scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF INCOME DISPARITY OF FARMER HOUSEHOLDS

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (3) ◽  
pp. 332-340
Author(s):  
Maria Parlińska ◽  
Piotr Pomichowski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of the analysis is an attempt to assess the income disparity of farmers compared to other socio-professional groups in light of the latest available data and an assessment on how administrative division impacts income disparity size. The analysis was performed using data gathered by the Household Budget Survey from 2017, availing for that purpose the statistics of disposable income per household and converting it to a per capita figure. Among socio-professional groups, the following households were distinguished: farmers, entrepreneurs, employees, pensioners and other earners earning income from other sources. The results of the analysis have given evidence of existing income disparity of farmer households with respect to other households. By comparing households of farmers and entrepreneurs, the greatest disparities can be observed in average disposable income to the detriment of farmers and employee incomes are located between these types of households. The highest income levels of farmers in comparison with entrepreneurs, employees or households in general, for that matter, are recorded in the Podlaskie, Lubelskie and Lubuskie voivodships. This observation suggests the significant development of the agricultural sector or slow overall economic development, which generates low revenue for individuals making their living as employees or entrepreneurs. Higher disposable income level households of entrepreneurs and employees tend to be characteristic of territories with significant urban areas, i.e. the Mazowieckie voivodship or Małopolska region. In these areas, income levels earned from work or entrepreneurship are substantially higher than those acquired from farming.

Do the rich pollute more? Mexican household consumption by income level and CO2 emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Santillán Vera ◽  
Angel de la Vega Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively examine if varying household consumption activities at different income levels drove CO2 emissions to different degrees in Mexico from 1990 to 2014. Design/methodology/approach The paper applied a simple expenditure-CO2 emissions elasticity model – a top-down approach – using data from consumption-based CO2 emission inventories and the “Household Income and Expenditure Survey” and assuming a range of 0.7-1.0 elasticity values. Findings The paper results show a large carbon inequality among income groups in Mexico throughout the period. The household consumption patterns at the highest income levels are related to significantly more total CO2 emissions (direct + indirect) than the household consumption patterns at the lowest income levels, in absolute terms, per household and per capita. In 2014, for example, the poorest household decile emitted 1.6 tCO2 per capita on average, while the wealthiest decile reached 8.6 tCO2 per capita. Practical/implications The results suggest that it is necessary to rethink the effect of consumption patterns on climate change and the allocation of mitigation responsibilities, thus opening up complementary options for designing mitigation strategies and policies. Originality/value The paper represents an alternative approach for studying CO2 emissions responsibility in Mexico from the demand side, which has been practically absent in previous studies. The paper thereby opens a way for studying and discussing climate change in terms of consumption and equity in the country.

scholarly journals The Earnings Difference of Workers in Indonesia: 2007 and 2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Aryo Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Religion And Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Determinant Analysis

The purposes of this study are to measure the earnings difference and the factors that influence earnings difference between 2007 and 2014 using data sourced from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. The income determinant analysis results found that the longer a person's education year and work experience, the higher the income. Income will be even greater if someone is a man, lives in urban areas, and works in the non-agriculture sector. Moreover, there is no evidence that religion and ethnicity affect income. Then, I used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to distinguish the factors contributing to the difference in income to be explained factors and unexplained factors. It was found that that the income gap between 2007 and 2014 was 13.2 percentage points. Endowment factor contribution is more significant than unexplained factors. Furthermore, decomposition at different income levels shows that the endowment factor's effect on earning difference is getting smaller at higher income levels.

scholarly journals Poverty Assessment: Pakistan's Case

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaukat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Poverty Assessment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Minimum Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Expenditure System ◽  
Using Data

