scholarly journals How hypnotic suggestions work – critical review of prominent theories and a novel synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoushiravan Zahedi ◽  
Werner Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Sensory Adaptation ◽  
Mental Training ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cognitive Simulation ◽  
Novel Synthesis ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Definition Of

Hypnotic and posthypnotic suggestions are frequently and successfully implemented in behavioral, neurocognitive, and clinical investigations and interventions. Despite abundant reports about the effectiveness of suggestions in altering behavior, perception, cognition, and subjective sense of agency (SoA), there is no consensus about the neurocognitive mechanisms driving these changes. The present review starts with procedural descriptions of hypnosis, suggestions, and suggestibility, followed by a systematic and comparative review of prominent theories of hypnosis, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, based on their power to explain existing observations in the domain of hypnosis. Thereafter, we propose a novel theory of hypnosis, accounting for empirical evidence and synthesizing concepts from hypnosis and neurocognitive theories. The proposed simulation-adaption theory of hypnosis (SATH) is founded on three elements: cognitive-simulation, top-down sensory-adaptation, and mental training. SATH mechanistically explains different hypnotic phenomena, such as alterations in the SoA, positive and negative hallucinations, motor suggestions, and effects of suggestions on executive functions and memory. Finally, based on SATH and its postulated neurocognitive mechanisms, a procedure-oriented definition of hypnosis is proposed.

Integracja w dezintegracji i dezintegracja w integracji: determinanty mechanizmów integracyjnych w Unii Europejskiej

2018 ◽  
pp. 10-37
Author(s):  
Barbara Curyło
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
Strategic Issue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

In the discussion on the future of the EU, the topic of differentiated integration has become a strategic issue, with different variants beginning to appear as modus operandi of the European Union, which has become a subject of controversy among Member States. Significantly, the debate on differentiated integration began to be accompanied by reflections on disintegration. This article attempts to define disintegration on the assumption that it should be defined through the prism of integration, and that such a defining process can not be limited to concluding a one-way contrast between disintegration versus integration and vice versa. This is due to the assumption that the European Union is a dichotomous construct in which integration and disintegration mutually exclude and complement each other. This dichotomy is most evident in the definition of integration and disintegration through the prism of Europeanisation top-down and bottom-up processes that generate, reveal, visualize, stimulate integration mechanisms what allows to diagnose their determinants.

scholarly journals Language Family Engineering with Product Lines of Multi-level Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan de Lara ◽  
Esther Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Arbitrary Number ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Modelling Languages ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractModelling is an essential activity in software engineering. It typically involves two meta-levels: one includes meta-models that describe modelling languages, and the other contains models built by instantiating those meta-models. Multi-level modelling generalizes this approach by allowing models to span an arbitrary number of meta-levels. A scenario that profits from multi-level modelling is the definition of language families that can be specialized (e.g., for different domains) by successive refinements at subsequent meta-levels, hence promoting language reuse. This enables an open set of variability options given by all possible specializations of the language family. However, multi-level modelling lacks the ability to express closed variability regarding the availability of language primitives or the possibility to opt between alternative primitive realizations. This limits the reuse opportunities of a language family. To improve this situation, we propose a novel combination of product lines with multi-level modelling to cover both open and closed variability. Our proposal is backed by a formal theory that guarantees correctness, enables top-down and bottom-up language variability design, and is implemented atop the MetaDepth multi-level modelling tool.

scholarly journals A Critical Review of Computational Creativity in Built Environment Design

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ning Gu ◽  
Peiman Amini Behbahani
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computational Creativity ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Supporting Tool ◽  
Definition Of

Computational creativity in built environment (BE) design has been a subject of research interest in the discipline. This paper presents a critical review of various ways computational creativity has been and can be defined and approached in BE design. The paper examines a comprehensive body of contemporary literature on the topics of creativity, computational creativity, and their assessment to identify levels of computational creativity. The paper then proceeds to a further review of the implications of these levels specifically in BE design. The paper identifies four areas in BE design where computational creativity is relevant. In two areas—synthesis (generation) and analysis—there is considerable literature on lower levels of computational creativity. However, in two other areas—interfacing and communication—even the definition of computational creativity is not as defined and clear for the discipline, and most works only consider the role of computers as a supporting tool or medium. These open up future research opportunities for the discipline.

scholarly journals Flying Free: A Research Overview of Deep Learning in Drone Navigation Autonomy

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Thomas Lee ◽  
Susan Mckeever ◽  
Jane Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
The Past ◽  
Computer Vision Applications ◽  
Definition Of

With the rise of Deep Learning approaches in computer vision applications, significant strides have been made towards vehicular autonomy. Research activity in autonomous drone navigation has increased rapidly in the past five years, and drones are moving fast towards the ultimate goal of near-complete autonomy. However, while much work in the area focuses on specific tasks in drone navigation, the contribution to the overall goal of autonomy is often not assessed, and a comprehensive overview is needed. In this work, a taxonomy of drone navigation autonomy is established by mapping the definitions of vehicular autonomy levels, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers, to specific drone tasks in order to create a clear definition of autonomy when applied to drones. A top–down examination of research work in the area is conducted, focusing on drone navigation tasks, in order to understand the extent of research activity in each area. Autonomy levels are cross-checked against the drone navigation tasks addressed in each work to provide a framework for understanding the trajectory of current research. This work serves as a guide to research in drone autonomy with a particular focus on Deep Learning-based solutions, indicating key works and areas of opportunity for development of this area in the future.

