ManyClasses 1: Assessing the generalizable effect of immediate versus delayed feedback across many college classes

Psychology researchers have long attempted to identify educational practices that improve student learning. However, experimental research on these practices is often conducted in laboratory contexts or in a single course, which threatens the external validity of the results. In this article, we establish an experimental paradigm for evaluating the benefits of recommended practices across a variety of authentic educational contexts—a model we call ManyClasses. The core feature is that researchers examine the same research question and measure the same experimental effect across many classes spanning a range of topics, institutions, teacher implementations, and student populations. We report the first ManyClasses study, in which we examined how the timing of feedback on class assignments, either immediate or delayed by a few days, affected subsequent performance on class assessments. Across 38 classes, the overall estimate for the effect of feedback timing was 0.002 (95% highest density interval = [−0.05, 0.05]), which indicates that there was no effect of immediate feedback compared with delayed feedback on student learning that generalizes across classes. Furthermore, there were no credibly nonzero effects for 40 preregistered moderators related to class-level and student-level characteristics. Yet our results provide hints that in certain kinds of classes, which were undersampled in the current study, there may be modest advantages for delayed feedback. More broadly, these findings provide insights regarding the feasibility of conducting within-class randomized experiments across a range of naturally occurring learning environments.

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Does meniscal release confer similar clinical benefits to meniscal tear treatment when compared to meniscectomy?

Veterinary Evidence ◽

10.18849/ve.v5i4.339 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Ben Garland

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Research Question ◽

Meniscal Tear ◽

Clinical Expertise ◽

Meniscal Tears ◽

Bottom Line ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Time Of Surgery ◽

Naturally Occurring

PICO question In adult dogs with naturally occurring medial meniscal tears concurrent to cranial cruciate ligament disease does meniscal release confer the same benefits in lameness resolution as meniscectomy? Clinical bottom line Category of research question Treatment The number and type of study designs reviewed A single prospective cross-sectional study was reviewed, that fulfilled the criteria Strength of evidence None Outcomes reported Meniscal release, meniscectomy (partial, hemi- or complete), or the two combined performed for concurrent medial meniscal pathology at time of surgery for naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture resulted in an acceptable long-term outcome. Difference in outcome between the techniques was not reported Conclusion There is no evidence that meniscal release provides an equal or superior treatment option for medial meniscal injury treated at the time of surgery for CCL rupture when compared to meniscectomy. The study critically reviewed performed meniscal release via radial transection through the meniscotibial ligament, and therefore does not represent mid-body abaxial radial release. Neither is this summary appropriate for considering prophylactic meniscal release of the normal meniscus. In addition, the surgical treatments for cranial cruciate ligament rupture were either ‘Tightrope’ or tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) procedures. Further studies are required to compare clinical outcome between meniscal release or meniscectomy for treatment of concurrent meniscal tears How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.

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The Effects of Mental Practice on Motor Skill Learning and Performance: A Meta-analysis

Journal of Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsp.5.1.25 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 25-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 596

Author(s):

Deborah L. Feltz ◽

Daniel M. Landers

Keyword(s):

Motor Skill ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Research Question ◽

Research Literature ◽

Mental Practice ◽

Skill Learning ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Average Effect ◽

Subsequent Performance ◽

Clear Cut

A longstanding research question in the sport psychology literature has been whether a given amount of mental practice prior to performing a motor skill will enhance one's subsequent performance. The research literature, however, has not provided any clear-cut answers to this question and this has prompted the present, more comprehensive review of existing research using the meta-analytic strategy proposed by Glass (1977). From the 60 studies yielding 146 effect sizes the overall average effect size was .48, which suggests, as did Richardson (1967a), that mentally practicing a motor skill influences performance somewhat better than no practice at all. Effect sizes were also compared on a number of variables thought to moderate the effects of mental practice. Results from these comparisons indicated that studies employing cognitive tasks had larger average effect sizes than motor or strength tasks and that published studies had larger average effect sizes than unpublished studies. These findings are discussed in relation to several existing explanations for mental practice and four theoretical propositions are advanced.

