scholarly journals Expectations of objective threats and aversive feelings in specific fears

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Elsey ◽  
Merel Kindt
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Online Experiments ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Relevant Situation ◽  
Negative Feelings

Mistaken beliefs about danger posed by feared stimuli are considered a key factor causing and maintaining fears. Such beliefs are intriguing because many fearful people express them, but acknowledge they are untrue in reality. While previous research indicates fearful individuals may not wholly endorse their beliefs about objective threats (e.g., the spider will bite), expectations of negative subjective consequences (e.g., I will feel terrible) are also likely to be important. We investigated the extent to which participants’ expectations of objective and subjective threats were sensitive to manipulations that encouraged them to consider whether their expectations were likely to happen in reality. Across five online experiments (N = 560, or 727 with more liberal inclusion criteria), such manipulations produced lower expectancy ratings for objective but not subjective threats (versus participants who gave ratings without the manipulation). Most participants reported that anticipation of negative feelings was more concerning than actual danger. Hence, numerous fear-relevant expectations about objective threat – considered central in understanding why people are irrationally afraid – respond to small cognitive manipulations. Additionally, expectations of negative subjective experiences during fear-provoking encounters appear to be more consistently endorsed, and feature prominently in fearful individuals’ concerns about what will happen in a fear-relevant situation.

scholarly journals Expectations of objective threats and aversive feelings in specific fears

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. B. Elsey ◽  
Merel Kindt
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Online Experiments ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Relevant Situation ◽  
Negative Feelings

AbstractMistaken beliefs about danger posed by feared stimuli are considered a key factor causing and maintaining fears. Such beliefs are intriguing because many fearful people express them, but acknowledge they are untrue in reality. While previous research indicates fearful individuals may not wholly endorse their beliefs about objective threats (e.g., the spider will bite), expectations of negative subjective consequences (e.g., I will feel terrible) are also likely to be important. We investigated the extent to which participants’ expectations of objective and subjective threats were sensitive to manipulations that encouraged them to consider whether their expectations were likely to happen in reality. Across five online experiments (N = 560, or 727 with more liberal inclusion criteria), such manipulations produced lower expectancy ratings for objective but not subjective threats (versus participants who gave ratings without the manipulation). Most participants reported that anticipation of negative feelings was more concerning than actual danger. Hence, numerous fear-relevant expectations about objective threat—considered central in understanding why people are irrationally afraid—respond to small cognitive manipulations. Additionally, expectations of negative subjective experiences during fear-provoking encounters appear to be more consistently endorsed, and feature prominently in fearful individuals’ concerns about what will happen in a fear-relevant situation.

O Significado do trabalho e do não trabalhar na perspectiva masculina: Uma análise Junguiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Liviano Wahba ◽  
Ísis Fabiana de Souza Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Trajectory

Using Analytical Psychology as a theoretical basis, the present study aimed at clarifying and understanding the meanings that the man, who does not work, nor has an income of his own, attributes to himself, to his situation and to the social expectations related to working. Another objective was to elucidate which would be, in that case, the existing factors of investment and/or disinvestment in the work. Therefore, the study explored subjective aspects, using the qualitative approach and employing the Life History interview as a research tool. The research included four participants living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The inclusion criteria required that the participants be men, in the age group of approximate 30 years, without any paid work nor any type of income for at least five months, and financially dependent on their family members or spouses. The results show that the perception of work is an elementary configuration in the life trajectory. Work may signify a constant obligation — an imposition that endures — or be a meaning in transformation — leading to resignifications. The association between work and identity affirmation — as well as conscious and unconscious motivations — stands out. The research also made it possible to infer the existence of complexes resulting from the work experience. The survey of the subjective experiences linked to an increasingly prevailing conjuncture in the current society points to the intense affective load related to work. In this context, the assistance of the clinical psychologist becomes relevant.

scholarly journals Racialisation rules: The effect of educational upward mobility on habitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-50
Author(s):  
Zsanna Nyírő ◽  
Judit Durst
Keyword(s):  
Family Of Origin ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
University Degree

