Medicinal plants with anticonvulsant activities with emphasis on their mechanisms of action

A large percent of the patients were controlled by the available antiepileptic drugs. The limited efficacy of antiepileptic drugs is still a matter of concern, >30% of patients showed refractory epilepsy and 30-40% suffered from antiepileptic side effects. Many kinds of medicinal plants possessed antiepileptic activity, and many researchers have focused on the efficacy of their crude extracts. This review discussed the medicinal plants with antiepileptic effect focusing on active ingredients and their mode of action.

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Dexamethasone-Chemical Structure and Mechanisms of Action in Prophylaxis of Postoperative Side Effects

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.3.7017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 843-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oana Roxana Ciobotaru ◽

Mary-Nicoleta Lupu ◽

Laura Rebegea ◽

Octavian Catalin Ciobotaru ◽

Oana Monica Duca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Side Effects ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Hospital Admission ◽

Postoperative Period ◽

Analgesic Effect ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Good Recovery ◽

Synthetic Glucocorticoid

Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. In addition to these therapeutic indications, it is also recommended for nausea and vomiting treatment which may occur during the postoperative period, with impact on postoperative evolution, regarding the evolution of wound healing and length of stay (LOS), with a reflection on the costs of hospital admission. Therefore, their prevention is very important for both patients� comfort and a good recovery.

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Progress on the Mechanism for Aspirin’s Anti-tumor Effects

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450121999201013152931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 105-111

Author(s):

Lin Zheng ◽

Weibiao Lv ◽

Yuanqing Zhou ◽

Xu Lin ◽

Jie Yao

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Side Effects ◽

Energy Production ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Proliferation And Metastasis ◽

Review Current ◽

Granule Release

: Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, aspirin has been widely used for its antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatic activities. In addition to these applications, it is increasingly becoming clear that the drug also has great potential in the field of cancer. Here, we briefly review current insights of aspirin’s anti-tumor effects. These are multiple and vary from inhibiting the major cellular mTOR pathways, acting as a calorie-restricted mimetic by inhibition of energy production, suppressing platelet aggregation and granule release, inhibiting immune escape of tumor cells, to decreasing inflammatory responses. We consider these five mechanisms of action the most significant of aspirin’s anti-tumor effects, whereby the anti-tumor effect may ultimately stem from its inhibition of energy metabolism, platelet function, and inflammatory response. As such, aspirin can play an important role to reduce the occurrence, proliferation, and metastasis of various types of tumors. However, most of the collected data are still based on epidemiological investi-gations. More direct and effective evidence is needed, and the side effects of aspirin intake need to be solved before this drug can be widely applied in cancer treatment.

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Current Status and Future Perspective for Research on Medicinal Plants with Anticancerous Activity and Minimum Cytotoxic Value

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450120666190429120314 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1227-1243

Author(s):

Hina Qamar ◽

Sumbul Rehman ◽

D.K. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Wide Range

Cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhance the survival rate of cancerous patients but they have several acute toxic effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new anticancer agents having better efficacy and lesser side effects. In this regard, herbal treatment is found to be a safe method for treating and preventing cancer. Here, an attempt has been made to screen some less explored medicinal plants like Ammania baccifera, Asclepias curassavica, Azadarichta indica, Butea monosperma, Croton tiglium, Hedera nepalensis, Jatropha curcas, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, etc. having potent anticancer activity with minimum cytotoxic value (IC50 >3μM) and lesser or negligible toxicity. They are rich in active phytochemicals with a wide range of drug targets. In this study, these medicinal plants were evaluated for dose-dependent cytotoxicological studies via in vitro MTT assay and in vivo tumor models along with some more plants which are reported to have IC50 value in the range of 0.019-0.528 mg/ml. The findings indicate that these plants inhibit tumor growth by their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic molecular targets. They are widely used because of their easy availability, affordable price and having no or sometimes minimal side effects. This review provides a baseline for the discovery of anticancer drugs from medicinal plants having minimum cytotoxic value with minimal side effects and establishment of their analogues for the welfare of mankind.

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Antipyretic Plants: An Updated Review

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407215666190401151844 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 4-12

Author(s):

Vandana Garg ◽

Rohit Dutt

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

Review Paper ◽

The Body ◽

Hypothalamic Area ◽

Antipyretic Activity ◽

Disease States ◽

Elevated Body Temperature

Background: Fever, is known as pyrexia, may occur due to infection, inflammation, or any tissue damage and disease states. Normally, the infected or damaged tissue initiates the enhanced formation of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines which further increases the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) near the hypothalamic area and thereby trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature. Objective: Antipyretics are the agents which reduce the elevated body temperature. The most commonly used antipyretic agent, paracetamol, may be fatal due to its side effects. Methods: In this review paper, Chemical Abstracts, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were the sources for the published article to collect information regarding antipyretic activity. Results: This review compiles the antipyretic plants that may be useful to treat fever due to various diseases. Conclusion: These medicinal plants could be good alternatives for traditional allopathic antipyretics.

