scholarly journals Personality Perception in Game of Thrones: Character Consensus and Personality Projection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Jessica T. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Social World ◽  
Book Series ◽  
Personality Perception ◽  
Assumed Similarity ◽  
Tv Show ◽  
Game Of Thrones

This study examined Big Five and Dark Tetrad personality perception for 56 characters from the popular TV show Game of Thrones—and the book series that inspired it, A Song of Ice and Fire—by 309 fans recruited from three relevant subreddits. Specifically, we examined consensus—the extent to which multiple perceivers (participants) rate one or more targets (characters) similarly—and projection (a.k.a. assumed similarity)—the extent to which perceivers (participants) see targets (characters) as they see themselves. Using cross-classified structural equation models (CC-SEMs), we found that consensus correlations were significant for all Big Five and Dark Tetrad traits, ranging from .54 for narcissism to .83 for agreeableness (M = .66, SD = .10). Projection slopes were positive (range: 0.07 to 0.29; M = 0.15, SD = 0.06) and significant for all traits except conscientiousness and open-mindedness. Thus, raters reliably assumed that characters were similar to themselves on 7 of 9 traits. Exploratory sex-differences analyses showed no sex-of-character effects, but significant sex-of-perceiver effects for conscientiousness, open-mindedness, and Machiavellianism; women perceived characters to be higher on these traits than men. In addition, women (vs. men) rated themselves as higher on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, but lower on Machiavellianism. We also present rankings for characters with the highest and lowest scores on each trait. Broadly, this work is important not only for understanding how our perceptions of personality generalize to fictional characters, but also how we use fiction characters—and our perceptions of their personalities—to better understand our own social world.

scholarly journals Open Laptops, Open Minds: Consensus and Accuracy in Big Five Personality Perception from Laptop Stickers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica T. Campbell ◽  
Imani Turner ◽  
Gregory D. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Personality Perception

Using traditional methods and cross-classified structural equation models (CC-SEMs), we assessed consensus and accuracy across 1,139 observations made by 8 perceivers of 147 laptops whose owners completed self-reports of the same Big Five traits and facets. Average Big Five consensus correlations were slightly stronger using traditional methods (.32) than using CC-SEMs (.25). Average accuracy correlations were slightly stronger using CC-SEMs (.21) than traditional methods (.18). Using CC-SEMs, all traits except negative emotionality showed adequate consensus, whereas accuracy was significant only for open-mindedness and extraversion; extraversion emerged only after controlling for laptop type and number-of-stickers. Number-of-stickers partially mediated—or served as a cue for—the accuracy effect linking targets’ self-reports of aesthetic sensitivity to perceivers’ ratings of the same open-mindedness facet.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

scholarly journals Does optimism mediate the relationship between Big Five and perceived stress? A study with Spanish adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Cristina Serrano ◽  
Paula Martínez ◽  
Sergio Murgui ◽  
Yolanda Andreu
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

Los resultados de investigación han mostrado la existencia de relaciones entre los Cinco Grandes factores de personalidad, Optimismo y Estrés Percibido. El objetivo del estudio es explorar, mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, el posible papel mediador que se ha sugerido podría desempeñar Optimismo en esta relación. También,  se explora a través de un análisis multi-grupo la invarianza por sexo de los resultados. Un total de 611 adolescentes españoles completaron de forma anónima los cuestionarios BFQ, LOT-R y PSS. Optimismo se asoció positivamente asociado con los rasgos de personalidad y negativamente con Estrés Percibido. El Estrés se relacionó negativamente con Estabilidad Emocional, Extraversion y Responsabilidad y no mostró asociación alguna con Afabilidad ni con Apertura. Los análisis de mediación revelaron el papel mediador de Optimismo en la relación entre Estabilidad Emocional (mediación parcial), Extraversion y Responsabilidad y Estrés. Estos resultados no variaron por sexo. En conclusión, un perfil básico de personalidad caracterizado por Extraversión, Estabilidad Emocional y Responsabilidad favorecería el desarrollo de expectativas positivas de futuro que representan un predictor proximal de Estrés Percibido. El papel mediador del optimismo puede resultar relevante para el desarrollo de intervenciones focalizadas en reducir los niveles de estrés y, consecuentemente, mejorar el ajuste del adolescente. Research results have shown the existence of relationships between the Big Five personality factors, Optimism, and Perceived Stress. The aim of this study is to explore the possible mediating role that it has been suggested might play Optimism in this relationship. Structural equation models were conducted to examine the mediating role of Optimism.  A multi-group analysis was performed to verify whether the results varied by sex. 611 Spanish adolescents completed anonymously the measures of BFQ, LOT-R and PSS. The findings showed that Optimism was positively associated with the personality traits and negatively with Perceived Stress. Perceived Stress was in turn negatively related to Emotional Stability, Extraversion and Conscientiousness, while it was not correlated with Agreeableness and Openness. Mediation analysis revealed the mediating role of Optimism on the relationship between Emotional Stability (partial mediation), Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, and the Perception of Stress. These findings did not vary by sex. In conclusion, a basic personality profile characterized by Extraversion, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness would favor the development of positive future expectations that represent a proximal predictor for Perceived Stress. Optimism mediation may be relevant for the development of interventions focused on reducing stress levels and, consequently, to improve the adolescent's adjustment.

