scholarly journals The contribution of vaccination to global health, from the past to the present: mandatory or social duty?

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 058-064
Author(s):  
Barbara Fialho Carvalho Sampaio ◽  
Leandro Gregorut Lima ◽  
Marco Aurélio Silvério Neves ◽  
Carolina Paulette Neves ◽  
Heitor Franco de Andrade Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Perception Of Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
False News

Vaccines have saved millions of lives and reduced the severity of many infections, but today the reduction in vaccine coverage has been reflected in the resurgence of epidemics of mumps, whooping cough, measles and chickenpox. This has happened because many people do not recognize the effectiveness of vaccination and fear the side effects, in other words, the main concern is the safety of the vaccines. As a consequence, the greater responsibility of the individual and respect for his will can lead authorities to less vigorously promote the “duty of vaccination”, which is also a social duty. Unfortunately, however, the attitude of individuals is guided by their beliefs about health, which are often supported by an erroneous perception of risk arising from false news.

scholarly journals Citizen Charter dalam perspektif kebijakan dalam upaya optimalisasi pelayanan perijinan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurnal ARISTO
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Entire Procedure

Licensing is happening in Indonesia today many responded so negatively. Person who has been processing and licensing world with a policy set in such a manner compatible with the interests of the individual itself.It is inevitable that all of it is due to a culture that is built up culture is that the position of the apparatus is something special and very hierarchical so residents who require bureaucracy. This kind of culture really bad influence so that the paradigm is served rather than serve really contagious. Licensing bureaucracy becomes sluggish bureaucracy, procedural, unresponsive.Roles and permissions bureaucratic culture in the licensing policy may change with the adoption of citizen charters are oriented to the service of citizens. The entire procedure, completeness, groove arrangement, duration and cost of everything listed and published open so known to all citizens.With this openness became clear all parameters and at the same licensing policies oriented to citizens. Innovation bureaucrats to implement licensing in the past is very difficult to do because the system is bureaucratic, procedural and stiff but with citizen charter then stimulated to innovate bureaucracy that facilitates licensing policy.Every innovation and job details become facilitate citizens with side effects is the performance improvement will have positive implications for both the welfare apparatus or in a career, and vice versa will be negative berimpilikasi form of punishment.

scholarly journals Historical Trends of Academic Research on the Water Environment in Japan: Evidence from the Academic Literature in the Past 50 Years

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Kuroda ◽  
Keishiro Hara ◽  
Masashi Takekawa ◽  
Michinori Uwasu ◽  
Michihiko Ike
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Domestic Journal ◽  
Global Movements ◽  
The Individual

This paper analyzes historical trends of academic research on the water environment in Japan over the past 50 years in relation to societal circumstances by looking into 1470 articles published in a Japanese domestic journal during 1961–2010. We examined three components of the individual articles to substantiate the trends including “Visions”, “Target Water”, and “Objects”. The database of these components was first constructed, and then statistically analyzed. Principal components analyses revealed two historical turning points of the research trends, in 1970 and in the mid-1990s, showing first a clear transition of the main concern from industrial pollution to eutrophication, and later, a transition to global environmental issues. We also demonstrate that Visions and Target Water gradually diversified during the past 50 years, indicating that although the research activity in the early periods focused on serious pollution issues, more recently, the scope of water environmental studies expanded to various other issues along with the improvement in the quality of the water environment. We argue that academic research activity in Japan was conducted in close association with public concern and global movements in a timely and sensitive manner. Such knowledge could also provide implications to other nations facing serious water pollution.

Fluorocarbon Precursor for High Aspect Ratio via Milling in Focused Ion Beam Modification of Integrated Circuits

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Ray
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Enabling Technology ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Ion Beam Modification ◽  
The Past

Abstract Gas Assisted Etching (GAE) is the enabling technology for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) circuit access via milling in Focused Ion Beam (FIB) circuit modification. Metal interconnect layers of microelectronic Integrated Circuits (ICs) are separated by Inter-Layer Dielectric (ILD) materials, therefore HAR vias are typically milled in dielectrics. Most of the etching precursor gases presently available for GAE of dielectrics on commercial FIB systems, such as XeF2, Cl2, etc., are also effective etch enhancers for either Si, or/and some of the metals used in ICs. Therefore use of these precursors for via milling in dielectrics may lead to unwanted side effects, especially in a backside circuit edit approach. Making contacts to the polysilicon lines with traditional GAE precursors could also be difficult, if not impossible. Some of these precursors have a tendency to produce isotropic vias, especially in Si. It has been proposed in the past to use fluorocarbon gases as precursors for the FIB milling of dielectrics. Preliminary experimental evaluation of Trifluoroacetic (Perfluoroacetic) Acid (TFA, CF3COOH) as a possible etching precursor for the HAR via milling in the application to FIB modification of ICs demonstrated that highly enhanced anisotropic milling of SiO2 in HAR vias is possible. A via with 9:1 aspect ratio was milled with accurate endpoint on Si and without apparent damage to the underlying Si substrate.