This study is an attempt to determine the poverty-line and the incidence of poverty in Pakistan by using data of the latest Household Integrated Economic Survey: 1990-91. The study uses a different approach. and methodology in respect of earlier studies of the subject. The approach is that of the "Basic Needs", which defines the poverty-line in terms of minimum expenditure on all needs, food as well as non-food. The methodology used in estimating the minimum expenditure on various needs is based on the "Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES)". For the year under review, the total poverty-line was estimated at Rs 374 per capita per month, with the food poverty-line at Rs 191. A comparison with the income levels reported in the Survey revealed that roughly 47 percent population had an income less than this threshold level expenditure on all needs, the shortfall or gap being almost 25 percent. The proportion of population with an income less than the threshold expenditure on food alone was found to be 10 percent. In certain respects, the results were quite different, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, from those of the earlier studies.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Penduduk Miskin di Papua Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Ludia Theresia Wambrauw ◽  
Ratna M. H. Gusti ◽  
Agus Irianto Sumule
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Papua Barat

This research entitles Characteristics of Poor People in Papua Barat Province. The research aims are to describe poor people characteristics in Papua Barat, and to analyze some factors that influence poverty in Papua Barat Province. The research is conducted in Papua Barat Province by using data from Indonesia’s Statistics. Then a descriptive analysis method is used to describe the characteristics of poor households in Papua Barat and their contributing factors. The results showed that the percentage of poor people in Papua Barat has been decreasing from 2009 to 2016. The percentage of poverty is decreasing more in rural areas than in urban areas. The characteristics of the poor people are the number of household member is more than four people; have low level of education, majority live in remote areas and work in agricultural sector, less of them are migrants, and have no health issues. Based on those characteristics, the Papua Barat government should put attention in developing the agricultural sector and improving the social and economic infrastructures in rural areas.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Financial and Income Disparity Between Rural-Urban Areas In Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuni Andari
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect income disparity between rural-urban areas in Indonesia and to analyze the effect of financial development on economic inequality. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis using multiple linear regression of panel data during the period of 2014-2017. The dependent variable in this study is the difference in income between rural and urban using differences in the amount of rural and urban expenditure as a proxy. The independent variables consist of financial depth scale with total bank assets as a proxy, financial activity withthe amount of agricultural credit as a proxy, and financial efficiency with the ratio of loan to deposit as a proxy. Other control variables are also analyzed including per capita income, government spending, level of education and trade openness. The results of the study showed that the effect of total bank assets on income disparity between rural and urban areas was positive and significant, while the effect of agricultural credit and the ratio between credit to bank deposits did not significantly influence income disparity between rural and urban areas. Government spending, per capita income and education have a positive and significant effect on income disparity between rural and urban areas. Meanwhile, net export as a proxy of regional economic openness data does not significantly influence income disparity. Based on the results of the study, the policy implications that can be recommended to reduce income inequality between rural-urban areas are through increasing the scale of banking finance, increasing government spending on rural areas, increasing the education of rural communities and increasing income per capita

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Dr. Udayagiri Raghunath ◽  
Dr. V.Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Choice ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Tv Watching

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-853
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Formed Part

Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs; nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive resources.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the European Union—A Partial Order Analysis of the Main Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6278
Author(s):  
Lars Carlsen ◽  
Rainer Bruggemann
Keyword(s):  
Indicator System ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Educational Aspect ◽  
The Eu

The inequality within the 27 European member states has been studied. Six indicators proclaimed by Eurostat to be the main indicators charactere the countries: (i) the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, (ii) the income distribution, (iii) the income share of the bottom 40% of the population, (iv) the purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita, (v) the adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita and (vi) the asylum applications by state of procedure. The resulting multi-indicator system was analyzed applying partial ordering methodology, i.e., including all indicators simultaneously without any pretreatment. The degree of inequality was studied for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. The EU member states were partially ordered and ranked. For all three years Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, and Finland are found to be highly ranked, i.e., having rather low inequality. Bulgaria and Romania are, on the other hand, for all three years ranked low, with the highest degree of inequality. Excluding the asylum indicator, the risk-poverty-gap and the adjusted gross disposable income were found as the most important indicators. If, however, the asylum application is included, this indicator turns out as the most important for the mutual ranking of the countries. A set of additional indicators was studied disclosing the educational aspect as of major importance to achieve equality. Special partial ordering tools were applied to study the role of the single indicators, e.g., in relation to elucidate the incomparability of some countries to all other countries within the union.

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