scholarly journals Measurement practices in hallucinations research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Smailes ◽  
Ben Alderson-Day ◽  
Cassie M Hazell ◽  
Abigail Christine Wright ◽  
Peter Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Signal Discrimination ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Improve Measurement ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Measurement Practices

Introduction: In several sub-fields of psychology, there has been a renewed focus on measurement practices. As far as we are aware, this has been absent in hallucinations research. Thus, we investigated (a) cross-study variation in how hallucinatory experiences are measured and (b) the reliability of measurements obtained using two tasks that are widely employed in hallucinations research.Method: In Study 1, we investigated to what extent there was variation in how the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) has been used across 100 studies. In Study 2, we investigated the reliability of the measurements obtained through source monitoring and signal detection tasks, using data from four recent publications. Materials are available at doi: 10.17605/osf.io/d3gnk/.Results: In Study 1, we found substantial variation in how hallucinatory experiences were assessed using the LSHS and that descriptions of the LSHS were often incomplete in important ways. In Study 2, we reported a range of reliability estimates for the measurements obtained using source monitoring and signal discrimination tasks. Some measurements obtained using source monitoring tasks had unacceptably low levels of reliability. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that suboptimal measurement practices are common in hallucinations research and we suggest steps researchers could take to improve measurement practices.

Item-specific overlap between hallucinatory experiences and cognition in the general population: A three-step multivariate analysis of international multi-site data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Mahesh Chinchani ◽  
Mahesh Menon ◽  
Meighen Roes ◽  
Heungsun Hwang ◽  
Paul Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis Test ◽  
Using Data

Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underlie hallucinatory experiences (HEs) include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, or impaired attentional processes. HEs can be very pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Using data from an international multisite study on nonclinical subjects (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items, allowing extraction of item-specific signal which might considered off-limits when summary scores are analyzed. This involved using a statistical hypothesis test at the multivariate level, and variance constraints, dimension reduction, and split-half reliability checks at the level of individual items. The results showed that (1) modality-general HEs involving sensory distortions (hearing voices/sounds, troubled by voices, everyday things look abnormal, sensations of presence/movement) were associated with more liberal auditory signal detection, and (2) HEs involving experiences of sensory overload and vivid images/imagery (viz., HEs for faces and intense daydreams) were associated with other-ear distraction and reduced laterality in dichotic listening. Based on these results, it is concluded that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as modality-general and bi-dimensional: one involving distortions, and the other involving overload or intensity.

scholarly journals Trajectories of Unsecured Debt across the Life Course and Mental Health at Midlife

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Ruining Sun ◽  
Jason N. Houle
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Unsecured Debt ◽  
Trajectory Models ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

In this paper, we contribute to a growing literature on debt and mental health and ask whether patterns of unsecured debt accumulation and repayment over two decades are associated with depressive symptoms at age 50. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort and group trajectory models, we have three key findings. First, we find substantial heterogeneity in debt trajectories across the life course. Second, respondents who report consistently high debt levels across the life course or who cycle in and out of high debt report significantly more depressive symptoms than respondents who hold consistently low levels of debt. These findings hold for both absolute and relative (debt-to-income) debt. Third, we find that the association between debt and depressive symptoms is strongest among respondents with less than a college degree, but we find less evidence for heterogeneity by race in this cohort.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS ELIGIBLE FOR BARIATRIC SURGERY

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela Aparecida Nogueira de Almeida RIBEIRO ◽  
Helenice Brizolla GIAMPIETRO ◽  
Lídia Barbieri BELARMINO ◽  
Wilson SALGADO-JÚNIOR
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Psychological Profile ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Binge Eating Scale ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background: The psychologist who works in bariatric surgery has a role to receive, evaluate, prepare and educate the patient who will undergo the surgical procedure. Psychological evaluation becomes important in so far as allows us to obtain data on personal and familiar history and allow tracing of possible psychopathology. Aim: To collect data on psychological evaluations of patients in a bariatric surgery service of a public hospital in order to describe the psychological profile of patients in this service. Method: Data were collected from 827 patients between 2001 and 2015, using data from an interview, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Binge Eating Scale (BES). Results: The mean age of patients before surgery was 39 years+/- 10, the mean BMI was 51 kg/m²+7, and most patients (81%) were female. The average score on the BDI was 14.8+8 and women had significantly higher scores than men. On the BAI the average score was 11+8 and on the ECAP was 14+8, both with no difference between groups. Conclusions: Psychosocial characteristics of the patients points to the significant presence of indicators of depression, with low levels of anxiety and binge eating.

scholarly journals Configurational Analysis of the Driving Paths of Chinese Digital Economy Based on the Technology–Organization–Environment Framework

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110545
Author(s):  
Shuangying Chen ◽  
Qiyue Li ◽  
Bo Lei ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Configurational Analysis ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Toe Framework ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study was to examine the combinations of factors driving the digital economy and their configurational pathways, based on the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. Using data on 31 Chinese provinces, the study integrated the TOE framework with Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to examine the digital economy. The results indicate that (a) firms’ digital competence is a necessary condition for the development of the digital economy; (b) four pathways drive high levels of digital economic development and three pathways lead to low levels of digital economic development; and (c) these pathways indicate asymmetry between high and low levels of digital economic development. The findings enhance understanding of the complex interactions of multiple factors driving the digital economy. They also yield policy recommendations for the development of the digital economy.

scholarly journals Intense precipitation events in the Central Range of the Iberian Peninsula