Sending out Biased Signals: an Appropriate Proposition for Pain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Besserer-Offroy ◽  
P. Sarret
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Mu Opioid Receptor ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Mu Opioid ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
The Past

In the past few years, several biased ligands acting at the mu-opioid receptor were reported in the literature. These agonists are aimed at reducing pain while having fewer side effects than morphine, the gold standard of opioid analgesics. In this mini-review, we describe and discuss the recent advances in mu-biased ligands actually in preclinical and clinical development stages, including the latest U.S. Food and Drug Administration review of oliceridine, a biased mu-agonist for moderate to severe acute pain treatment developed by the company Trevena.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AS AN EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM (TO THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE-IDEOLOGICAL MATRICES)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Evolutionary System ◽  
Consciousness Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sociological Studies

The aim of the article is to concretize the concept of political ideology in the aspect of its matrix structure and in the context of the cognitive-evolutionary approach. Based on Michael Frieden's morphological approach to the analysis of ideological consciousness, the concept of cognitive-ideological matrices is introduced, which allows us to describe the process of transition from proto-ideological to ideological concepts proper, especially at the level of individual consciousness. The identification of the ideological concept as the main “gene” of conceptual variability and inheritance made it possible to describe the main parameters of the evolution of political ideologies and associate it with changes taking place at the individual consciousness level. The described concept was tested in a series of sociological studies of youth consciousness conducted in 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. As a result of the study, it was possible to first identify the “zero level” of ideology, at which the minds of young respondents are potentially open to the influence of diverse and often mutually exclusive ideological orientations, and second, to pinpoint the changes that have occurred in the cognitive ideological matrices of Rostov-on-Don students over the past five years. This study was conducted by scientists from the southern Federal University.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products – A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 4506-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris E. Allijn ◽  
René P. Brinkhuis ◽  
Gert Storm ◽  
Raymond M. Schiffelers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reference Compound ◽  
Individual Molecular Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Medicines

Traditionally, natural medicines have been administered as plant extracts, which are composed of a mixture of molecules. The individual molecular species in this mixture may or may not contribute to the overall medicinal effects and some may even oppose the beneficial activity of others. To better control therapeutic effects, studies that characterized specific molecules and describe their individual activity that have been performed over the past decades. These studies appear to underline that natural products are particularly effective as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this systematic review we aimed to identify potent anti-inflammatory natural products and relate their efficacy to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity. Of the analyzed papers, 7% of initially selected studies met these requirements and were subjected to further analysis. This analysis revealed that most selected natural products indeed appeared to possess anti-inflammatory activities, in particular anti-oxidative properties. In addition, 14% of the natural products outperformed the remaining natural products in all tested assays and are attractive candidates as new anti-inflammatory agents.

Causes of Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Corinne Roughley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Mortality

The principal reported causes of death have changed dramatically since the 1860s, though changes in categorization of causes and improved diagnosis make it difficult to be precise about timings. Diseases particularly affecting children such as measles and whooping cough largely disappeared as killers by the 1950s. Deaths particularly linked to unclean environments and poor sanitary infrastructure also declined, though some can kill babies and the elderly even today. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis were eventually largely controlled. Reported cancer, stroke, and heart disease mortality showed upward trends well into the second half of the twentieth century, though some of this was linked to diagnostic improvement. Both fell in the last decades of our period, but Scotland still had among the highest rates in Western Europe. Deaths from accidents and drowning saw significant falls since World War Two but, especially in the past 25 years, suicide, and alcohol and drug-related deaths rose.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

The Future of FBI Counterintelligence through the Lens of the Past Hundred Years

2010 ◽  
pp. 504-517
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Batvinis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Foreign Intelligence ◽  
Key Events ◽  
The U.S

Counterintelligence is the business of identifying and dealing with foreign intelligence threats to a nation, such as the United States. Its main concern is the intelligence services of foreign states and similar organizations of non-state actors, such as transnational terrorist groups. Counterintelligence functions both as a defensive measure that protects the nation's secrets and assets against foreign intelligence penetration and as an offensive measure to find out what foreign intelligence organizations are planning to defeat better their aim. This article addresses the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) foreign counterintelligence function. It briefly traces its evolution by examining the key events and the issues that effected its growth as the principle civilian counterintelligence service of the U.S. government.

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