National Planning and Local Technology Zones: Experimental Governance in China's Torch Programme

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 896-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Heilmann ◽  
Lea Shih ◽  
Andreas Hofem
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Top Down ◽  
National Programme ◽  
Local Implementation ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Innovative Potential ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractMany studies raise doubts about the effectiveness of the institutions, programmes and instruments that shape the Chinese national innovation system. This article scrutinizes central–local interactions in the national Torch Programme that has governed a large group of high-technology zones since 1988. The Torch Programme's procedural practices challenge widely shared assumptions about the dirigiste character of Chinese innovation policy. It combines centralized definition of programme objectives with extensive local implementation experiments. As three case studies demonstrate, bottom-up policy innovations are effectively fed back into national programme adjustments and into horizontal policy diffusion. The array of organizational patterns and promotional instruments that emerges from competitive “experimentation under the shadow of hierarchy” (ESH) goes way beyond what could have been initiated from top down. We hypothesize that the procedural strengths displayed in the Torch Programme may provide better indicators of future innovative potential in China's high-technology zones than retrospective statistical indices and benchmarks that are derived from OECD experience.

scholarly journals The political economy of peacebuilding: The case of women's cooperatives in Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Ramnarain
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Credit Cooperatives ◽  
Peace Initiatives ◽  
Definition Of

Critiques of liberal, top-down approaches to peacebuilding have motivated a discussion of alternative, locally-led, and community-based approaches to achieving and maintaining sustainable peace. This article uses a case study of women's savings and credit cooperatives in post-violence Nepal to examine the ways in which grassroots-based, locally-led peace initiatives can counter top-down approaches. The article presents ethnographic evidence from fieldwork in Nepal on how cooperatives expand through their everyday activities the definition of peace to include not only the absence of violence (negative peace) but transformatory goals such as social justice (positive peace). By focusing on ongoing root causes of structural violence, cooperatives problematize the postconflict period where pre-war normalcy is presumed to have returned. They emphasize local agency and ownership over formal peace processes. The findings suggest ongoing struggles that cooperatives face due to their existence within larger, liberal paradigms of international postconflict aid and reconstruction assistance. Their uneasy relationship with liberal economic structures limit their scale and scope of effectiveness even as they provide local alternatives for peacebuilding.

scholarly journals Talent and Talent Management: Definition and Issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novera Ansar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Definition Of

Talent' has become a popular term amongst academicians and practitioners during the last two decades. A general problem, despite this increased interest on “Talent”, is that the construct of Talent and Talent Management lack theoretical vigor and standardized definition. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution to the literature on “Talent” and “Talent Management” by a critical review of the construct of “Talent”. The evolution of the definition of the term “Talent” was traced through different time periods starting from the Biblical Times when talent was used for a very large sum of money to the present times when it is considered as a cognitive ability. A philological perspective was also taken to identify the roots of different approaches towards “Talent” in speakers of different languages and terms, that are interchangeably used in lieu of Talent were also explored. Different definitions of the term “Talent Management” were analyzed to understand the different approaches taken by the authors. The dominant approach used in the definitions of Talent Management was found to be exclusive. The study concluded that it is important to develop a uniform definition of Talent and Talent Management for a shared understanding for both academic work on the topic and its practical implication for the corporate world.

scholarly journals Distant Psychological Violence: Prospects for Improvement of Criminal Legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
I.N. Mosechkin
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Bullying ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cyber Harassment ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Criminal Legislation

The article researches the legal issues of protection from various forms of distant psychological violence arising in electronic communication. The study aims to assess the public danger of cyber-bullying, cyber-stalking and cyber-harassment among potential and real victims in order to develop recommendations for improvement of domestic legislature. The main results of the study have been obtained by surveying 207 individuals and by means of comparative review of domestic and foreign law. The results indicate that distant violence does take place, but its assessment by legislators and the public is highly controversial. Cyber-harassment is commonly seen as a more dangerous phenomenon than cyber-bullying or cyber-stalking, which raises a question of its criminalization in the law. This necessitates a correct definition of sexual harassment in distant form as there are risks of either intruding into the field of socially acceptable behavior or overlooking the socially unacceptable ones.

External Definition or Self-assertion of Separateness: Understanding Muslim Identity in Post-colonial India

Social Change ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-531
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Public Philosophy ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Religious Aspects

Muslim identity like any other identity is discretely constituted, defined by language, religion, caste, class, sect and numerous other diverse roles. Such an understanding largely seems to have eluded the public philosophy of the post-colonial Indian state and what seems to have remained central to it is their exclusive definition in religious terms and an exclusive emphasis on their religious engagements. This paper looks at this external religious definition of the community and identifies this definition in the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ identity construction processes and interprets other important developments which have all compounded to shape a separate Muslim identity in India. It analyses the construction of Muslim identity and attempts to understand the separateness that they have exhibited in post-colonial India. The argument follows that Muslim identity in India has been externally defined with an emphasis on religious aspects and that their separateness remains a quintessential result of this external definition.

Assessment of Depression in Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Michael J. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Symptom Cluster ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peer Reports ◽  
Selection Of

The assessment of childhood depression is a function of the definition of depression, namely, a single-symptom, symptom cluster, or categorical approach. Furthermore, the assumptions associated with these approaches underpin the development and selection of assessment devices which fall into three main categories: self-report measures, parent, teacher and peer reports, and diagnostic clinical interviews. In describing, exemplifying, and evaluating these measurement techniques, their relationship with the definitional assumptions will be demonstrated through a critical review of the literature. The related and crucial issues of comorbidity and informant variability will also be examined.

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