Power and Personality Perception in Real–Life Hierarchical Relationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sointu Leikas ◽  
Jan–Erik Lönnqvist ◽  
Markku Verkasalo ◽  
Vesa Nissinen
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Power Relation ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Personality Perception ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
Hierarchical Relationships ◽  
Assumed Similarity

The present study examined how Big Five personality ratings of the same target individuals differ as a function of the power relation between the target and the judge. Our targets were 37 employees with leadership duties from two large organizations. The targets‘ subordinates (N = 352), peers (N = 186), and superiors (N = 62) constituted our groups of judges. The targets and judges also provided self–reports of personality. Subordinate judges showed higher consensus but not higher self–other agreement than peer or superior judges. Furthermore, the targets were judged as more extraverted, more emotionally stable, less agreeable, and less open to experience by their subordinates than by their superiors. The results suggest that (i) observer consensus, but not self–other agreement or assumed similarity varies as a function of real–life power; (ii) the effects of power on mean trait scores are mostly congruent with the previously observed effects of power on behaviour and on stereotypes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Extraversion but not Depression Predicts Implicit Reward Sensitivity: Revisiting the Measurement of Anhedonic Phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Blain ◽  
Tyler A. Sassenberg ◽  
Muchen Xi ◽  
Daiqing Zhao ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Reward Learning

Recently, increasing efforts have been made to define and measure dimensional phenotypes associated with psychiatric disorders. One example is an implicit reward learning task developed by Pizzagalli et al. (2005) to assess anhedonia, by measuring participants’ responses to a differential reinforcement schedule. This task has been used in many studies, which have connected blunted reward response in the task to depressive symptoms, across clinical groups and in the general population. The current study attempted to replicate these findings in a large community sample and also investigated possible associations with Extraversion, a personality trait linked theoretically and empirically to reward sensitivity. Participants (N = 299) completed the reward-learning task, as well as the Beck Depression Inventory, Personality Inventory for the DSM-5, Big Five Inventory, and Big Five Aspect Scales. Our direct replication attempts used bivariate analyses of observed variables and ANOVA models. Follow-up and extension analyses used structural equation models to assess relations among latent reward sensitivity, depression, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. No significant associations were found between reward sensitivity (i.e., response bias) and depression, thus failing to replicate previous findings. Response bias and change in response bias showed significant positive associations with Extraversion, but not with Neuroticism. Findings suggest reward sensitivity as measured by this implicit reward learning task may be related primarily to Extraversion and its pathological manifestations, rather than to depression per se, consistent with existing models that conceptualize depressive symptoms as combining features of Neuroticism and low Extraversion.

scholarly journals Sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on frailty and its relation to body mass index and education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. L. Mak ◽  
Chandra A. Reynolds ◽  
Sara Hägg ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Malin Ericsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Frailty Index ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gene Environment

AbstractBackgroundFrailty is a multifactorial expression of aging influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. However, sex differences in how these factors may affect frailty, and the gene-environment interplay among frailty and two of its well-established risk factors, unhealthy body mass index (BMI) and low education, are less clear.MethodsIn a large sample of 42,994 Swedish twins aged 41–99 years, we used structural equation models to estimate the genetic (heritability) and environmental sources of variance in frailty, defined as the Rockwood frailty index (FI), separately in men and women. We also estimated the genetic and environmental contributions to the associations between FI and BMI, and FI and education. Moderation models were fitted to test for gene-environment interaction by levels of BMI and education.ResultsGenetic and individual-specific environmental factors contributed approximately equally to the FI variance. The heritability of FI was slightly higher in women (52%) than in men (45%), yet we found only weak-to-no indication of different sources of genetic variance influencing frailty in men and women. A small-to-moderate genetic overlap between FI and BMI, and a perfect negative correlation of the environmental factors common to twins in a pair between FI and education were observed. Additionally, the heritability of FI was greater at both low and high BMI levels, with similar patterns of moderation in both sexes.ConclusionsIndividual differences in frailty are equally influenced by genetic and individual-specific environmental factors, and different mechanisms seem to underlie the association of frailty with BMI and education.

