scholarly journals Poverty Assessment: Pakistan's Case

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaukat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Poverty Assessment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Minimum Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Expenditure System ◽  
Using Data

This study is an attempt to determine the poverty-line and the incidence of poverty in Pakistan by using data of the latest Household Integrated Economic Survey: 1990-91. The study uses a different approach. and methodology in respect of earlier studies of the subject. The approach is that of the "Basic Needs", which defines the poverty-line in terms of minimum expenditure on all needs, food as well as non-food. The methodology used in estimating the minimum expenditure on various needs is based on the "Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES)". For the year under review, the total poverty-line was estimated at Rs 374 per capita per month, with the food poverty-line at Rs 191. A comparison with the income levels reported in the Survey revealed that roughly 47 percent population had an income less than this threshold level expenditure on all needs, the shortfall or gap being almost 25 percent. The proportion of population with an income less than the threshold expenditure on food alone was found to be 10 percent. In certain respects, the results were quite different, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, from those of the earlier studies.

scholarly journals Food away from home and the reversal of the calorie intake decline in India

Food Security ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepthi E. Kolady ◽  
Shivendra Kumar Srivastava ◽  
David Just ◽  
Jaspal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Food Away From Home ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

Abstract India experienced a consumption puzzle since the 1970s, whereby households’ calorie intakes declined over time, despite significant economic growth. This declining trend in calorie intake (consumption puzzle) was reversed for the first time in 2011–12. This is the first empirical study that investigates the relationship between refinements in data collection on food away from home (FAFH) and the trend reversal in per capita calorie intake decline in India. Findings from the study showed that the declining trend in calorie intake in India has been partly due to measurement issues and that correcting for these issues through refinements in data collection for FAFH in 2011–12 had a positive effect on the reversal of the calorie intake decline. India uses per capita calorie intake estimated using data from HCES to define the official poverty line, a benchmark used in designing many social welfare programs. Incorrect estimates of calorie intake will have negative implications on the effectiveness of welfare programs aimed at reducing food insecurity. Findings from this study provide insights for further improvement in data collection regarding household-level consumption expenditures. The study has implications not only for India but also for other countries that use household-level consumption data to understand diets and to design food and nutrition programs.

Do the rich pollute more? Mexican household consumption by income level and CO2 emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Santillán Vera ◽  
Angel de la Vega Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively examine if varying household consumption activities at different income levels drove CO2 emissions to different degrees in Mexico from 1990 to 2014. Design/methodology/approach The paper applied a simple expenditure-CO2 emissions elasticity model – a top-down approach – using data from consumption-based CO2 emission inventories and the “Household Income and Expenditure Survey” and assuming a range of 0.7-1.0 elasticity values. Findings The paper results show a large carbon inequality among income groups in Mexico throughout the period. The household consumption patterns at the highest income levels are related to significantly more total CO2 emissions (direct + indirect) than the household consumption patterns at the lowest income levels, in absolute terms, per household and per capita. In 2014, for example, the poorest household decile emitted 1.6 tCO2 per capita on average, while the wealthiest decile reached 8.6 tCO2 per capita. Practical/implications The results suggest that it is necessary to rethink the effect of consumption patterns on climate change and the allocation of mitigation responsibilities, thus opening up complementary options for designing mitigation strategies and policies. Originality/value The paper represents an alternative approach for studying CO2 emissions responsibility in Mexico from the demand side, which has been practically absent in previous studies. The paper thereby opens a way for studying and discussing climate change in terms of consumption and equity in the country.

