scholarly journals Living Snow Fences: International Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Mishina
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Snow Storage ◽  
Living Fences ◽  
Snow Fences

In winter, in the countries with snow covered regions, one of the main tasks of road maintenance is to combat snow deposits, snowpacks and snowdrifts on the roadway. Living snow fences consisting of tree and shrub plantings are among known world practices to protect roads against effects of snow deposits. They are environmentally friendly, durable and have great snow retention capacity. However, there are several constraints regarding application of those practices.The analysis of the design, spacing and planting schemes refers to Russian and foreign living snow fences used to protect highways, considers the features, advantages, and disadvantages of living fences in different countries. Japanese and American designs are reviewed as international experience. The influence of the state of trees on the efficiency of their snow-retaining function has been determined. As a result, the need for monitoring and proper maintenance of existing living snow fences throughout their life cycle was confirmed using the examples of surveys of forest plantations in Kazakhstan and in Volgograd region of the Russian Federation.The author presents promising directions for improving the structures and planting schemes of snow storage living fences, namely, an integrated approach to their design as of a protection not only against snowdrifts, but also against pollutants. Such solutions include the design of protective living fences using only tall shrubs, providing the best blowing of roadside areas and dispersion of contaminants. Another solution is to complement the species planted within living fences with willow and corn. Besides, referring to global climate changes, an important task for modern science has been identified, that is to update the current standards for the design of living fences under the current meteorological conditions.Recommendations on the use of mathematical modelling with the help of computer software are suggested regarding development of new configurations of living fences, assessment of their effectiveness, as well as on the adoption of modern technologies such as video cameras and drones during field tests. 

scholarly journals Living snow fences for protection of roads: case study crest Čestobrodica

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Mladen Marković ◽  
Sara Lukić ◽  
Aleksandar Baumgertel ◽  
Marko Maslaković
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Snow Storage ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Snow Fence ◽  
Downwind Side ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Snow Fences

Snowdrifts caused by wind gusts reduce visibility on the road which endangers traffic safety, increases travel time and road maintenance costs. Based on previous experience and research it has been proven that living snow fence is an economical, ecological and efficient solution for protection of roads from snowdrifts. Living snow fences with their above-ground part, reduce the wind speed, act as a mechanical barrier for the snow and accumulate a certain amount of snow. This study presented use and efficiency of living snow fence in controlling snowdrifts on the road section Paraćin-Zaječar, locality – crest Čestobrodica. Analysis of environmental conditions, which are resented main endangering factor for snowdrifts, included the determination of indicators of possibility of snowdrifts: snowfall water equivalent (Swe), snow transport (Q) and ability of living snow fence to prevent snowdrifts: snow storage capacity of the fance (Qc). Snow storage capacity for living snow fence is analyzed for ten year period. Using equation for estimation of length of snowdrifts on downwind side of fance, a change in length of snowdrifts during the analyzed period are determin, and the efficiency of living snow fence in protection of the road from snowdrifts with increasing age.The results of this study represent a contribution to using living snow fence in solving the problem of roads protection from snowdrifts and increasing traffic safety during winter conditions.

Pipeline Corrosion Integrity Management by Direct Assessment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Javia
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Post Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

Integrity management of pipelines is a systematic, comprehensive and integrated approach to proactively counter the threats to pipeline integrity. Pressure testing, in-line inspection and direct assessment methods are used to verify the integrity of a buried pipeline. The Paper Discuses Direct Assessment Methodologies for Hydrocarbon Non Piggable Pipelines. Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Assessment methodology and DA Protocols. The DA process accomplishes this by utilizing and integrating condition monitoring, effective mitigation, meticulous documentation and timely structured reporting processes. DA is a structured, iterative integrity assessment process through which an operator may be able to assess and evaluate the integrity of a pipeline segment. TIME DEPENDENT THREATS INEVITABLY LED TO NUMEROUS FAILURES WITH A COMMON DEFINING MECHANISM OR SOURCE – CORROSION. This Paper will focus on internal, external and stress corrosion cracking direct assessment along with pre and post assessment, quality assurance, data analysis and integration, and remediation and mitigation activities. This paper will discuss some of the regulatory requirements for Pipeline Integrity Management System.

