai yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan tertentu secara rutin berdasarkan nilai-nilai kerja, dengan tujuan terciptanya tata kelola yang lebih baik dan bersih serta meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi kerja.Kinerja ditentukan dengan pengumpulan bukti kerja kepada pihak yang bertanggung jawab dan dihitung oleh badan yang ditentukan.Rule Base Reasoning adalah sistem pakar berdasarkan serangkaian aturan-aturan yang merupakan representasi dari pengetahuan dan pengalaman manusia dalam memecahkan kasus yang rumit</em><em>. </em><em>Sistem pakar adalah suatu sistem yang berusaha mengadopsi pengetahuan manusia dalam menyelesaikan masalah sehingga sistem tersebut dapat menyelesaikan masalah seperti yang biasa dilakukan oleh para pakar</em><em>.</em><em>Untuk mengimplementasikan metode ini dibuat sebuah sistem berbasis web menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dengan konsep Object Oriented Programming dengan harapan sistem ini bisa dirancang lebih mudah dan bisa dikembangkan secara berkelanjutan dan dapat mengoptimalkan penerimaan remunerasi dosen sehingga bisa memperkecil kemungkinan terjadinya kesalahan karena human error yang bisa menyebabkan kerugian pada pihak institusi maupun dosen.</em></p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: <em>Remunerasi, Rule Base Reasoning, Kinerja, Dosen, Sistem Pakar.</em><strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Implementation of Heart and Dematel Integration to Steam Boiler Working Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gülin Feryal Can
Keyword(s):  
Error Probability ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Reduction Technique ◽  
Steam Boiler ◽  
Error Assessment ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Process Error ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Advanced Version

Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) is a practical and powerful approach to prioritize errors related to human actions, based on probabilities. HEART can determine error producing conditions (EPCs) which cause human errors for different processes including main duties (MDs) and sub-duties (SDs). HEART can be applied quickly for any process where human reliability is important. In this study, HEART and advanced version of Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (AV-DEMATEL) integration proposed by Can and Delice in 2018 was performed for evaluating human related errors in steam boiler working process. In this way, the interactions between MDs, SDs and EPCs in a steam boiler working process were considered to compute process error probability (PEP). Additionally, the applicability of the proposed approach by Can and Delice (2018) was demonstrated again.

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