Economic Growth and Social Justice in South Asia: An Interpretation of Empirical Evidence

1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-404
Author(s):  
Indra Nath Mukherji
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

This paper initially examines the level of development and the rate of economic growth in South Asian countries. Subsequently attention is shifted to examine how far economic growth has contributed to social justice. The level of development is examined conventionally in terms of relative per capita incomes, while the rate of economic growth is examined in terms of annual compound growth rate in real gross domestic product (GDP). For evaluating social justice several indices are used—relative income inequality, distribution of assets, proportion of population below the poverty line, and real earnings of agricultural labourers. Having consolidated the available literature on the subject, a search for their consistency is attempted and interpretations offered. The final section thus examines the evidence with respect to causation of inequality and offers policy guidelines. While the focus of the paper is the South Asian countries, illustrations from the experience of South East Asian countries is also drawn for comparison.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF INCOME DISPARITY OF FARMER HOUSEHOLDS

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (3) ◽  
pp. 332-340
Author(s):  
Maria Parlińska ◽  
Piotr Pomichowski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of the analysis is an attempt to assess the income disparity of farmers compared to other socio-professional groups in light of the latest available data and an assessment on how administrative division impacts income disparity size. The analysis was performed using data gathered by the Household Budget Survey from 2017, availing for that purpose the statistics of disposable income per household and converting it to a per capita figure. Among socio-professional groups, the following households were distinguished: farmers, entrepreneurs, employees, pensioners and other earners earning income from other sources. The results of the analysis have given evidence of existing income disparity of farmer households with respect to other households. By comparing households of farmers and entrepreneurs, the greatest disparities can be observed in average disposable income to the detriment of farmers and employee incomes are located between these types of households. The highest income levels of farmers in comparison with entrepreneurs, employees or households in general, for that matter, are recorded in the Podlaskie, Lubelskie and Lubuskie voivodships. This observation suggests the significant development of the agricultural sector or slow overall economic development, which generates low revenue for individuals making their living as employees or entrepreneurs. Higher disposable income level households of entrepreneurs and employees tend to be characteristic of territories with significant urban areas, i.e. the Mazowieckie voivodship or Małopolska region. In these areas, income levels earned from work or entrepreneurship are substantially higher than those acquired from farming.

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

scholarly journals Lifestyle carbon footprints and changes in lifestyles to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, and ways forward for related research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryu Koide ◽  
Michael Lettenmeier ◽  
Lewis Akenji ◽  
Viivi Toivio ◽  
Aryanie Amellina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Sustainability Science ◽  
Scenario Development ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Living Lab ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Subnational Analysis

AbstractThis paper presents an approach for assessing lifestyle carbon footprints and lifestyle change options aimed at achieving the 1.5 °C climate goal and facilitating the transition to decarbonized lifestyles through stakeholder participatory research. Using data on Finland and Japan it shows potential impacts of reducing carbon footprints through changes in lifestyles for around 30 options covering food, housing, and mobility domains, in comparison with the 2030 and 2050 per-capita targets (2.5–3.2 tCO2e by 2030; 0.7–1.4 tCO2e by 2050). It discusses research opportunities for expanding the footprint-based quantitative analysis to incorporate subnational analysis, living lab, and scenario development aiming at advancing sustainability science on the transition to decarbonized lifestyles.

scholarly journals Effects of cancer treatment on household impoverishment: a multicentre cross-sectional study in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e044322
Author(s):  
Wenqi Fu ◽  
Jufang Shi ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Chengcheng Liu ◽  
Chengyao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Per Capita

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence and intensity of household impoverishment induced by cancer treatment in China.DesignAverage income and daily consumption per capita of the households and out-of-pocket payments for cancer care were estimated. Household impoverishment was determined by comparing per capita daily consumption against the Chinese poverty line (CPL, US$1.2) and the World Bank poverty line (WBPL, US$1.9) for 2015. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment consumptions were calculated assuming that the households would divert daily consumption money to pay for cancer treatment.ParticipantsCancer patients diagnosed initially from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 who had received cancer treatment subsequently. Those with multiple cancer diagnoses were excluded.Data sourcesA household questionnaire survey was conducted on 2534 cancer patients selected from nine hospitals in seven provinces through two-stage cluster/convenience sampling.Findings5.89% (CPL) to 12.94% (WBPL) households were impoverished after paying for cancer treatment. The adjusted OR (AOR) of post-treatment impoverishment was higher for older patients (AOR=2.666–4.187 for ≥50 years vs <50 years, p<0.001), those resided in central region (AOR=2.619 vs eastern, p<0.01) and those with lower income (AOR=0.024–0.187 in higher income households vs the lowest 20%, p<0.001). The patients without coverage from social health insurance had higher OR (AOR=1.880, p=0.040) of experiencing post-treatment household impoverishment than those enrolled with the insurance for urban employees. Cancer treatment is associated with an increase of 5.79% (CPL) and 12.45% (WBPL) in incidence of household impoverishment. The median annual consumption gap per capita underneath the poverty line accumulated by the impoverished households reached US$128 (CPL) or US$212 (WBPL). US$31 170 395 (CPL) or US$115 238 459 (WBPL) were needed to avoid household impoverishment induced by cancer treatment in China.ConclusionsThe financial burden of cancer treatment imposes a significant risk of household impoverishment despite wide coverage of social health insurance in China.