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PENGGUNAAN MACROMEDIA FLASH PADA MATERI LARUTAN PENYANGGA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS XI MAN DARUSSALAM

Lantanida Journal ◽

10.22373/lj.v5i1.2058 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Teuku Badlisyah ◽

Munira Maghfirah

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Hypothesis Test ◽

Research Question ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Average Score ◽

Test Results ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Numeric Data ◽

And Control ◽

Improve Student Learning

In some cases, students face some difficulties to understand the topic of chemistry that delivered by teachers. Currently, there is no proper media that can be applied on learning process in order to enhance studentsâ€™ capabilities in gaining the goal. Therefore, the study is conducted in using macromedia flash to describe buffer solution topic at Class XI Islamic Senior High School (MAN) Darussalam. This study aims to determine students' learning outcomes through the use of macromedia flash on buffer solution at class XI MAN Darussalam. The research question: is macromedia flash can be used on buffer solution material to improve student learning result of class XI MAN Darussalam?. The population of this study was the students of the second year of MAN 1 Darussalam. Meanwhile, the sample was taken from two classes; XI IPA 1 as experimental class and XI IPA 2 as control class. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling technique. The research adopted quantitative approach in using numeric data which is analyzed by statistical method. Data was collected by using multiple choice instruments. The results showed that the average score of the experimental class =79.7 and the average score of the control class = 67.5. Furthermore, the test results are analyzed by processing hypothesis test (t-test) at Î± = 0,95 with degrees of freedom (dk) 60, obtained tcount = 3.67 and for ttable obtained 1.67. Which is tcount â‰¥ t table, then H0 rejected Ha accepted. It short, the result shows the improvement of studentsâ€™ learning outcome between experimental class and control class after applying macromedia flash on buffer solution material at MAN Darussalam Aceh Besar.

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The Better Book Approach for Education Research and Development

Teachers College Record ◽

10.1177/016146812012200913 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 122 (9) ◽

pp. 1-32

Author(s):

James W. Stigler ◽

Ji Y. Son ◽

Karen B. Givvin ◽

Adam B. Blake ◽

Laura Fries ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Education Research ◽

Research And Development ◽

Research Design ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Design Research ◽

Research Question ◽

Formative Assessments ◽

Single Class ◽

Core Concepts ◽

Online Book

Background/Context Despite advances in the learning sciences, a persistent gap remains between research and practice. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study In this project, we develop and try out a new approach to education research and development in which researchers, designers/ developers, and instructors collaborate to continuously improve an online interactive textbook. Intervention/Program/Practice Using a “learn by doing” strategy, we first created a highly instrumented online textbook for introductory statistics. The design of our online book is based on the practicing-connections hypothesis: Instead of learning individual “bits” of information and then hoping that learners end up with transferable knowledge, we designed a curriculum to engage students in repeated practice of the connections—between core concepts, representations, and the world—that make knowledge transferable. The textbook includes more than 1,200 formative assessments, generating large amounts of data relevant to both the process and outcomes of college students learning of statistics. Using the affordances of technology, we then began working to apply routines and practices from open software development (Git) and improvement science (Toyota Kata) to build an improvement community focused on continuous improvement of the online book. We also are building a technology platform (CourseKata) to publish the book from markdown files stored on GitHub; distribute the book through widely used learning management systems; collect detailed student data and deliver it back to instructors and, in a de-identified form, researchers; and manage experiments that randomly assign different versions of content to different students within a single class, and then assess the effects on students’ learning. Research Design Our research design is a mixed-methods design research and improvement study. We gauge success through measures of process, outcome, and transfer. Conclusions/Recommendations We are at only the beginning of what we see as a lengthy project. We are encouraged, however, by our progress, and invite others—including researchers, designers/developers, and instructors—to join us in our improvement community focused on improving the transferable learning of basic statistical concepts at scale.

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The Effect of the Intelligent Tutoring Systems on the Education

مجلة أبحاث الذكاء ◽

10.36302/jir.v0i27.32 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 698-683

Author(s):

Asst. Lecturer. Talib Qasim Ali Al-aqbi ◽

Asst. Lecturer. Ahmed Yousif Falih ◽

Asst. Lecturer. Basma Jumaa Saleh ◽

Eng. Nadia Muwafaq Al-juaifari ◽

Eng. Lamees Abdulhassan

Keyword(s):

Learning Styles ◽

Intelligent Tutoring ◽

Intelligent Tutoring System ◽

Research Question ◽

Traditional Education ◽

Traditional Teaching ◽

Personalized Instruction ◽

Tutoring Systems ◽

Traditional Teaching Methods ◽

Improve Student Learning

Traditional education systems have developed very slowly although they have been used for centuries and cannot handle different learning styles and preparation levels. Many students who interact with one teacher who cannot answer each student's needs are identified by this system. As a result, some students may be frustrated and unable to achieve their educational opportunities. An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), a software that provides students with personalized instruction tailored to the style and speed of students, is of interest to teachers to improve student learning. To assess the effectiveness of ITS, a systematic review of the latest literature was performed by using carefully renovated protocols that provide data to support meta-study of the effectiveness of ITS. The research question that guides this article is: “Does ITS enhance the education of the students more than the traditional education?” One way ANOVA test, t-test, and KNIME program were performed. The results that came from this study back the conclusion that ITS significantly improves students learning more than traditional teaching methods.