This paper explores the subjective experiences of education-driven upward mobility among firstin-family majority and minority (Roma) graduates in Hungary. The central question is how social ascension through educational mobility and the concomitant movement between different social worlds influence the habitus. Under what conditions does the habitus become destabilised as a result of upward mobility? The paper benefits from the empirical results of a 3-year study during which our research team has conducted 153 life history interviews with first-generation graduates in Hungary. The inclusion criteria for the sample of our study was that respondents had to complete college or university despite none of their parents have had a university degree. We identified the most important factors that contribute to the destabilisation of the habitus, either temporary or permanent. We examined the social and geographical range of our respondents’ education-driven mobility; the speed and the destination of their mobility (field of occupation); their belonging to the majority or a minority group; and the mobility aspirations of their family of origin (or the lack thereof). We explore the effect of these factors through an intersectional lens. We demonstrate that the unique combination and intersection of these factors greatly affect the subjective experience of mobility. However, some biographical conditions and contingencies also play a role in the outcome of upward mobility. According to our results, the dislocation of habitus is a particularly common experience for our Roma interviewees, at least at some stage of their mobility trajectory. This is because they have to carry the psychic burden of race in a society where institutional racism is permeated in many areas of everyday life and the question of loyalty to their group of origin is more complicated for them.

A systematic review of the concept of entrepreneurial alertness

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Opportunity Identification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Alertness ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Core Components

Purpose Entrepreneurial alertness is a key factor in business opportunity identification. Scholars have determined that successful entrepreneurs have high levels of entrepreneurial alertness, but only a limited number of studies are available on the concept. One of the major reasons identified is the fragmented constituents and less knowledge of the components determining the level of alertness. The present study aims to integrate the varied research on entrepreneurial alertness, identify its core components and develop the understanding of the concept of entrepreneurial alertness. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a systematic review of secondary research. The first stage involved identifying relevant publications and applying practical screening. In the second stage, the resources were screened for the inclusion criteria, and in the final stage, the articles meeting the inclusion criteria were read in detail for the final analysis. Findings The review resulted in identification of the following core components of the alertness construct – sensing and searching information, cognitive ability, personality factors (like creativity and self-efficacy), environment, social networks, knowledge and experience. The review also highlighted that cognitive ability plays a central role in alertness. Originality/value Based on the review of literature, the study proposes a model of the alertness construct, which attempts to draw a relationship between the identified components. The review also uncovers several unexplored areas, which still need to be addressed in the area of entrepreneurial alertness.

Running scared: Fear and space in Amnesia: The Dark Descent

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Charles Lee
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Affect Theory ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Personal Mastery ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
Spatial Layouts ◽  
Negative Feelings

Popular horror video game titles such as Outlast, Dead Space, and Amnesia: The Dark Descent are well-known for their effectiveness at evoking negative affects of terror and anxiety. The various camera tricks, control schemes, and visual cues these games deploy to confuse players and limit their sense of control and personal mastery. This article examines how Frictional Games’s Amnesia: The Dark Descent pairs confined spatial layouts with an intentionally vague user interface design to disorient players and heighten the likelihood that they will walk into one of the game’s threatening monsters. This article deploys Marxist and Affect theory conceptualizations of proximity and space to analyse how the game’s use of corners frighten players by narrowing their available field of view. The resulting analysis examines the negative feelings and subjective experiences players are likely to feel when they are unable to properly see the virtual diegetic world with absolute clarity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Potential Sensitization of Chlorogenic Acid: A Meta-Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingbao Lin ◽  
Wan Gong ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Lijuan Sun ◽  
Yingchao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Electronic Search ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Medicinal Substances

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) widely exists in many plants, which are used as medicinal substances in traditional Chinese medicine injectables (TCMIs) that have been widely applied in clinical treatments. However, it is still controversial whether CGA is responsible for TCMIs-related hypersensitivity. Several studies have been performed to evaluate its potential sensitization property, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate its potential sensitization systematically using meta-analysis based on data extracted from literatures, searching databases of PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, CNKI, VIP, and CHINAINFO from January 1979 to October 2012, a total of 108 articles were retrieved by electronic search strategy, out of which 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. In ASA test, odds ratio of behavior changes was 4.33 (1.62, 11.60), showing significant changes after CGA treatment (P=0.004). Serum IgG, serum histamine, PLN cellularity, and IgG1 AFCs were significantly enhanced after CGA treatment (P<0.05). Totally, these results indicated that CGA could induce a positive reaction in potential sensitization, and intravenous administration of it might be a key factor for sensitization triggering, which could at least warrant more careful application of TCMIs containing CGA in clinical practices.

