Export Policy in Pakistan

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mallon
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Export Policy ◽  
External Economy

One of the main objectives of Pakistan's export policy has been the promotion of exports of manufactured goods. This is an objective which many under¬developed, predominately primary-exporting countries have in common because of their interest in export diversification. The general arguments used to justify such a policy, e.g., improvement in the terms of trade and increased stability of export proceeds—will not, however, be discussed in this paper1. Attention will instead be focussed on the economic consequences of the specific measures adopted by Pakistan, namely, a combination of export duties and subsidies which discriminate in favour of processed goods and against raw materials. The fact that in Pakistan the chief beneficiaries of discrimination have been manufactures of jute and cotton, products which also constitute most of the country's raw material exports, facilitates the economic evaluation of this policy. It can thus be assumed that if jute and cotton were not exported as manufactures they could be exported in raw form, or in other words, that the problem con¬sists in selecting that combination of exports in raw and manufactured form which maximizes net foreign exchange earnings. Furthermore, the textile industry is not a very good case for applying the external economy argument (i.e., subsidies to industries which provide training to the labour force in new skills, etc.,) be¬cause the industry would exist in any case to supply the internal market, economies of scale are limited and the skills employed are fairly rudimentary. In the follow¬ing, all our discussion will be concentrated on the jute and cotton situation, the special problems of other manufacturing fall outside the scope of our analysis.

scholarly journals Changes in the Vietnamese Timber Processing Industry: A Case of Quang Tri Province, North Central Region

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Seiji Iwanaga ◽  
Dang Thai Hoang ◽  
Hirofumi Kuboyama ◽  
Dang Thai Duong ◽  
Hoang Huy Tuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
On Farm

Vietnam’s forestry policies have expanded the area of planted forests in order to meet the supply of raw materials for the timber processing industry. However, the diversity and volume of demand in the industry have also increased, and a shortage of raw materials can be assumed. For clarifying the correspondence of stakeholders, we explore changes in the resource supply behavior of forestry companies and procurement strategies of companies that manufacture lumber for glued laminated timber, medium density fiberboard (MDF) and wood pellets. Next, we discuss issues and future developments surrounding the supply and demand for timber from planted forests. According to a survey of Quang Tri Province, both industrial and on-farm tree planting play an important role in Vietnam’s wood industry. The origin of the supply has been categorized according to its purpose (products). On the other hand, with the declining supply of imported timber and natural forest timber, inquiries from sawmills and glued laminated timber factories for timber from planted forests have increased, and wood pellet manufacturers are facing competition for raw material procurement with MDF manufacturers, and the supply of timber from planted forests is becoming scarce. The key to the solution lies in improving the low productivity of current on-farm tree planting. To this end, forming farmer groups upon the acquisition of forest certification will help achieve economies of scale and bargaining power.

scholarly journals Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Produk Tekstil di PT Priangan Sentosa Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Dedi Siswana Kurniadi ◽  
Rizal Syarief ◽  
Ani Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Marketing Area ◽  
Factor Evaluation

Textile product industry has an important role in the economy Tasikmalaya City, because contributing 42,1%  to manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry contributing 14.6%  to the GRDP Tasikmalaya City. The problem faced by the industry of textile products is the increase in raw material prices, rising labor costs, the entry of lower-priced imported products, intense competition with similar companies and reduced orders from buyers. In an effort to maintain the continuity of their  business, it is necessary to develop a strategy of business development. The purpose of this study was to analyze the internal and external conditions, the formulation of strategic alternatives, prioritization and selection of strategic business development strategy PT PS. Results Internal Factor Evaluation (2.692) and External Factor Evaluation (2.334) puts the company's position in Cells V (companies should be preserved and maintained through market penetration strategies and product development. Methods of SWOT result formulation of strategies: (1) take advantage of competition among  suppliers to obtain raw materials at the lowest offer price, (2) Increasing production by expanding the partnership,  (3) promotion, (4) expand the marketing area, (5) maintain the quality of raw material, (6) improve product quality, (7) makes dyeing, (8) machine maintenance and machine engineering (9) labor skills training. Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) puts the promotion strategy as a priority. Implications of managerial are: (1) Aspects of production need to be supported by increased economies of scale by improving partnerships with other entrepreneurs, supplier selection, take advantage of the effects of learning and experience, (2) Aspects of HR need to increase the skills of workers, (3) Financial Aspects through cash payments from buyers and increased allocation of marketing costs, (4) marketing aspect through targeting the wholesale level market, expand marketing and mainte-nance of customer loyalty and (5) Aspects of technology through the restructuring of the machine.