Scientific and theoretical approaches to the problem of migration in modern science

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
T.M. Tagiyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Subject

Presented is the analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches to the problem of migration in modern science. Migration is a complex concept in modern science, and therefore attracts attention of many social and humanitarian sciences. It is determined that this direction of scientific research was originated already in ancient historical science then became the subject of study of economic science. Today, thanks to increased interest in this area of social life, theoretical and methodological foundations have emerged for an integrated approach to the analysis of any social phenomenon, associated with migration. This is evident from the number of scientific publications in the world, related to the analysis and forecasting of specific processes and situations of migration. In the future, methodology of research in this area will be enriched through the use of capabilities of mathematics and statistics methods, as well as achievements of psychological science.

scholarly journals The History of Science and the History of Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-90
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Manhattan Project ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The article examines the state of the history of science as a discipline and its objectives in the context of its origins and current transformations. The establishment of this discipline and its assumptions about the nature of science together with its goals and structure are briefly discussed. The history of science became a discipline only at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, and its start is associated with the work of chemist James Conant, a high-level administrator in Manhattan project who was also president of Harvard University and a high-ranking bureaucrat. It was based also on the narrative developed by Alfred North Whitehead, Edwin Burtt, Alexandre Koyré and other historians of science, which claimed modern science was the creator of modernity and a necessary condition for the geopolitical domination of the West. In that understanding, modern science meant science since the time of Galileo and Newton. The author provides a critical analysis of this foundation narrative for the discipline and of its consequences while showing how contemporary history of science has overcome it. The contradiction between modernism and historicism has been resolved in favor of the latter. A key role in this was played by the book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn, which held the potential to undo the presumed monolithic unity of science by rejecting teleology and introducing incommensurability and discontinuities into the historical process. By rejecting explanation of the knowledge of other times and places in terms of modern science, the discipline faced a radical multiplication of independent types of knowledge. This was facilitated by the reorientation to the study of knowledge practices that took place in the 1980s. As a result, the subject matter of the history of science began to erode, and this launched discussion of the prospects for a transition to a history of knowledge based on the study of practices. The sweep of this change of vision is illustrated by the example of classifying sciences according to both their subject matter and the similarities in their research practices. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the new discipline along with its prospects and the challenges it faces are discussed.

scholarly journals On the choice of priority approaches towards taxation of the population

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Anna Vital'evna Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Taxation System

The object of this research is the system of taxation of the population, while the subject is the composition and structure of taxes paid by private entities. The author analyzes the two priority approaches towards building the optimal and utmost fair system of taxation of private entities – through the object of “income” or “consumption”. Detailed analysis is conducted on the advanced Russian and foreign research on the topic. The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach from the perspective of horizontal and vertical justice, individual utility and its discounting. The scientific discussion on the absolute viability of taxation of income and consumption of the population is allocated into a separate chapter of the research. Based on the qualitative theoretical analysis, the author concludes on the rationality of choosing integrated approach towards creation of taxation system of the population. The cornerstone in this regard is the determination of the optimal ratio of consumption and income taxes. For this purpose, the author develops the original methodology based on the scattering matrix of 87 countries of the world, correlation and regression analysis of the indicators of their economic development and tax rates. The scientific novelty of consists in substantiation of the existence of substantial connection between the ratio of taxes on consumption and income of the population and the level of socioeconomic development of the country.

scholarly journals Field experiments on “living” snow fences

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Naaim-Bouvet ◽  
Pierre Mullenbach
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Effective Height ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Drifting Snow ◽  
Snow Fence ◽  
Limited Scale ◽  
Living Fences ◽  
Snow Fences

In Franee, drifting snow is generally controlled using artificial snow fences. Living snow fences are not a new concept but they have only been used on a limited scale. Research directly related to natural plant barriers is limited. We therefore decided to study the behaviour of species that would survive and grow satisfactorily in the French Alps.In the first experiment, we compared the storage capacity of several different kinds of living fences consisting of pruned spruces, unpruned spruces and sorbs.Field observations during the winter of 1995-96 proved that deciduous trees such as sorbs are effective, and that pruning the lower 50 cm is not effective at the end of the season because of the weight of snow on low branches.However, the use of natural plant barriers has disadvantages: a living snow fence takes time to reach an effective height and is difficult to establish on windy sites at a high altitude. This is a real problem. Therefore, in a second experiment, we studied the death rate of larches planted behind a fence. We noticed that the snow fence had several effects, snow accumulation (until the planted trees grew up) and protection of the planted trees.

scholarly journals Mapping co-benefits for carbon storage and biodiversity to inform conservation policy and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1794) ◽  
pp. 20190128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Soto-Navarro ◽  
C. Ravilious ◽  
A. Arnell ◽  
X. de Lamo ◽  
M. Harfoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems

Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and below-ground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon–biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

scholarly journals Concept of a Sino-German Summer School on Multiscale Processes in Oceans and the Atmosphere

Challenges ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Gerrit Lohmann ◽  
Xueen Chen ◽  
Xun Gong ◽  
Shuang Li
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Internationalization Of Education ◽  
Climate Evolution ◽  
Earth’S System

A concept for an interdisciplinary summer school for “multiscale processes in oceans and the atmosphere” is presented. It aims to deepen students’ understanding of scientific issues as well as their experience in multicultural communication. The theme covers climate evolution, which is partially dominated by far-reaching anthropogenic changes and their possible consequences on the Earth’s system. An integrated approach helps to change rigid subject-specific mindsets among faculties and students and across cultures, so as to broaden their horizons in both research and life. Research has shown, however, that the development of intercultural competence in students does not happen automatically but needs to be fostered and supported. Therefore, a primary goal is also to provide young researchers from several countries (mainly China and Germany) with the opportunity to gain more indepth knowledge on research in Germany, to be exposed to scientific culture, and thus to prepare for foreign research visits either during the PhD phase or as postdoctoral fellows, supporting the internationalization of education and opportunities in marine sciences. Finally, the students have the chance to further develop their scientific profiles by attending scientific talks, lab exercises, and excursions and by combining rigorous scientific disciplines with the awareness of multidisciplinary issues related to the topic of global climate change.

Full scale field testing of temporary rockfall protection measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Volkwein ◽  
Florian Hofstetter ◽  
Marc Hauser
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Front Surface ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rockfall Protection

<p>Temporary rockfall protection measures are often implemented by using so-called steel palisades. Such elements can described as a steel surface that is supported perpendicular to the slope surface. In the present case, several sheet piling sections are welded onto a steel frame to form an area 1.5m high and 3m long. At the lateral edges of the surface, steel sections, welded together to form a triangle, create the support of the front surface, so that one side of the triangle is parallel to the impact surface and another side is parallel to the slope surface. At the corners close to the ground, massive steel spikes allow penetration into the ground. The weight of a palisade is about 900kg. An example of such a palisade can be found in [1].</p><p>The above barriers are in usage since many years. However, their rockfall energy retention capacity has never been evaluated yet. For that reasons, the Swiss Federal Railways launched a project for a deeper understanding of the performance of the palisades; for an adequate selection of the protection measures and a reliable risk analyses with respect to the variety of rockfall events that can be expected at a specific construction site and might cause failure of a structure.</p><p>Failure limits of the palisades are expected regarding the following failure scenarios:</p><ul><li>tilting of the barrier over the valley side steel spikes</li> <li>displacement of the barrier due to insufficient action of the steel spikes</li> <li>failure of the front surface</li> </ul><p>In this contribution, the above mechanisms are evaluated by means of 1:1 field tests.  A detailed analysis of performance and failure states will be provided. Furthermore, potential solutions for simple but effective reinforcement of the barriers are discussed.</p><p>The field tests were carried out on a slope inclined at an angle of about 30 degrees. Test blocks with a minimum weight of 240kg are thrown onto the palisades with the help of a forestry cableway reaching impact speeds of up to 25m/s. The impact energies vary from 12 to 100 kJ. Impact location and impact speed are determined by means of laterally taken high-speed video records with a frame rate of up to 1000fps and a resolution of 800x600pxs. Furthermore, the accelerations in the test body were measured at 1000Hz and – for some of the tests - the acting anchorage forces at 5000Hz.</p><p> </p>

Bridging Domains in Efforts to Reduce Disparities in Health and Health Care

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiriki K. Kumanyika ◽  
Christiaan B. Morssink
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Individual

The concept of health disparities is a familiar one, but we must continually challenge our thinking on how disparities issues are framed. The 1985 Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority Health established a disease-oriented focus on “excess deaths” as the primary targets of disparities initiatives. However, progress in reducing disparities has been limited. The disease focus, which emphasizes the individual-level and health care services, may be too narrow. A “population health” perspective can foster a more comprehensive and integrated approach. Both disease-oriented and population health perspectives have advantages and disadvantages, for both policy and practical purposes. The challenge is to effectively leverage both approaches to improve the health of ethnic minority and other disadvantaged populations. We need bridge builders who can articulate and hear diverse perspectives, work with systems, and maintain a long-term vision for affecting the social dynamics of society

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