Sex Differences in Jealousy: A Population-Based Twin Study in Sweden

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasse Walum ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
Lars Westberg ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein ◽  
Patrik K. E. Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
Genetic Level

According to the theory of evolved sex differences in jealousy, the challenge for women to ensure paternal investment increased their jealousy response to emotional infidelity, whereas paternal uncertainty exerted selective pressures that shaped men to become more distressed by sexual infidelity. Several studies have investigated whether the effect of these sexually dimorphic selection pressures can be detected in contemporary human populations, with conflicting results. To date, no genetically informed studies of sex differences in jealousy have been conducted. We used data from the Screening Across the Lifespan of Twins Younger (SALTY) sample, containing information concerning self-rated jealousy from 3,197 complete twin pairs collected by the Swedish Twin Registry. Intra-class correlations and structural equation models were used to assess the genetic influence on jealousy and to investigate sex differences at genetic level. We saw a highly significant sex effect on the relationship between infidelity types, indicating that men, relative to women, reported greater jealousy in response to sexual infidelity than in response to emotional infidelity. The twin models revealed significant heritabilities for both sexual (32%) and emotional (26%) jealousy. The heritabilities were of a similar magnitude in both sexes, and no qualitative sex differences could be detected. We show for the first time that variance in jealousy is to some extent explained by genetic factors. Even though our results from the mean value analyses are in line with the theory of evolved sex differences in jealousy, we could not identify any sex differences on a genetic level.

Further Validity of the Japanese Version of the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-J)

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Oshio ◽  
Shingo Abe ◽  
Pino Cutrone ◽  
Samuel D. Gosling
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Big Five Personality

The Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003 ) is a widely used very brief measure of the Big Five personality dimensions. Oshio, Abe, and Cutrone (2012) have developed a Japanese version of the TIPI (TIPI-J), which demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Until now, all studies examining the validity of the TIPI-J have been conducted in the Japanese language; this reliance on a single language raises concerns about the instrument’s content validity because the instrument could demonstrate reliability (e.g., retest) and some forms of validity (e.g., convergent) but still not capture the full range of the dimensions as originally conceptualized in English. Therefore, to test the content validity of the Japanese TIPI with respect to the original Big Five formulation, we examine the convergence between scores on the TIPI-J and scores on the English-language Big Five Inventory (i.e., the BFI-E), an instrument specifically designed to optimize Big Five content coverage. Two-hundred and twenty-eight Japanese undergraduate students, who were all learning English, completed the two instruments. The results of correlation analyses and structural equation modeling demonstrate the theorized congruence between the TIPI-J and the BFI-E, supporting the content validity of the TIPI-J.

Successful Entrepreneurship as Developmental Outcome

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Obschonka ◽  
Rainer K. Silbereisen ◽  
Eva Schmitt-Rodermund
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Authoritative Parenting ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Age Appropriate

Applying a lifespan approach of human development, this study examined pathways to entrepreneurial success by analyzing retrospective and current data. Along the lines of McClelland’s ideas of early entrepreneurship development and Rauch and Frese’s Giessen-Amsterdam model on venture success, we investigated the roles of founders’ adolescent years (early role models, authoritative parenting, and early entrepreneurial competence), personality traits (Big Five pattern), and entrepreneurial skills and growth goals during venture creation. Findings were derived from structural equation modeling studying two comparable samples of founders (N = 531) and nascent founders (N = 100) from Germany. Across both samples, reports on age-appropriate entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and an entrepreneurial Big Five profile predicted entrepreneurial skills during venture creation, which in turn predicted founders’ setting of ambitious growth goals and entrepreneurial success. Early entrepreneurial competence was related to the availability of entrepreneurial role models and authoritative parenting during adolescence as well as to an entrepreneurial Big Five profile. In line with prospective reports on early precursors of entrepreneurship, the findings illuminate the development of entrepreneurship in general and entrepreneurial success in particular over the lifespan, especially with regard to factors relevant in the adolescent years and the interplay with personality across different developmental periods.

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