scholarly journals Optimising the amount of base material used for manufacturing garments with creases, during their design stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (04) ◽  
pp. 454-459
Author(s):  
MANUELA AVADANEI ◽  
ANTONELA CURTEZA ◽  
CARMEN BLEJAN ◽  
IONUT DULGHERIU ◽  
EMIL CONSTANTIN LOGHIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Physical Prototype ◽  
Alternative Solutions

The clothing and fashion industry is known as a wasteful industry. Despite its target, producing fashionable and beautiful items to fulfil the needs of different consumer categories consumes a considerable quantity of raw materials, energy, water, labour force, etc. Every year, natural resources become more limited, hard to find and expensive; in these terms, the producers are forced to find either alternative solutions to replace as much as they can the needed primary raw materials or to try to maximise their use (which means to reduce the quantity of waste) or to use the waste to produce other things. The consumption of raw materials is determined during the development stage of the new model: the designer analyses the sketch of the selected model, then establishes and applies the needed steps to design the model pieces, creates the 3D virtual or supervises the manufacturing process of the physical prototype to verify the design solution, applies changes after analysing the prototype if it is necessary, obtains the production patterns and then he/she is doing the markers to determine the consumption of raw materials for one item and the whole order. Garment models with creases, pleats or folds are the most challenging ones because the designer has to have the ability to understand and to evaluate the shadows or the number of grouped lines of the model into values of distances or angles, to be used to change the element surface for their realisation. In these cases, it is essential to balance what the model requires and the needed amount of raw materials to produce it. This paper proposes some variants of how to resize the surfaces of the elements for designing creases but with an optimal raw material consumption level. The results are based on the analysis of different men jacket models’, with straight silhouette and creases between the hemline and its hem band.

scholarly journals MILLING CAPACITY AND SUPPLY COMPETITION IN SUGAR-ETHANOL INDUSTRY IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

GEOGRAFIA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Walter BELIK ◽  
Bruno Benzaquen PEROSA ◽  
Sérgio Rangel Fernandes FIGUEIRA ◽  
Andrea KOGA-VICENTE
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Excess Capacity ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Idle Capacity

After the deregulation of the sugar and alcohol sector, the decision on the location and scale of processing units was transferred to the private sector. Given the competition, the search for raw materials increased substantially and became the key variable in determining the viability of plants. The neoclassical microeconomics indicates that the increase in capacity is the result of a decision to maximize the outcome of firms, especially considering the industrial economies of scale. However, the theory of industrial organization, raises the possibility of the decision on the installed capacity be affected by the competitive strategy of the firm, leading to raise barriers to entry. Thus, plants located in regions with greater competition for sugarcane would work with higher levels of idle capacity, as deterrent to entry of new units. Using techniques of geo-referencing, the research shows that in the traditional sugarcane areas, the installed capacity in recent years far exceeds the availability of raw material. Thus, it is unlikely that plants installed in these regions are operating in an ìoptimalî level grinding. Gains force the hypothesis that excess capacity has the role to impose barriers to entry despite the reduced efficiency of the plants

Raw material orientation of the agricultural sector and its socio-economic consequences for Ukraine

Ekonomika APK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 317 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Oleksii Mohylnyi ◽  
Myroslav Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
End Use