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2289-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Mora García ◽  
Jesús Riesco Martín ◽  
José Miguel Sánchez Llorente ◽  
Luis Rivas Soriano ◽  
Fernando de Pablo Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Precipitation Events ◽  
High Range

Abstract. Intense orographic precipitation associated with the Central Range was analysed using data of maximum accumulated precipitation in 24 h, occurring between 1958 and 2010. The 18 selected episodes were associated with a southwesterly tropospheric flow, a low-level jet, and high moisture flux at low levels. The observed moisture flux was higher than 100 (m g(s kg)−1) and the dry and wet Froude numbers were greater than 1. The selected area to study this synoptic situation was Gredos, broad and high range, which is located in the eastern part of the Central Range and generates a leeward orographic shadow. The effect of the Central Range on the spatial distribution of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula plateau results in a sharp increase in precipitation in the south of the Central Range, followed by a decrease to the north of this range.

The Determinants of Labor Absence: Economic Factors and Workgroup Norms across Countries

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Drago ◽  
Mark Wooden
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Employee Characteristics ◽  
Absence From Work

The authors analyze causes of absence from work using data from a survey distributed in 1988 to workers in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. The results indicate that workgroup cohesion (the degree to which employees work together closely and harmoniously) was associated with low levels of absence if job satisfaction was high, but with high levels of absence if job satisfaction was low. Some employee characteristics associated with lower rates of absence were male gender, short tenure, part-time status, and high wages; shiftwork, sick leave entitlements, and low unemployment rates were associated with higher rates of absence. The authors also find that the determinants of whether a worker was absent at least once in a given year are distinct from the determinants of the frequency and duration of absences among those workers who were absent at least once.

Returns to education in Russia: Nowhere below?

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-68
Author(s):  
R. I. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Returns To Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Short Cycle ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monitoring Survey ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Russian Education

The paper presents a wide set of estimates for returns to education in Russia, introducing a number of new sources of microdata that previosly remained unused by both Russian and foreign researchers. Until now virtually all available estimates for Russia were based on data from a single source — The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey — Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). According to these data, since the mid-2000s returns to education rapidly declined and have dropped to abnormally low levels. The paper tests the thesis of ultra-low economic value of Russian education using data from three alternative representative surveys regularly conducted by Rosstat. The analysis shows that currently returns to education in Russia reach 12—13%, which is much higher than the standard RLMS estimates. University-type tertiary education almost doubles earnings (its premium approaches to 100%), and even short-cycle tertiary education provides a premium of about 20—30%. Alternative sources also indicate that over the past 15 years, returns to education in Russia remained stable and, therefore, no decreasing trend in the economic value of education has been observed. This makes it possible to reject the currently popular thesis about abnormally low returns to education in Russia.

scholarly journals Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2463-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Incidental Exposure ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Effort

Existing research indicates that incidental exposure to political information on social media may function as an equalizer, stimulating political engagement among the politically detached. In this article, we challenge this notion and propose that there are good reasons to assume that incidental exposure may reinforce existing gaps. We test the equalizing against the reinforcing hypothesis using data from a two-wave panel study ( N = 559). We find a positive main effect of incidental exposure on low-effort digital participation. However, this effect was not conditional on political interest, as the equalizing assumption would have suggested. More interestingly, we found that the effect of incidental exposure on high-effort digital participation was conditional on political interest. However, against the assumption of equalization, individuals with low levels of political interest were negatively affected by incidental exposure, thus lending support for the reinforcement hypothesis. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

Sensitivity and Bias in the Resolution of Stream-Bounce Stimuli

Perception ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mick Zeljko ◽  
Philip M. Grove
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Correct Rejection ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Signal Discrimination ◽  
Motion Sequence ◽  
Significant Change

The audiovisual stream-bounce effect refers to the resolution of ambiguous motion sequences as streaming or bouncing depending on the presence or absence of a sound. We used a novel experimental design and signal detection theory (SDT) to determine its sensory or decisional origins. To account for issues raised by Witt et al. on the interpretation of SDT results, we devised a pure signal detection (as opposed to signal discrimination) paradigm and measured participants’ sensitivity and criterion when detecting a weak tone concurrent with objectively streaming or bouncing visual displays. We observed no change in sensitivity but a significant change in criterion with participants’ criterion more liberal with bouncing targets than for streaming targets with. In a second experiment, we tasked participants with detecting a weak tone in noise while viewing an ambiguous motion sequence. They also indicated whether the targets appeared to stream or bounce. Participants’ reported equivalent, mostly bouncing responses for hit and false alarm trials, and equivalent, mostly streaming responses for correct rejection and miss trials. Further, differences in participants’ sensitivity and criterion measures for detecting tones in subjectively streaming compared to subjectively bouncing targets were inconsistent with sensory factors. These results support a decisional account of the sound-induced switch from mostly streaming to mostly bouncing responses in audiovisual stream-bounce displays.

Does strategic planning help firms translate slack resources into better performance?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Guo ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Haili Zhang ◽  
Chunjia Hu ◽  
Michael Song
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Organizational Slack ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIs organizational slack good or bad for firm performance? Research addressing this question has obtained mixed results. Such studies have focused mainly on the impact of environmental conditions on the slack–performance relationship. In this study, instead of focusing on the uncontrollable external environment, we consider actions determined by firms internally, in particular strategic planning. Using data from 183 US firms, we explore the connection between organizational slack and firm performance with different levels of strategic planning. The results suggest that at low levels of strategic planning the slack–performance relationship is linear, while at high levels of strategic planning this relationship is inverse U shaped. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

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