scholarly journals Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-469
Author(s):  
Deivy Andhika Permata ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Alfi Asben ◽  
Yusniwati
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Physical Chemical

Delignification is the process of breaking lignocellulose into lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The presence of lignin in lignocellulosic materials results in the limited utilization of cellulose. This article discusses lignin and the delignification process. There are various delignification methods from the literature study, namely physical, chemical, semi-chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic.

Effect of Essential Oils on the Mechanical Properties of Lignocellulosic Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 688 ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Gojný ◽  
Ondřej Mikala ◽  
Miloslav Milichovský ◽  
Zuzana Špundová
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Linalyl Acetate ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Great Damage

Biodeterioration of lignocellulosic materials is a worldwide problem and it causes a great damage especially to unique manuscripts and books stored in libraries. These materials are permanently subject to suffering from physical, chemical, and/or biological changes. Biological deterioration by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) causes undesirable changes on material properties. Paper made by vegetal fibers, functional additives (glue, optical polishers, consolidating nts), and inks with organic bindings are used as sources of nutrients. Using of EOs (essential oils) for protection against microorganisms appears to be an option, because antimicrobial effects of the main compounds of EOs were proven. This work analyzes the antimicrobial stability of 2 essential oils (citral and linalyl acetate), as well as their stability of mechanical properties, in selected lignocellulosic materials (soft wood and hard wood kraft pulp, softwood sulphite pulp). Some parts of samples were subjected only to the condition of the EOs, other samples were firstly treated by accelerated ageing. Last samples were exposed to the accelerated ageing and afterwards treated by EOs. From the mechanical properties measuring of samples it is possible to state that in some SAJ samples the influence of EOs vapour is positive. This was monitored even when the samples were treated by accelerated ageing.

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Dominika Szadkowska ◽  
Jan Szadkowski
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Mass Detector ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

scholarly journals Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol: An Overview with a Focus on Pretreatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 17-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yengkhom Disco Singh ◽  
Kunja Bihari Satapathy
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Review Article ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Process Modification ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Physico Chemical

The present review article aims to highlight various pretreatment technologies involved in the biochemical conversion of biomass to bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass without the process modification. Pretreatment technologies are aimed to increase the enzyme susceptibility to the biomass for high yield of ethanol production through microbial fermentation. Broadly, pretreatment methods are divided into four categories including physical, chemical, physico-chemical and biological. This paper comprehensively reviewed on the lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol process with focuses on pretreatment methods, their mechanisms, combination of different pretreatment technologies, the addition of external chemical agents, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discussed the ethanol productions from biomass in details without disturbing the process integrity.

scholarly journals Global Increase in the Consumption of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Energy Source: Necessity for Sustained Optimisation of Agroforestry Technologies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Agbontalor Erakhrumen
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Wood Fuel ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Agroforestry Technologies

Wood and other nonwood lignocellulosic materials are renewable natural resources useful for different applications based on end users' preference. Their use for generating energy, an application that has not been outmoded, has been noted to be increasing worldwide owing to multifarious reasons. Therefore, there has been the need for studies with results targeted at sustainable ways by which they can be sourced for this and other purposes, as this source of energy is currently still relevant particularly in the developing world. Agroforestry techniques that are based on realisable concepts acceptable to stakeholders have been suggested for this purpose. These age-long techniques are adopted for different purposes with incorporated components partly dependent on native intelligence, indigenous/traditional knowledge, and/or users' perspectives and expected outputs. Since wood and other lignocellulosic biomass can be obtained using these production techniques, optimising their potentials in this regard will be beneficial. This paper was therefore focused on the increasing trend in global wood fuel consumption and studies aimed at contributing to improvement of agroforestry systems as sustainable sources of wood fuel, a renewable source of energy.

scholarly journals The Expansion of Lignocellulose Biomass Conversion Into Bioenergy via Nanobiotechnology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revathy Sankaran ◽  
Kalaimani Markandan ◽  
Kuan Shiong Khoo ◽  
Chin Kui Cheng ◽  
Veeramuthu Ashokkumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Development Tools ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Lignocellulose Biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass has arisen as a solution to our energy and environmental challenges because it is rich in feedstock that can be converted to biofuels. Converting lignocellulosic biomass to sugar is a complicated system involved in the bioconversion process. There are indeed a variety of techniques that have been utilized in the bioconversion process consisting of physical, chemical, and biological approaches. However, most of them have drawbacks when used on a large scale, which include the high cost of processing, the development of harmful inhibitors, and the detoxification of the inhibitors that have been produced. These constraints, taken together, hinder the effectiveness of current solutions and demand for the invention of a new, productive, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable technique for LB processing. In this context, the approach of nanotechnology utilizing various nanomaterials and nanoparticles in treating lignocellulose biomass and bioenergy conversion has achieved increased interest and has been explored greatly in recent times. This mini review delves into the application of nanotechnological techniques in the bioconversion of lignocellulose biomass into bioenergy. This review on nanotechnological application in biomass conversion provides insights and development tools for the expansion of new sectors, resulting in excellent value and productivity, contributing to the long-term economic progress.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials as Substrates for Fermentation Processes

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Kucharska ◽  
Piotr Rybarczyk ◽  
Iwona Hołowacz ◽  
Rafał Łukajtis ◽  
Marta Glinka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable resource that potentially contains large amounts of energy. It is an interesting alternative for fossil fuels, allowing the production of biofuels and other organic compounds. In this paper, a review devoted to the processing of lignocellulosic materials as substrates for fermentation processes is presented. The review focuses on physical, chemical, physicochemical, enzymatic, and microbiologic methods of biomass pretreatment. In addition to the evaluation of the mentioned methods, the aim of the paper is to understand the possibilities of the biomass pretreatment and their influence on the efficiency of biofuels and organic compounds production. The effects of different pretreatment methods on the lignocellulosic biomass structure are described along with a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of each method, including the potential generation of inhibitory compounds for enzymatic hydrolysis, the effect on cellulose digestibility, the generation of compounds that are toxic for the environment, and energy and economic demand. The results of the investigations imply that only the stepwise pretreatment procedure may ensure effective fermentation of the lignocellulosic biomass. Pretreatment step is still a challenge for obtaining cost-effective and competitive technology for large-scale conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars with low inhibitory concentration.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Protein Macromolecules

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
Henry S. Slayter
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Metal Vapor ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Transmission Electron

Electron microscopic methods have been applied increasingly during the past fifteen years, to problems in structural molecular biology. Used in conjunction with physical chemical methods and/or Fourier methods of analysis, they constitute powerful tools for determining sizes, shapes and modes of aggregation of biopolymers with molecular weights greater than 50, 000. However, the application of the e.m. to the determination of very fine structure approaching the limit of instrumental resolving power in biological systems has not been productive, due to various difficulties such as the destructive effects of dehydration, damage to the specimen by the electron beam, and lack of adequate and specific contrast. One of the most satisfactory methods for contrasting individual macromolecules involves the deposition of heavy metal vapor upon the specimen. We have investigated this process, and present here what we believe to be the more important considerations for optimizing it. Results of the application of these methods to several biological systems including muscle proteins, fibrinogen, ribosomes and chromatin will be discussed.

Seeking to uncover biology's chemical roots

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Pross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Biological World ◽  
Inanimate Matter ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Opening Up

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.

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