The purpose of the articles is to determine the socio-economic consequences of the raw material orientation of the agricultural sector of the domestic economy and to outline the priority areas of regulatory nature aimed at mitigating risks in the field of employment and the labor market in rural areas. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic methods, the work of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on foreign trade, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, electronic resources and other sources. Monographic and systematic approaches are used to analyze the structure of foreign trade in agri-food products. The principle of systems thinking helped to clarify the socio-economic consequences in the field of employment, labor market and rural migration. A number of techniques of abstract-logical tools made it possible to formulate intermediate final conclusions and determine conceptual ways of solving the problems raised. Research results. Considered from critical positions the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by groups 1-24 UCG FEA for 2000-2020. It was found that the main factors for increasing the export of raw materials were: liberalization of foreign trade relations, the termination of cooperative ties between agricultural production and processing enterprises and the creation of protectionist conditions for investment in agriculture. This was successfully used by the owners of speculative, financial, shadow, including foreign capital in the form of agricultural holdings with offshore jurisdictions. Thanks to the favorable situation in the global commodity markets, these organizations have significantly increased the production and export of grain crops, seeds and fruits of oilseeds and sunflower oil over two decades. During the same period, the export of finished food products has been reduced. If in 2000. The negative trade balance of the mentioned subgroup of goods amounted to 65 million, then according to the results of 2020 it increased to 392.2 million US dollars, or more than 6 times. Structural imbalances have led to the formation of a rental economic model in Ukraine, which has limited potential for further growth in added value. Ultimately, this negatively affects the well-being of households, social and labor relations, which have become especially aggravated in the field of employment, the labor market and population migration. In 2020, there were 1,783 thousand informally employed in rural areas, which amounted to 44.7% of the total in the economy and 36.2% of the total rural population aged 15-70. This is almost 4 times more than all employees in agriculture. Among the priority measures it is proposed: to revise the regulatory policy in the field of foreign trade in raw materials of this subgroup of goods; promoting the export of end-use products; stimulation of vertical and horizontal integration of agricultural producers, processors of raw materials and trade on mutually beneficial terms; creation of territorial production clusters; reanimation of all types of cooperation in rural areas from the standpoint of reducing risks to the balanced development of the agricultural sector and the country's economy. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive vision of the negative socio-economic consequences of the dominance of an archaic model of the economy, which in the conditions of a market turnover of rights to land plots, can become aggravated, has received further development. In contrast to the existing raw material exploitation of the agrarian sector and the rural population, the increase in the export of final consumption goods will contribute to the well-being of households and balanced rural development. Practical significance. Positioning the agricultural and food sector of Ukraine as a world leader in the export of end-use goods will contribute to solving the socio-economic problems of the rural population and balanced rural development. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 26.

scholarly journals Features of entrepreneurship development during the recession in the northern raw material regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Andrey G. Shelomentsev ◽  
Tatiana N. Bessonova
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of small business in the northern raw material regions in the context of a decrease in hydrocarbon production and a decrease in the role of large business in the economic development of the territory. It is determined that modern studies of small business at the regional level mainly consider the mechanisms of development of small business, the sphere of interaction between small and large business, the state of the institutional environment. But they do not take into account the peculiarities of specific territories and the life cycle of the extraction of raw materials. The article analyzes trends in the development of small business in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra and identifies factors that have a significant impact on it. It is noted that the indicators of the development of small business in the region had predominantly positive dynamics for 2011-2019, namely, the number of small businesses increased, the number of people employed in this sector and the turnover of small businesses increased. It is determined that the activities of small businesses have become more efficient. It was revealed that macroeconomic crises had an impact on the development of this sector of the economy, which was manifested by a decrease in its activity in the pre-crisis periods. Based on the analysis of the sociological study results, it was determined that the population of the region has a positive attitude to the entrepreneurship. This made it possible to conclude that there is a potential for the development of this sector in the regional economy. It is proposed to consider small business as a factor of stability and reduction of unfavorable socio-economic consequences in the context of a high dependence of the resource-extracting region economy on the conjuncture of world prices for energy resources.

scholarly journals ManTool: Application as Manufacturing Tools for Resources Management based on GIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ika Arum Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Very High