Fraud abroad

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-275
Author(s):  
Jake David Hoskins ◽  
Ryan Leick
Keyword(s):  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Reviews ◽  
Online Customer Reviews ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Developed Nations

Purpose This study aims to investigate a sharing economy context, where vacation rental units that are owned and operated by individuals throughout the world are rented out through a common website: vrbo.com. It is posited that gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, a common indicator of the level of economic development of a nation, will impact the likelihood that prospective travelers will choose to book accommodations in the sharing economy channel (vs traditional hotels). The role of online customer reviews in this process is investigated as well, building upon a significant body of extant research which shows their level of customer decision influence. Design/methodology/approach An empirical analysis is conducted using data from the website Vacation Rentals By Owner on 1,940 rental listings across 97 countries. Findings GDP per capita serves as risk deterrent to prospective travelers, making the sharing economy an acceptable alternative to traditional hotels for the average traveler. It is also found that the total number of online customer reviews (OCR volume) is a signal of popularity to prospective travelers, while the average star rating of those online customer reviews (OCR valence) is instead a signal of accommodation quality. Originality/value This study adds to a growing agenda of research investigating the effect of online customer reviews on consumer decisions, with a particularly focus on the burgeoning sharing economy. The findings help to explain when the sharing economy may serve as a stronger disruptive threat to incumbent offerings. It also provides the following key insights for managers: sharing economy rental units in developed nations are more successful in driving booking activity, managers should look to promote volume of online customer reviews and positive online customer reviews are particularly influential for sharing economy rental booking rates in less developed nations.

Maximization of the Signal Impulsiveness Combining Envelope Technique with Minimum Entropy Deconvolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 392 ◽  
pp. 725-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael José Gomes de Oliveira ◽  
Mauro Hugo Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Test Bench ◽  
Minimum Entropy ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gear Trains ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Frequency Resonance ◽  
Combined Technique ◽  
Experimental Test Bench

The application of the HFRT (High-Frequency Resonance Technique), a demodulation based technique, is a technique for evaluation the condition of bearings and other components in rotating machinery. Another technique MED (Minimum Entropy Deconvolution) has been the subject of recent developments for application in condition monitoring of gear trains and roller bearings. This article demonstrates the effectiveness of the combined application of the MED technique with HFRT in order to enhance the capacity of HFRT to identify the characteristic fault frequencies of damaged bearings by increasing the signal impulsivity. All tests were done using data collected from an experimental test bench in laboratory. The Kurtosis value is used as an indicator of effectiveness of the combined technique and the results shown an increase of five times the original kurtosis value with the application of MED filter together with the HFRT.

A PANEL ASSESSMENT OF REAL COVERGENCE IN CEMAC

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gbetnkom
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Convergence Hypothesis ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Convergence Club ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rich Countries

Some authors support that regionalism among underdeveloped countries will tend to cause divergence of their income levels, and regional integration among rich countries will tend to cause convergence. This paper tests this convergence hypothesis in CEMAC between 1990-2002. Our findings lend support to the “convergence club” defined according to policy choices rather than initial levels of human capital. They show that unilateral and preferential suppression of tariff and non-tariff barriers favor the convergence of per capita incomes and reduce the dispersion of real per capita income levels of partners in the sub-region. These results make the idea of convergence club based on the initial levels of productive technology and GDP per capita relative.

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