scholarly journals The Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics during Pregnancy or Lactation on the Intestinal Microbiota of Children Born by Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Sandra Martín-Peláez ◽  
Naomi Cano-Ibáñez ◽  
Miguel Pinto-Gallardo ◽  
Carmen Amezcua-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiota is a key factor in the correct development of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have found differences between the gut microbiota of newborns delivered by cesarean section compared to those vaginally delivered. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics during pregnancy and/or lactation on the development of the gut microbiota of the C-section newborns. We selected experimental studies in online databases from their inception to October 2021. Of the 83 records screened, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The probiotics used belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, and Streptococcus, or a combination of those, with dosages varying between 2 × 106 and 9 × 1011 CFU per day, and were consumed during pregnancy and/or lactation. Probiotic strains were combined with galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, or bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides in the synbiotic formulas. Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions led to beneficial gut microbiota in cesarean-delivered newborns, closer to that in vaginally delivered newborns, especially regarding Bifidobacterium colonization. This effect was more evident in breastfed infants. The studies indicate that this beneficial effect is achieved when the interventions begin soon after birth, especially the restoration of bifidobacterial population. Changes in the infant microbial ecosystem due to the interventions seem to continue after the end of the intervention in most of the studies. More interventional studies are needed to elucidate the optimal synbiotic combinations and the most effective strains and doses for achieving the optimal gut microbiota colonization of C-section newborns.

scholarly journals Entropy of the Multi-Channel EEG Recordings Identifies the Distributed Signatures of Negative, Neutral and Positive Affect in Whole-Brain Variability

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Keshmiri ◽  
Masahiro Shiomi ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
The Brain

Individuals’ ability to express their subjective experiences in terms of such attributes as pleasant/unpleasant or positive/negative feelings forms a fundamental property of their affect and emotion. However, neuroscientific findings on the underlying neural substrates of the affect appear to be inconclusive with some reporting the presence of distinct and independent brain systems and others identifying flexible and distributed brain regions. A common theme among these studies is the focus on the change in brain activation. As a result, they do not take into account the findings that indicate the brain activation and its information content does not necessarily modulate and that the stimuli with equivalent sensory and behavioural processing demands may not necessarily result in differential brain activation. In this article, we take a different stance on the analysis of the differential effect of the negative, neutral and positive affect on the brain functioning in which we look into the whole-brain variability: that is the change in the brain information processing measured in multiple distributed regions. For this purpose, we compute the entropy of individuals’ muti-channel EEG recordings who watched movie clips with differing affect. Our results suggest that the whole-brain variability significantly differentiates between the negative, neutral and positive affect. They also indicate that although some brain regions contribute more to such differences, it is the whole-brain variational pattern that results in their significantly above chance level prediction. These results imply that although the underlying brain substrates for negative, neutral and positive affect exhibit quantitatively differing degrees of variability, their differences are rather subtly encoded in the whole-brain variational patterns that are distributed across its entire activity.

scholarly journals Study partners perform essential tasks in dementia research and can experience burdens and benefits in this role

Dementia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty S Black ◽  
Holly A Taylor ◽  
Peter V Rabins ◽  
Jason Karlawish
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Study Partner ◽  
Review Boards

Most studies that enroll individuals with dementia require a study partner for each participant. Study partners—usually family members—perform several key roles: accompanying the participant to visits, providing information about the participant, and assisting with procedures such as taking medication. Little is known, however, about their experiences when performing these roles. Dementia researchers and institutional review boards need to know these experiences because the study partner role is one key factor in a study’s success. This prospective qualitative study, using up to three semi-structured interviews with 62 study partners involved in a range of dementia studies, documented their subjective experiences. Content analysis demonstrates that study partners perform a range of tasks—often within the context of being a caregiver—that enable cognitively impaired individuals to participate in dementia research. These tasks present study partners with unique burdens and benefits, some of which dementia researchers and institutional review boards can address.

scholarly journals Changes in health quality, lifestyle and habits in adolescents that induced by COVID-19 pandemic. Covid 19 lifestyle effect in adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Solia ◽  
Dimitrios Filippou
Keyword(s):  
Screen Time ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
Mood Symptoms ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
Detailed Search ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
And Behavior

Introduction: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic affected and altered several parts of our daily habits and lifestyle. Adolescents could not remain unaffected. Aim of the present study is to evaluate changes in health quality and daily habits of teenagers induced by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and Methods: A detailed search of the literature was conducted in Pubmed to find published articles related to changes in health quality, lifestyle and habits in adolescents induced by COVID-19 pandemic.. Results: A total of 17 articles met our inclusion criteria and found suitable for our study. Additional resources provided useful information were also included. COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in adolescents’ sleep habits and quality, such as increase in sleep duration and later bed time. Screen time increased but physical activity decreased. Moreover, eating patterns were altered and there was a tentionfor weight gain. Adolescents’ mental health and behavior were also affected, and in many cases negative feelings were arisen and mood symptoms were noticed. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic has unquestionably changed the adolescents’ everyday habits and lives. Considering that adolescence is the period in which physical and mental development of young people take place, we should keep in mind that the results of such effects might accompany them in their adult life.

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