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Effect of Neuroinflammation on ABC Transporters: Possible Contribution to Refractory Epilepsy

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527317666180828121820 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 728-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xiaolin Deng ◽

Yangmei Xie ◽

Yinghui Chen

Keyword(s):

Antiepileptic Drugs ◽

Abc Transporters ◽

Refractory Epilepsy ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Efflux Transporters ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Intracellular Signalling Pathways ◽

The Brain ◽

Transporter Expression

Background & Objective: Epilepsy is a common and serious chronic neurological disorder that is mainly treated with antiepileptic drugs. Although current antiepileptic drugs used in clinical practice have advanced to the third generation, approximately one-third of patients are refractory to these treatments. More efficacious treatments for refractory epilepsy are therefore needed. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying refractory epilepsy is likely to facilitate the development of a more effective therapy. The abnormal expression and/or dysfunction of efflux transporters, particularly ABC transporters, might contribute to certain cases of refractory epilepsy. Inflammation in the brain has recently been shown to regulate the expression and/or function of ABC transporters in the cerebral vascular endothelial cells and glia of the blood-brain barrier by activating intracellular signalling pathways. Conclusion: Therefore, in this review, we will briefly summarize recent research advances regarding the possible role of neuroinflammation in regulating ABC transporter expression in epilepsy.

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Drugs, Active Ingredients and Diseases Database in Spanish. Augmenting the Resources for Analyses on Drug–Illness Interactions

Data ◽

10.3390/data6010003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Irene López-Rodríguez ◽

César F. Reyes-Manzano ◽

Israel Reyes-Ramírez ◽

Tania J. Contreras-Uribe ◽

Lev Guzmán-Vargas

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Near Field ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Field Exposure ◽

Essential Information ◽

Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Active Substances

Quantitative and qualitative data on active-ingredient drug composition are essential information for characterizing near-field exposure of consumers to product-related chemicals, among other things. Equally as important is the characterization of the relationship between one or many active ingredients in terms of the diseases they are prescribed for. Such evaluations, however, require quantitative information at different anatomical levels. To complement the available sources of information on active substances and diseases, we have designed a database with enough versatility to potentially be used in a variety of analyzes. By using information provided by a well-established online pharmacological dictionary, we present a database with 11 tables which are easy to access and manipulate. Specifically, we present datasets containing the details of 12,827 marketed drug products, 40,164 diseases, 6231 active pharmaceutical ingredients and 4093 side effects. We exemplify the usefulness of our database with three simple visualizations, which confirm the importance of the data for quantifying the complexity in the associations among active substances, diseases and side effects. Although there are databases with detailed information on active substances and diseases, none of them can be found in Spanish. Our work presents an option that contributes substantially to obtaining well classified information in order to evaluate the roles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, diseases and side effects. These datasets also provide information about clinical and pharmacological groupings which may be useful for clinical and academic researchers. The database will be regularly updated and extended with the newly available Virtual Medicinal Products.

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How Antidepressant Drugs Affect the Antielectroshock Action of Antiseizure Drugs in Mice: A Critical Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2521

Author(s):

Kinga K. Borowicz-Reutt

Keyword(s):

Antiepileptic Drugs ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Antidepressant Drugs ◽

Drug Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Maximal Electroshock ◽

Anticonvulsant Action ◽

Mes Test ◽

Seizure Model ◽

Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Depression coexists with epilepsy, worsening its course. Treatment of the two diseases enables the possibility of interactions between antidepressant and antiepileptic drugs. The aim of this review was to analyze such interactions in one animal seizure model—the maximal electroshock (MES) in mice. Although numerous antidepressants showed an anticonvulsant action, mianserin exhibited a proconvulsant effect against electroconvulsions. In most cases, antidepressants potentiated or remained ineffective in relation to the antielectroshock action of classical antiepileptic drugs. However, mianserin and trazodone reduced the action of valproate, phenytoin, and carbamazepine against the MES test. Antiseizure drug effects were potentiated by all groups of antidepressants independently of their mechanisms of action. Therefore, other factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) modulation, should be considered as the background for the effect of drug combinations.

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Assessment of Calendula officinal growing in Iraq

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00902 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5187-5189

Author(s):

Noor Ali ◽

Widad M K Al-Ani ◽

Ibrahim S. Al-Jobouri

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Prior Knowledge ◽

Research Evaluation ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Plant Constituents ◽

Time Of Collection

Evaluation of Iraqi medicinal plants is very crucial to help people avoid the use of herbs without prior knowledge which results in many side effects and sometimes even leads to death. The plant constituents vary according to season, weather and type of soil, therefore it is necessary to evaluate the chemical constituents and determine the time of collection of medicinal plants. In this research evaluation of the medicinal plant Calendula officinal grown in Iraq was performed by measuring the quantity of hyperoside found in the plant together with macroscopical and microscopical evaluation of the plant.

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Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, More Effective and Safer Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Obesity

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200222666210729114456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Harsha Negi ◽

Meenakshi Gupta ◽

Ramanpreet Walia ◽

Moayad Khataibeh ◽

Maryam Sarwat

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Pancreatic Lipase ◽

Herbal Products ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Herbal Plants ◽

New Compounds

: Obesity is a major lifestyle disorder and it is correlated with several ailments. The prevalence of obesity has elevated over the years and it has become a global health problem. The drugs presently used for managing obesity have several side-effects associated with them such as diarrhoea, leakage of oily stools, etc. On the contrary, herbal plants and natural products are considered safe for use because they have lesser side effects. New compounds isolated from medicinal plants are screened and identified to determine their effectiveness and potential in preventing abnormal weight gain. In this review, the medicinal plants and natural materials were surveyed across the literature to cover those that have potential for managing and controlling weight gain, and their mechanism of action, active component, and experimental methodologies are also included. These herbal products can be developed as formulations for therapeutic use in obesity. The herbal plants mentioned in the review are classified based on their mechanism of action: inhibition of pancreatic lipase and appetite suppression activities. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme has been used to determine the effectiveness of herbal products for the prevention of abnormal weight gain because of its action on dietary fat and suppression of appetite. This review is an attempt to summarize the herbal plants and natural products that can be used to develop formulations effective in controlling weight gain and obesity.

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