Competition in the textile industry is very high. Companies must be able to meet market needs by producing goods according to demand. In producing an item, it is necessary to design the amount of raw material required. This study aims to publish geographic information system (GIS) based application design as a tool in resource management. This application is named ManTool. ManTool can provide a reminder when raw material stocks run out. With this system, the company can order raw materials, and the production system continues to run well. This system is designed based on a Geographical Information System (GIS), it is easier for companies to determine which supplier of raw materials to choose. The method of making this system is by using the waterfall method. This method produces the right system because each stage is identified sequentially. The result of this research is a geographic information system-based application. With this application, the company will get a notification when the raw material runs out, and the company will get the right supplier's recommendation to buy raw material.

scholarly journals Recycling of cellulose from vegetable fiber waste for sustainable industrial applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERDOGAN UMIT HALIS ◽  
DURAN HICRAN ◽  
SELLI FIGEN
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Vegetable Fibers ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Vegetable Fiber

Recently two significant topics that became important for textile industry namely ‘providing sustainability by reusing of textile wastes’ and ‘developing high-valued new textile raw materials. Cellulose, which is a fascinating polymer, has been used for years as a raw material to obtain various products such as papers, fibers and films. In this study, it is aimed to provide sustainability with recycling of cellulose from waste jute fibers, considering the amount of waste jute weft yarns released in the production process of machine carpets. For this purpose, pre-cleaning of waste fibers was carried out at first, and then extraction of cellulose was accomplished, and finally characterization of recycled cellulose was performed. Organic acid extraction method was effective for isolation of cellulose from waste fibers with 43.65% yield performance. Microscopic and experimental analyses confirmed that non-cellulosic part of waste fibers were removed successfully and recycled cellulose has similar structure with control cellulose. Our results suggest that, waste vegetable fibers can be used as a potential source for cellulose. Recycled cellulose can be used in the production of paper, composites, regenerated cellulose fibers and other industrial applications.

scholarly journals Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Bahan Baku Sarung Batik (Studi Kasus CV. Mitra Setia Usaha)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Debby Malinda ◽  
Tita Talitha ◽  
Jazuli Jazuli
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Material Requirement ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Planning and controlling the needs of both raw materials and finished products is a significant thing for companies to optimize their production. This also applies to CV. Mitra Setia Usaha that  engaged in the textile industry with raw materials batik cloth. During this time, CV. Mitra Setia Usaha has not applied standard methods in the planning and control of raw material needs. Determination of the amount of raw materials so far only based on the number of consumer orders. In the last 2 (two years) (October 2014 to September 2016), the company received a request of 5.050,000 meters, but the existing supply of cotton fabric was only 4,920,500 meters. One of the methods that can be applied in the CV. Loyal Business Partners is the Material Requirement Planning (MRP). By applying this MRP-Lot for for lot (LFL) method, CV. Mitra Setia Usaha able to reduce the cost incurred in the procurement of raw materials for one year which initially amounted to 104.328.000 rupiah to 93.817.673 rupiah and can even be reduced again to 83.306.995 rupiah using the method of Order Quantity Period (POQ)

scholarly journals How to deal with new challenges? Economic, technological and social aspects of the textile and clothing industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Ante Gavranovic
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Far East ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Far East

Economic, financial and political development has strongly influenced on the textile industry, which accelerated the pace of change. In order to catch the pace it is necessary to take certain steps now or in the near future. The Far East countries record high economic growth, while other, mostly developed industrial countries growth has considerably declined. Consumer behaviour tends to restrain from purchasing of clothing products, raw material prices are growing and lack of raw materials on the market is noticeable. These trends are causing a certain amount of restlessness in the textile industry. The textile and clothing industry have their distinctive features visible in a manufacturing sector which dominantly depends on brand name firms that spread their business all over the world. Production mainly takes place in developing and fast growing countries, since their production destinations, working conditions and wages are most affordable. For example, about 90 % of clothing items sold in northern countries are produced in Eastern Europe or at the Far East. At the same time, in the northern countries, where most of clothing products are sold, manufacturing facilities of the clothing industry almost doesn’t exist.

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