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Recommendations for characterization and reporting of dietary fibers in nutrition research

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy095 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 437-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kaisa S Poutanen ◽

Susana Fiszman ◽

Cyril F M Marsaux ◽

Saara P Pentikäinen ◽

Robert E Steinert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Question ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Nutrition Research ◽

Background Diet ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Physiologic Responses

ABSTRACT Dietary fiber (DF) comprises a wide range of naturally occurring and modified materials with substantial variations in physical and chemical properties and potential physiologic effects. Although nutrition studies testing the effects of DF usually provide extensive detail on the physiologic responses, many still fail to adequately report the type and properties of the DF itself. This weakens the ability to directly replicate and compare studies and to establish structure-function relations. We outline the factors that affect DF functionality and provide 4 overarching recommendations for the characterization and reporting of DF preparations and DF-containing foods in nutrition research. These relate to 1) undertaking characterization methods that reflect the study hypothesis; 2) adequate reporting of DF source, quantity, and composition; 3) measurement of DF rheological properties; and 4) estimation of the DF fermentation rate and extent. Importantly, the food matrix of the test products should also be considered, because this can influence DF functionality and hence the apparent DF efficacy for health-relevant outcomes. Finally, we point out differences in DF functionality to be considered in acute and longer-term trials, the need to design the control treatment according to the research question, and the importance of reporting the amount and type of DF in the background diet.

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Renewable energy commitments versus greenwashing: Board responsibilities

Corporate Ownership and Control ◽

10.22495/cocv18i3siart15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3, special issue) ◽

pp. 423-437

Author(s):

Hugh Grove ◽

Maclyn Clouse

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Boards Of Directors ◽

Task Force ◽

Research Question ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Future Research ◽

Business Plans ◽

Subsequent Performance ◽

Global Corporations

Since many companies are making renewable energy commitments, boards of directors have responsibilities to monitor such commitments for enhanced corporate governance. This paper develops such board corporate social responsibilities for renewable energy commitments, especially in response to activist investors. In the existing literature, there are no research papers that addressed the major research question, and corresponding relevance, of this paper. What are the boards of directors’ responsibilities for monitoring their companies’ commitments to renewable energy and are they making significant efforts, or just greenwashing, i.e., just making commitments or pledges without any substantial subsequent performance? The shifting energy landscape to renewables, especially for carbon-free electricity, and the affordability and reliability of renewables are developed. Global corporations committed to 100% renewable electricity are cited for boards to monitor. Following guidelines from activist investors, boards of directors can assess whether their companies are reporting in alignment with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures or other reporting systems. Boards can monitor how their companies’ business plans are compatible with transitioning to a net-zero economy and how such plans are incorporated into long-term strategies. They can monitor if sustainability connections to stakeholders are driving long-term durable profits and delivering value to shareholders, customers, employees, and communities. Future research could investigate these board responsibilities with case studies or empirical studies, especially to see if greenwashing exists

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Pathology of Bone Cells in Pigs with Experimental Turbinate Osteoporosis (Atrophic Rhinitis)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065560 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 304-305

Author(s):

A. W. Fetter ◽

C. C. Capen

Keyword(s):

Mucous Membrane ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Atrophic Rhinitis ◽

Infectious Agents ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Progressive Reduction ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Fundamental Cause ◽

Osteocytic Osteolysis ◽

Uncertain Etiology

Atrophic rhinitis in swine is a disease of uncertain etiology in which infectious agents, hereditary predisposition, and metabolic disturbances have been reported to be of primary etiologic importance. It shares many similarities, both clinically and pathologically, with ozena in man. The disease is characterized by deformity and reduction in volume of the nasal turbinates. The fundamental cause for the localized lesion of bone in the nasal turbinates has not been established. Reduced osteogenesis, increased resorption related to inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, and excessive resorption due to osteocytic osteolysis stimulated by hyperparathyroidism have been suggested as possible pathogenetic mechanisms.The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate ultrastructurally bone cells in the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced atrophic rhinitis, and to compare these findings to those in control pigs of the same age and pigs with the naturally occurring disease, in order to define the fundamental lesion responsible for the progressive reduction in volume of the osseous core.

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High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055126 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 576-577

Author(s):

W. W. Barker ◽

W. E. Rigsby ◽

V. J. Hurst ◽

W. J. Humphreys

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Organic Molecule ◽

Organic Molecules ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Xrd Pattern ◽

X Ray ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Silicate Layers ◽

Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

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